TW201409818A - 固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置 - Google Patents

固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置 Download PDF

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TW201409818A
TW201409818A TW101131962A TW101131962A TW201409818A TW 201409818 A TW201409818 A TW 201409818A TW 101131962 A TW101131962 A TW 101131962A TW 101131962 A TW101131962 A TW 101131962A TW 201409818 A TW201409818 A TW 201409818A
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fuel
cathode
inlet
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solid oxide
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Wen-Tang Hong
Cheng-Nan Huang
Shih-Kun Lo
Hsueh-I Tan
Huan-Chan Ting
Chen-Po Lai
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Atomic Energy Council
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Abstract

一種固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其包含一具有點火器之燃燒器;一環設於燃燒器外緣之重組器;一環設於重組器外緣之陰極空氣預熱器;以及一環設於陰極空氣預熱器外緣之陰極熱空氣出口單元。藉此,可使燃燒器、重組器及熱交換器整合為單一元件,進而易於與電池堆組裝成固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統,而達到具有結構簡單、減少體積、減少汙染物之排放、操作靈活、降低設備與操作成本、降低系統熱散失以及提升系統整體效率之功效。

Description

固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置
本發明是有關於一種固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,尤指一種可使燃燒器、重組器及熱交換器整合為單一元件,進而易於與電池堆組裝成固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統,而達到具有結構簡單、減少體積、減少汙染物之排放、操作靈活、降低設備與操作成本、降低系統熱散失以及提升系統整體效率之功效者。
按,人類科技的進步固然帶動經濟成長,但大量石化能源之消耗,使得自然環境的復原能力無法負荷,造成公害污染、資源銳減,甚而危及人類世代的永續發展,其中最受世人矚目的就是全球溫室效應日益嚴重,以及石油、天然氣及煤等能源日益枯竭等棘手問題。因此未來如何減少二氧化碳等溫室氣體排放,已成為一項艱鉅的課題。因此,欲解決以上所面臨的問題,新能源及相關技術的開發迫在眉睫,環顧現階段各種新型發電技術中,風力發電受環境特性的限制,太陽能光電轉換效率亟待加強,利用海洋潮汐及溫差發電的技術尚未成熟,利用地熱資源發電的資源有限,因此這些技術均不適於在國內大規模的使用。而燃料電池因具有低汙染、低噪音、高效率及適用範圍廣諸多優點,近年來已成世界各國爭相研究與推動之對象。燃料電池不像傳統電池一般只能充當電能的儲存單位,也不是如內燃機一般藉由燃料燃燒產生熱而作功,而是利用電化學的原理,將燃料中的化學能轉化為電能並釋放出熱能的裝置。而各種燃料電池中其所使用之燃料主要為氫。固態氧化物燃料電池使用固態物質之電解質,因只涉及固、氣二相間之反應,而無電解質之管理問題,故電極設計較其它燃料電池簡化,而且其操作溫度高之特性,使其能具有高效率之優點,而伴隨產生之優質熱能,可藉由Gas-Turbine 而再次發電,因此固態氧化物燃料電池較諸其它之燃料電池是有其優勢存在。
由於氫無法單獨存在於大自然,因此,氫能源發展系統中之產氫工程即顯得相當重要,所產生之氫氣可供各種燃料電池使用,而為了能產生含有豐富氫氣所需之原料,包括甲烷、甲醇、乙醇、天然氣、液化石油氣與汽油等等,可經由高溫重組而產生氫氣,因此,乃藉由一重組器在高溫環境下將燃料重組為富氫氣體,而重組器依其重組方式需要不同之熱能,如以電熱方式供應熱能則電熱設備將使系統更形龐大且更為耗能。因此在燃料電池發電系統中,一般皆以燃燒器回收在電池堆進行電化學反應後之殘餘燃料,進行燃燒反應以提高其高溫尾氣之熱能,並以其熱能供重組器進行燃料重組反應,以提升系統之整體效率。而現階段固態氧化物燃料電池之操作溫度大都在800oC以上,因此,其陰陽極所需之入口溫度均需在700oC以上,而陽極氣體經燃料重組後其溫度皆已達700oC以上符合需求,而陰極空氣則需藉由數個熱交換器方能將空氣由常溫加熱至700oC以上。
而固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統乃利用富氫氣體進行電化學反應以產生電能,而未進行電化學反應之殘餘燃料將導入燃燒器進行燃燒反應,以提升尾氣之熱能,並以其熱能供重組器進行燃料重組反應,以提升系統之整體效率;然而,一般而言,重組器之操作溫度皆在700oC以上,而燃燒器與重組器如為獨立之設計,燃燒器勢必以管線與重組器連接,而在高溫之下其保溫工程為一不易克服之難題,因此為克服熱散失,燃燒器之操作溫度有時需達1000oC以上,方能提供足夠之能量供重組器進行燃料重組。如此,不僅系統之熱散失大,無法提升系統效率,且燃燒器長期在極高溫度下之操作,使其燒毀機率增加,更增加系統運作之風險。而SOFC所需之陰極空氣則需藉由數個熱交換器方能將空氣由常溫加熱至700oC以上。因此,如固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統所需之燃燒器、重組器與熱交換器如未能進行整合,則銜接管線將更為複雜,不僅施工不易且系統將無法緻密簡潔,致系統將顯繁雜龐大,更使系統無法降低其熱散失以提升其整體效率。因此,應用於固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統之燃燒器、重組器與熱交換器,如為一整合式設計,不僅能降低系統之熱散失,以提升系統效率,且更能降低燃燒器之操作溫度,減少其燒毀機率以降低系統運作之風險。
應用於固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統之燃燒器、重組器與熱交換器整合式之設計,應同時具備良好之熱能管理、燃燒室能避免氫氣回火及具備一駐焰機構,使燃料處於貧油區時,火焰不易熄火使系統依然能正常運作。在國際上,目前應用於固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統之燃燒器、重組器與熱交換器極少將其進行整合設計。
今以美國專利專利US 6,749,958 B2之「Integrated module for solid oxide fuel cell systems 」而言,雖然將燃燒器、重組器與熱交換器整合為單一元件,但其結構為燃燒器於最內環,第二層為熱交換器,最外層則為燃料重組器,其熱能之傳遞依序為,將燃燒器燃燒後尾氣之熱能,傳至熱交換器以加熱陰極之空氣,然後再傳熱至重組器供其進行燃料重組,當其運用於SOFC時恐有陰陽極氣體進入電池堆時,因溫度差過大而造成Cell破損之問題。
且以美國專利US 7,156,886 B2之「Reforming apparatus」而言,其僅為一燃燒器與重組器整合式之設計且其設計乃是將燃燒器與重組器直接堆疊而成,其燃燒器位於重組器之下方,以其燃燒後之尾氣提供熱能供重組器進行燃料重組,其燃燒器及重組器之熱散失依然極大,以熱能管理之角度視之,有一很大改善的空間。
再以美國專利US 2010/0136378 A1之「Fuel reformer burner of fuel cell system」亦為一燃燒器與重組器整合式之設計,其燃燒室雖能避免氫氣回火,然而由於其燃燒室缺少一駐焰機構,當燃料處於貧油區時,則易使火焰熄火致系統無法運作。
有鑑於此,本案之發明人特針對前述習用發明問題深入探討,並藉由多年從事相關產業之研發與製造經驗,積極尋求解決之道,經過長期努力之研究與發展,終於成功的開發出本發明「固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置」,藉以改善習用之種種問題。

