TR201810174T4 - Oküler uygulamalar için mikroimplantlar. - Google Patents
Oküler uygulamalar için mikroimplantlar. Download PDFInfo
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- TR201810174T4 TR201810174T4 TR2018/10174T TR201810174T TR201810174T4 TR 201810174 T4 TR201810174 T4 TR 201810174T4 TR 2018/10174 T TR2018/10174 T TR 2018/10174T TR 201810174 T TR201810174 T TR 201810174T TR 201810174 T4 TR201810174 T4 TR 201810174T4
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- TR
- Turkey
- Prior art keywords
- microimplants
- eye
- implants
- particles
- microimplant
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- A61F9/0008—Introducing ophthalmic products into the ocular cavity or retaining products therein
- A61F9/0017—Introducing ophthalmic products into the ocular cavity or retaining products therein implantable in, or in contact with, the eye, e.g. ocular inserts
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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Abstract
(0,019) inç veya daha düşük çaplara sahip olan ve kendinden kapamalı yöntemler kullanılarak göze yerleştirilebilen mikroimplant dahil olmak üzere, homojen aktif içerik ve biyolojik olarak aşınabilir polimer karışımlarını içeren implantlar ve mikroimplantlar sağlanmaktadır. Çeşitli dar tolerans aralıklarında son derece tek tip implantlar ve mikroimplant serileri veren implantlar ve mikroimplantlar üretme yöntemleri sağlanmaktadır.
Description
0KÜLER UYGULAMALAR IÇIN MIKROIMPLANTLAR
On bilgi
Mevcut bulus, ilaçlar veya diger terapötik ajanlar gibi aktif içerikler içeren implantlara
iliskindir. Daha özelde, mevcut bulus göz hastalEElarü ya da rahatsültklarliîi
tedavisinde göz içine yerlestirilebilen implantlarla ilgilidir.
Göz hastaIJ'slarIi veya rahatsülmlarîi tedavi edilmesindeki birincil zorluk, ilaç veya
diger terapötik ajanlar gibi aktif içeriklerin göz içine yerlestirilmesi ve bu aktif içeriklerin
göz içinde terapötik olarak etkili bir yogunlukta gereken süre boyunca tutulmasIlI.
Sistemik uygulama ideal bir çözüm olmayabilir çünkü çogu kez aktif içeriklerin kabul
edilemez yan etkilerinin slkl glriilni artmasi lile birlikte, etkili göz içi konsantrasyonlarl
elde etmek için kabul edilemeyecek sekilde yüksek seviyelerde sistemik dozlamaya
ihtiyaç vard r. Basit oküler damlatma veya uygulama birçok durumda kabul edilebilir bir
alternatif degildir çünkü aktif içerikler gözyas hareketi ile hizli lbir sekilde yikanabilir
veya gözün içinden genel dolasiîha bosaltliabilir. Ilaç çözümlerinden suprakoroidal
enjeksiyonlar da yapImistI, ancak yine de ilaç yararIJJgDksa sürelidir. Tekrarlanan
dozlama olmaksmmi yeterli süre boyunca ilacîi terapötik seviyelerini korumak zordur.
Bu sorunu çözme çabalarü göz içine yerlestirilebilen implantlarIi, istenen aktif içerigin
kontrollü bir miktarmn birkaç gün, hafta, hatta aylar boyunca devamlESekilde salliabilecegi
sekilde gelistirilmesine yol açmßtl. Daha önce bu sekildeki birçok cihaz bildirilmistir.
Örnegin, bir göz rahatsâltgîîm tedavisinde bir gözün ön veya arka kßm Iia yerlestirmek
üzere biyouyumlu implantlarsaçwayan ABD Patenti No. 4.853.224'e bakLnilz. ABD Patenti
No. 5.164.188, ilgilenilen ilaçlar içeren biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir bir implantn gözün
suprakoroidal bosluguna veya pars plana's na yerlestirilerek bir göz rahatsizlginini bir
tedavi yöntemini aç klar. Ayrica bkz. Patent No. 5.824.072; 5.476.511; 4.997.652;
4.959.217; 4.668.506; ve 4.144.317. Diger yöntemler arasinda, bir ilaç içeren bir tlkaç veya
perçini gözakîîia yerlestirilmesi bulunmaktadl (bkz ör. ABD Patent No. 5.466.233).
Bir implatmi yerlestirilmesi için gözün vitrözü, ön veya arka odalarüveya intraretinal,
subretinal, intrakoroidal, suprakoroidal, intraskleral, episkleral, subkonjunktival,
intrakorneal veya epikorneal bosluklar dahil gözün diger alanlarEgibi çesitli bölgeler
mevcuttur. Istenilen yerlestirme bölgesi neresi olursa olsun, tipik yerlestirme metotlar `
nispeten invaziv cerrahi islemler gerektirir, gözde asritravma yaratma riski tasLn ve
implantlrti as rl ikullan m n gerektirir. Örnegin, vitröz içine yerlestirme için kullanilan
tipik bir yöntemde, sklera yoluyla bir kesi yapllln ve implant, forseps veya elle
kavrama cihazHgibi diger araçlar kullanilarak vitröz içine yerlestirilir. Yerlestirildikten
sonra forseps (veya kavrama cihazi) çikarmr ve kesi dikisle kapatilm. Alternatif olarak
göz aküboyunca bir kesi yapIabilir, bir trokar kesi boyunca ilerletilebilir ve implant
trokar araCJJgîyla yerlestirilebilir. Implantlarîi diger bölgelere, örnegin korneadaki bir
kesi yoluyla gözün ön odasmia yerlestirilmesi için benzer yöntemler kullanttabilir.
Bu tekniklerin dezavantajlarü çok fazladI. Bu tekniklerde implantIi yogun kullanmi:
gerekmekte olup ve bu durum implantli islemde zarar görme riskini dogurur. Buna benzer
birçok implant polimer tabanldm ve nispeten kLnLlgandLn. Bu tür implantlarm bir bölümü
zarar görmüs veya klrlm ssa, yerlestirildikten sonra implant taraf ndan verilen etkili
terapötik doz önemli ölçüde degistirilecektir. Ayrlcta, hastadan hastaya tekrarlanabilir bir
yerlestirme elde etmek için bu yöntemlerin kullanilmasi idogal olarak zorlasin. Ayrica en
önemlisi, tüm bu tekniklerin göz içinde dikis gerektirecek kadar büyük bir kesi veya delme
gerektirmesidir. Bu yüzden bu teknikler tipik olarak cerrahi bir ortamda gerçeklestirilir.
Dolayßýla gözde dikise ihtiyaç olmadan kendiliginden kapanmaya olanak tan &acak kadar
küçük olan implantlarüyerlestirme yöntemleri dahil, göz içine implant yerlestirilmesini
saglayacak minimal invaziv yöntemler arzu edilir. Bunun gibi minimal olarak invaziv
yöntemlerin en önemli özelligi mümkün olan en küçük implantli kullaniîniolacaktî,
böylece implantasyon sonucu gözde daha az travmaya neden olacakti. Ancak böyle
küçük implantlar. üretilmesi özellikle güçtür, çünkü bu küçük implantlar homojen
bilesimlere ve istenen bir süre boyunca istenen dozaj seviyelerinde aktif içeriklerin
uygulanmas için tutarll isekillere, boyutlara ve morfolojilere sahip olmak zorundad r. Bu
küçük implantlarln sekillerinde, boyutlar nda veya morfolojilerinde, bilesimlerin
homojenligindeki veya tutarllliglndaki küçük farkliliklar beklenenden çok farkl miktarda aktif
içerigin verilmesine neden olabilir ve bir göz hastalig veya rahats zlginln tedavisini
degistirebilirler. Bu nedenle tek tip bilesimlere, sekillere, boyutlara ve morfolojilere sahip ve
özellikle ticari olarak da mümkün olan bir ölçekte küçük implantlarn üretilmesi önemlidir.
ABD 2004/137059 A1 belgesi biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir göz implantlarü ve
bunlar ni ekstrüzyonla üretimlerini açiklar.
Ayrica ABD 2002/0111603 A1 dokümani implantlar n ekstrüzyon ile üretimini açiklar.