本發明之主要目的係在於,可使燃燒器、重組器及熱交換器整合為單一元件,進而易於與電池堆組裝成固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統,而達到具有結構簡單、減少體積、減少汙染物之排放、操作靈活、降低設備與操作成本、降低系統熱散失以及提升系統整體效率之功效。
為達上述之目的,本發明係一種固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其包含有:一具有點火器之燃燒器;一環設於燃燒器外緣之重組器;一環設於重組器外緣之陰極空氣預熱器;以及一環設於陰極空氣預熱器外緣之陰極熱空氣出口單元。
於本發明上述實施例中,該燃燒器係包含有一天然氣入口、一連通天然氣入口之燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口、一連通天然氣入口之氧化劑入口、一連通天然氣入口與燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口之燃料噴注機構、一設於燃料噴注機構上之多孔性介質體、一設於燃燒器一端之燃燒後高溫尾氣出口、一設於燃燒後高溫尾氣出口之高溫尾氣導流板、一設於燃燒器一側之高溫尾氣導引通道、一設於燃燒器外緣之高溫尾氣導流葉片、及一連通重組器之高溫尾氣出口。
於本發明上述實施例中,該燃料噴注機構係具有多數燃料噴注口。
於本發明上述實施例中,該高溫尾氣出口係可進一步連接一熱交換單元。
於本發明上述實施例中,該點火器係具有一天然氣及空氣入口。
於本發明上述實施例中,該重組器係包含有一進行燃料重組之燃料入口、一用於預熱之燃料預熱管、一進行燃料分配之燃料分配環、一進行燃料分配擴散之燃料分配擴散板、一進行燃料重組之燃料重組器、一燃料重組器出口、一重組氣體出口、一SOFC陽極氣體出口、及一SOFC陽極氣體管線出口。
於本發明上述實施例中,該燃料分配環係具有多數燃料分配環出口,可使燃料預熱後經由燃料分配環出口進行燃料分配,且該燃料分配擴散板係具有多數擴散孔,可讓燃料經由燃料分配環出口進行燃料分配後,使燃料能平均分配進入燃料分配擴散板後,再經由擴散孔進入燃料重組器進行燃料重組反應。
於本發明上述實施例中,該陰極空氣預熱器係包含有一陰極空氣入口、多數設於陰極空氣預熱器中之空氣導流板、及一陰極空氣預熱後出口。
於本發明上述實施例中,該陰極熱空氣出口單元係包含有一陰極熱空氣入口、多數設於陰極熱空氣出口單元中之陰極熱空氣導流板、及一陰極熱空氣降溫後出口。