Özet
Mevcut bulus bu ihtiyaçlarü karsilamakta ve istem 1'de tanimlanan bir parti göz
mikroimplantlili yapImasiîida kullan Ian yöntem vasitaswla baska avantajlar
saglamaktadî. Bulusun belirli yönlerinde, bir veya daha fazla terapötik ajan gibi aktif
homojen içerik karßînlarliîiçeren ve bir polilaktik asit poliglikolik asit (PLGA) kopolimeri
ve serbest bir asit ucuna sahip olan ve 0.483 milimetre (0.019 inç) veya daha küçük ve
en tercihen 0.457 milimetre (0.018 inç) veya daha küçük çaplara sahip olan ve yukarIa
tanmlanan çaplar gibi ortalama bir çap_± 0.0076 milimetre (± 0.0003 inç) olan bir
polilaktik asit poliglikolik asit (PLGA) kopolimer karis m rii içeren biyolojik olarak asiniabilir
polimerler içeren mikroimplantlar saglanmaktadin. Bu implantlar veya mikroimplantlar %2
veya daha az bir nispi kütle standart sapmasiria sahip partiler halinde üretilir. Bulusun bir
yönünde, deksametazon gibi anti-enflamatuar bir ajan içeren mikroimplantlar temin edilir.
Bu tür mikroimplantlaririi uzunluklarFi yaklasik 7 milimetre veya daha az ve çaplariî
0.483 milimetre (0.019 inç) veya daha az olabilir. Bulus ayrßa, istenen hedef kütlenin
belirli bir agIIiR yüzdesine ve/veya belirli kütle standart sapmalarîta sahip olan bu tür
mikroimplantlara partilerini veya popülasyonlarli Ebaglar.
Bilesim ve/veya boyutlardaki sapmalar için çok dar toleranslar içinde implantlar ve
mikroimplantlar üretmek için yöntemler saglanmaktadn Bu yöntemler, bir veya daha
fazla aktif içerigin, polimerin ve/veya diger istege baglD eksipiyanlarîi (ör., salEn
modülatörleri, tamponlar, vb.) partiküllerinin veya tozlarnri elde edilmesi, bu partiküllerin
bir karsm içerisinde karistinlmasi,i bu karisimini filamanlara ekstrüde edilmesi,
filamanlar n peletlemesi ve yüksek derecede homojenlik elde etmek ve bu filamanlari i
istenen mikroimplantlara tam olarak kesmek için bir çift vidali iekstrüder kullanilarak
ekstrüde edilmesi adimlarini içerir. Tek ve ikili ekstrüzyon yöntemleri kullan Iabilir.
Bulusun diger yönlerinde, optik, kütle, boyutsal veya diger ölçümlere dayanan mikroimplant
partilerini kabul etmek veya reddetmek için yöntemler ve kriterler verilmektedir.
Burada tarif edilen her bir özellik ve bu özelliklerin iki veya daha fazlaslimi her bir
kombinasyonu, böyle bir kombinasyonda yer alan özelliklerin kars IikI olarak tutarsiz
olmamas_kosuluyla, mevcut bulusun kapsam na dahilindedir. Ek olarak, herhangi bir
özellik veya özellik kombinasyonu, mevcut bulusun herhangi bir uygulamasindan
özellikle hariç tutulabilir.
Mevcut bulusun ek özellikleri ve avantajlari] özellikle ekteki çizimlerle birlikte ele
allidgîtda, asag Iaki açklama ve istemlerde ortaya konmaktad I.
Açiklama
Asaglaki açmlama, mevcut bulusun daha etraflîia anlasÜmas: saglamak üzere
spesifik konfigürasyonlar, parametreler veya benzerleri gibi says& spesifik ayrlitßlü
ortaya koymaktadLn. Bununla birlikte, bu açiklamanin mevcut bulusun kapsamu
üzerinde bir sninlama olmasiidegil, ancak örnek uygulamalarini daha iyi bir
aç klamasini saglamasi amaçlanmist r.
Mikroimplantlar mevcut bulusa göre, göz hastaliklar ve rahats Zlklaririi itedavi etmek için
göz içine yerlestirilebilir. Bu tür mikroimplantlar, ilave eksipiyanlarmi istege baglFblarak dahil
edilebildigi, aktif içerik(ler) ve biyolojik olarak asliabilir polimerlerin bilesimlerini içerir.