請參閱『1、2、3、4及第5圖』所示,係分別為本發明應用於固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統之示意圖、本發明之整體機構剖視圖示意圖、本發明之燃料噴注機構示意圖、本發明之燃料分配環示意圖及本發明之燃料分配擴散板示意圖。如圖所示:本發明係一種固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其至少包含有一燃燒器100、一重組器300、一陰極空氣預熱器400以及一陰極熱空氣出口單元500所構成。
上述所提之燃燒器100係包含有一具有天然氣及空氣入口201之點火器200、一天然氣入口101、一連通天然氣入口101之燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口101a、一連通天然氣入口101之氧化劑入口102、一連通天然氣入口101與燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口101a之燃料噴注機構103、一設於燃料噴注機構103上之多孔性介質體104、一設於燃燒器一端之燃燒後高溫尾氣出口105、一設於燃燒後高溫尾氣出口105之高溫尾氣導流板106、一設於燃燒器一側之高溫尾氣導引通道107、一設於燃燒器外緣之高溫尾氣導流葉片108、及一連通重組器之高溫尾氣出口109,而該燃料噴注機構103係具有多數燃料噴注口103a(如第3圖所示),可使燃料經由燃料噴注口103a噴注燃料於多孔性介質體104,並與來自來自氧化劑入口102或陰極殘餘空氣入口102a之空氣進行燃燒反應,且該高溫尾氣出口109係可進一步連接一熱交換單元600。
該重組器300係環設於燃燒器100之外緣,其中該重組器300係包含有一進行燃料重組之燃料入口301、一用於預熱之燃料預熱管302、一進行燃料分配之燃料分配環303、一進行燃料分配擴散之燃料分配擴散板304、一進行燃料重組之燃料重組器305、一燃料重組器出口306、一重組氣體出口307、一SOFC陽極氣體出口308、及一SOFC陽極氣體管線出口309,而該燃料分配環303係具有多數燃料分配環出口303a(如第4圖所示),可使燃料預熱後經由燃料分配環出口303a進行燃料分配,使燃料能平均分配進入燃料分配擴散板304,且該燃料分配擴散板304係具有多數擴散孔304a(如第5圖所示),可讓燃料經由燃料分配環出口303a進行燃料分配後,使燃料能平均分配進入燃料分配擴散板304後,再經由擴散孔304a進入燃料重組器305進行燃料重組反應。
該陰極空氣預熱器400係環設於重組器300之外緣,其中該陰極空氣預熱器400係包含有一陰極空氣入口401、多數設於陰極空氣預熱器中之空氣導流板402、及一陰極空氣預熱後出口403。
該陰極熱空氣出口單元500係環設於陰極空氣預熱器400之外緣,其中該陰極熱空氣出口單元500係包含有一陰極熱空氣入口501、多數設於陰極熱空氣出口單元中之陰極熱空氣導流板502、及一陰極熱空氣降溫後出口503。如是,藉由上述之結構構成一全新之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置。
當本發明於使用時,係先以點火裝置200進行燃燒器之點火,再通天然氣以進入天然氣入口101,再經由燃料噴注機構103,與來自氧化劑入口102之空氣在多孔性介質體104進行混合燃燒,使燃燒器之燃燒區域發生在多孔性介質體104。經由燃燒後產生之高溫尾氣首先經由高溫尾氣之出口105,再進入高溫尾氣之導流板106,在此區域以提供熱能供燃料重組器305之觸媒進行燃料重組反應;然後,高溫尾氣再經由高溫尾氣導引通道107,以穿越燃料分配擴散區之燃料分配擴散板304及燃料分配環303,再進入燃料預熱區之高溫尾氣導流葉片108,以提供熱能供燃料進行預熱,高溫尾氣最後可再經由高溫尾氣出口109排至一熱交換器600以吸收其餘熱,使燃燒後之燃氣能充分利用其熱能。
而在燃料進入燃燒重組器進行燃料重組反應時,首先,燃料(通常為天然氣、空氣及水,依欲重組燃料及重組方法而變)經由燃料入口301進入燃料預熱管302,以吸收高溫尾氣之熱能進行燃料預熱,然後,再進入燃料分配環303,使燃料能均勻由燃料分配環噴出,然後,再經由燃料分配擴散板304進行燃料均勻擴散,然後,燃料再進入燃料重組器305,燃料在此經由觸媒吸收高溫尾氣之大量熱能,以進行燃料重組反應而產生富氫氣體;最後,產生之重組氣體經由燃料重組器出口306及重組氣體出口307進入SOFC電池堆700,以進行電化學反應並產生電能,而未反應之殘餘富氫氣體再經SOFC陽極氣體出口308進入陰極空氣預熱器400,以提供部份熱能供陰極空氣預熱,然後,再經SOFC陽極氣體管線出口309,導回至陽極殘餘燃料入口101a,經由燃料噴注機構103進入燃燒器進行燃燒反應,同時,原本經由天然氣入口101添加之天然氣可逐漸減少,至最後系統穩定運作時,可不用添加任何天然氣。
而SOFC陰極端所需之空氣,首先經由陰極新鮮空氣入口401,進入陰極空氣預熱器400,再經由空氣導流板402,逐步吸收來自燃燒器高溫尾氣及陰極出口之高溫熱空氣之熱能,以預熱至SOFC陰極所需之入口溫度;然後,再經由陰極空氣預熱後出口403,進入SOFC與陽極之富氫氣體在SOFC內進行電化學反應,陰極空氣在SOFC內將再吸收熱能進而使溫度再提升;然後,再經由陰極熱空氣入口501,進入陰極熱空氣出口單元500,並經由陰極熱空氣導流板502,逐步提供部份熱能供陰極空氣預熱器以預熱新鮮空氣,並達降溫之目的;然後,降溫後之陰極出口空氣再經由陰極熱空氣降溫後出口503,與燃料電池陰極殘餘空氣入口102a銜接,再進入燃燒器內,與來自陽極之殘餘燃料在多孔性介質燃燒單元進行燃燒反應,同時,原本經由氧化劑入口102添加之空氣可逐漸減少,至最後系統穩定運作時,僅餘少量空氣以控制燃燒器多孔性介質體之溫度。
綜上所述,本發明固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置可有效改善習用之種種缺點,可使燃燒器、重組器及熱交換器整合為單一元件,進而易於與電池堆組裝成固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統,而達到具有結構簡單、減少體積、減少汙染物之排放、操作靈活、降低設備與操作成本、降低系統熱散失以及提升系統整體效率之功效;進而使本發明之産生能更進步、更實用、更符合消費者使用之所須,確已符合發明專利申請之要件,爰依法提出專利申請。
惟以上所述者,僅為本發明之較佳實施例而已,當不能以此限定本發明實施之範圍;故,凡依本發明申請專利範圍及發明說明書內容所作之簡單的等效變化與修飾,皆應仍屬本發明專利涵蓋之範圍內。
100...燃燒器
101...天然氣入口
101a...燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口
102...氧化劑入口
102a...燃料電池陰極殘餘空氣入口
103...燃料噴注機構
103a...燃料噴注口
104...多孔性介質體
105...燃燒後高溫尾氣出口
106...高溫尾氣導流板
107...高溫尾氣導引通道
108...高溫尾氣導流葉片
109...高溫尾氣出口
200...點火器
201...天然氣及空氣入口
300...重組器
301...燃料入口
302...燃料預熱管
303...燃料分配環
303a...燃料分配環出口
304...燃料分配擴散板
304a...燃料分配擴散孔
305...燃料重組器
306...燃料重組器出口
307...重組氣體出口
308...SOFC陽極氣體出口
309...SOFC陽極氣體管線出口
400...陰極空氣預熱器
401...陰極新鮮空氣入口
402...空氣導流板
403...陰極空氣預熱後出口
500...陰極熱空氣出口單元
501...陰極熱空氣入口
502...陰極熱空氣導流板
503...陰極熱空氣降溫後出口
600...熱交換器
700...SOFC電池堆
第1圖,係本發明應用於固態氧化物燃料電池發電系統之示意圖。
第2圖,係本發明之整體機構剖視圖示意圖。
第3圖,係本發明之燃料噴注機構示意圖。
第4圖,係本發明之燃料分配環示意圖。
第5圖,係本發明之燃料分配擴散板示意圖。