Burada kullanJJdEgD sekliyle “implant” ifadesinin, gözdeki birçok bölgeye
yerlestirilebilen herhangi bir göz implantü veya ilaç dagmmn cihazmîkapsamasü
amaçlanmaktadî ve günler, haftalar, hatta aylar gibi belirli bir süre boyunca, kontrollü
bir miktarda aktif içerigi salaçagü anlamma gelmektedir. Bu tür implantlar
biyouyumludur ve tamammida olmamakla birlikte çogu durumda biyolojik olarak
asLmabilir bir polimer gibi biyolojik olarak asimabilir bir maddeden meydana gelir.
“Mikroimplantlar", yeterince küçük bir enine kesit alan na sahip olup dag tm ile iliskili
delik bölgesine gözün kendiliginden kapanmas yla sonuçlanan yöntemlere uygun
olarak yerlestirilebilen implantlar anlamina gelir. mikroimplantlar kars lik gelen enine
kesit geometrilere sahip olan kanüller yoluyla iletilmek üzere dairesel olmayan enine
kesit geometrilere sahip olabilirler. Mikroimplantmi yuvarlak olmayan enine kesitli
oldugu durumlarda, enine kesit alanü enine kesit geometrisine baglü olarak
0.16129 milimetre kareye (0.00025 inç kare) kadar ulasabilir veya daha fazla olabilir.
Mikroimplantlarmi, bir veya daha fazla aktif içerigin örnegin bir aktif içerigin
partiküllerinin bir popülasyonunun nispeten küçük ünitelerini içerdigi anlasttabilir.
Burada kullan Idg haliyle, partiküller bir göz rahatsizllglnlltedavi etmek üzere
herhangi bir sekilde ve bir hastaya uygulanan bir implanttan daha küçük boyutta
olabilir. Sv oftalmik bilesimlerin aksine, mevcut mikroimplantlar, en az ndan
baslang çta göz tedavisine ihtiyaç duyan bir hastaya uygulanmadan önce büyük
ölçüde katl'haldedir. Mevcut bulusun “implantlari'l mikroimplantlard ITI.
Burada kullanühgtsekliyle “aktif içerik” terimi, tek basîia veya kombinasyon halinde,
sürekli veya kontrollü salmnüistenen ve burada listelenen maddeler dahil ancak
bunlarla smiIlEbImayan herhangi bir farmakolojik olarak aktif ajan anlammia gelir.
“Biyolojik olarak asîiabilir polimer” ifadesi, organizma içinde çözünen bir polimer
veya polimerler anlamIia gelmektedir ve burada zaman içinde polimerin asIimasü
istenen ajan salLm kinetiginin elde edilmesi için gereklidir.
Mevcut bulusa göre hazinlanan mikroimplantlar, genellikle daha büyük implantlaril
implante ederken oldugu gibi gözde dikis veya baska bir cerrahi islem gerektirecek bir
kesi veya delinme gerekmeksizin göz içine yerlestirilebilecek kadar küçük veya
küçültülmüs boyut ve sekilde olabilirler. Mevcut mikroimplantlarla ve asagRila tarif
edilen ekleme tekniklerine göre göz, mikroimplantli yerlestirilmesinden sonra “kendi
kendine kapanabilir", böylece dikis veya ameliyat ihtiyacmiüve buna baglüagrüve
travmayDortadan kaldlabilir ve ayrEta bu gibi islemlerin cerrahi bir ortamda yapImasEl
ile ilgili zaman, maliyetler ve diger olumsuzluklardan kaçIiJBbilir. Burada kullanIdEgD
sekliyle, mikroimplantlarî'i göze yerlestirilmesi için “kendinden kapamalî yöntemler, bir
ya da daha fazla mikroimplantli bir kanül yoluyla ve bir hastanli gözünün istenen
bölgelerinin içine, kanül deligi bölgesinde bir dikise ya da baska bir kapatma aracma
ihtiyaç duymadan yerlestirilmesi yöntemlerini Ifade eder. Bu tür “kendinden kapamallî
yöntemleri, kanülün çekilmesi sonrasi idelik bölgesinin hemen bütünüyle kapatllmasimi l
gerektirmez, bunun yerine herhangi bir ilk sizint nlrti minimum olmasl Idurumunda bir
cerrahln veya teknikte uzman bir kisi klinik yargls na dayanarak delik bölgesini dikme
ya da baska benzeri kapatma yöntemleri sunmak zorunda kalmayacaktln.