100...燃燒器
101...天然氣入口
101a...燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口
102...氧化劑入口
102a...燃料電池陰極殘餘空氣入口
103...燃料噴注機構
104...多孔性介質體
105...燃燒後高溫尾氣出口
106...高溫尾氣導流板
107...高溫尾氣導引通道
108...高溫尾氣導流葉片
109...高溫尾氣出口
200...點火器
201...天然氣及空氣入口
300...重組器
301...燃料入口
302...燃料預熱管
303...燃料分配環
304...燃料分配擴散板
305...燃料重組器
306...燃料重組器出口
307...重組氣體出口
308...SOFC陽極氣體出口
309...SOFC陽極氣體管線出口
400...陰極空氣預熱器
401...陰極新鮮空氣入口
402...空氣導流板
403...陰極空氣預熱後出口
500...陰極熱空氣出口單元
501...陰極熱空氣入口
502...陰極熱空氣導流板
503...陰極熱空氣降溫後出口

Claims (9)

  1. 一種固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,包括有:
        一燃燒器,係具有一點火器;
        一重組器,係環設於燃燒器之外緣;
        一陰極空氣預熱器,係環設於重組器之外緣;以及
        一陰極熱空氣出口單元,係環設於陰極空氣預熱器之外緣。
  2. 依申請專利範圍第1項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該燃燒器係包含有一天然氣入口、一連通天然氣入口之燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口、一連通天然氣入口之氧化劑入口、一連通天然氣入口與燃料電池陽極殘餘燃料入口之燃料噴注機構、一設於燃料噴注機構上之多孔性介質體、一設於燃燒器一端之燃燒後高溫尾氣出口、一設於燃燒後高溫尾氣出口之高溫尾氣導流板、一設於燃燒器一側之高溫尾氣導引通道、一設於燃燒器外緣之高溫尾氣導流葉片、及一連通重組器之高溫尾氣出口。
  3. 依申請專利範圍第2項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該燃料噴注機構係具有多數燃料噴注口。
  4. 依申請專利範圍第2項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該高溫尾氣出口係可進一步連接一熱交換單元。
  5. 依申請專利範圍第1項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該點火器係具有一天然氣及空氣入口。
  6. 依申請專利範圍第1項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該重組器係包含有一進行燃料重組之燃料入口、一用於預熱之燃料預熱管、一進行燃料分配之燃料分配環、一進行燃料分配擴散之燃料分配擴散板、一進行燃料重組之燃料重組器、一燃料重組器出口、一重組氣體出口、一SOFC陽極氣體出口及一SOFC陽極氣體管線出口。
  7. 依申請專利範圍第6項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該燃料分配環係具有多數燃料分配環出口,可使燃料預熱後經由燃料分配環出口進行燃料分配,且該燃料分配擴散板係具有多數擴散孔,可讓燃料經由燃料分配環出口進行燃料分配後,使燃料能平均分配進入燃料分配擴散板後,再經由擴散孔進入燃料重組器進行燃料重組反應。
  8. 依申請專利範圍第1項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該陰極空氣預熱器係包含有一陰極空氣入口、多數設於陰極空氣預熱器中之空氣導流板、及一陰極空氣預熱後出口。
  9. 依申請專利範圍第1項所述之固態氧化物燃料電池熱工元件整合裝置,其中,該陰極熱空氣出口單元係包含有一陰極熱空氣入口、多數設於陰極熱空氣出口單元中之陰極熱空氣導流板、及一陰極熱空氣降溫後出口。
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