Mevcut bulustaki mikroimplantlar, yüksek oranda tek tip temel özelliklere sahip olacak ve
böylece aktif içerigin kesin ve dogru dozajliîlverme yetenegini koruyacak, böylece aktif
içerigin belirli bir süre boyunca göze yüksek oranda kontrollü bir salmi orannütemin
edecektir. Mevcut implantlardan salman aktif içerik seçici olarak gözün belirli bölgelerini
hedef alabilir. Örnegin, aktif içerik bir hastan ni bir gözünün arka k'sm na yerlestirilen
implantlar için implanttan serbest bLijaklabilir, böylece yerlestirilen implantmi aktif içerigi
retinaya ya da gözün retinas nin bir kismina terapötik bir fayda saglar.
Mevcut implantlar, bir aktif içerik veya içeriklerin ve biyolojik olarak asmiabilir bir polimerin
veya polimerlerin partiküllerinin kombinasyonlar* ile üretilebilir. Belirli süreçlerde,
mikroimplantlar, bir aktif içerik veya içeriklere göre biyolojik olarak asîiabilir
polimerlerden yapmnß partiküller ve partiküllerden yapIan ayIma partiküllerini içeren bir
üretim prosesi, bu partiküllerin aktif içerik(ler) ve biyolojik olarak asîiabilir polimerlerin
homojen bir karßînna karßtIImasD bu karîsînîi (tekli veya çift ekstrüzyon usulü
kullanmarak) filamanlara eklenmesi, bu ülamanlarîi mikroimplantlara hassas olarak
kesilmesi ve bu mikroimplantlarm istenen özellikler açßlidan incelenmesi ile üretilebilir.
Bu üretim süreci, belirtilen tek tip temel kütle ve çap özelliklerine ve istege bagl_olarak
uzunluk, alan, hacim, aktif içeriklerin bölgesel dagilimi [veya sallm kinetigi gibi diger tek
tip özelliklere sahip partiler veya mikroimplant popülasyonlar üretmek için kullan Iabilir.
Belirli bir ilaç/polimer orani,l ayrica bir implant partisinin veya popülasyonunun her bir
implantlniin aynl Imiktarda aktif içerik içerebilmesi için elde edilebilir. Böylece, bir paket
içindeki bir parti gibi bir parti implant, bu serinin her bir implantlîiçin spesifik bir etiket
gücü veya aktif içerik dozu ile saglanabilir.
1. Mikroimplantlarn bilesimleri
Genel olarak, bulusa göre olan mikroimplantlar, göz içine verilen aktif içerigin salîn
kinetiklerini kontrol edebilen bir aktif içerik veya içerikler ve biyolojik olarak asliabilir
polimerlerin bir karsmnîile formüle edilebilir. Özel formülasyonlar, tercih edilen ilacîli
saILm profiline, kullanman özel etken içerik veya içeriklere, implantasyon bölgesine,
tedavi edilmekte olan duruma ve hastan n tibbi geçmisine göre degisebilir. Mevcut
implantlar, biyolojik olarak asimabilir polimer matrisi içinde tutulan aktif içerigin
partikülleri ile formüle edilir. Aktif içerik veya içeriklerin serbest blnakilmasl,I polimerin
as nmasl !ve ardindan önceden tutulmus veya dagltllmls aktif içerik partiküllerinin göze
uygulanmas: ve ardîidan ajanIi çözünmesi ve salmimasü ile elde edilir. Salmn
kinetiklerini belirleyen parametreler arasnda, bunlarla smlü olmamak üzere, ilaç
partiküllerinin boyutu, ilacIi suda çözünürlügü, ilacîi polimere oranm özel üretim
yöntemleri, implantIi sekli, maruz kalan yüzey alan ve polimerin asmima oranEbulunur.
Aktif içerikler
Mevcut Implantlar içinde çesitli farmakolojik olarak aktif ajanlar, terapötik maddeler ve
ilgilenilen ilaçlar temin edilebilir. Farmakolojik olarak aktif ajanlarin sinirlay cl Iolmayan
örnekleri, beta-blokerler gibi anti-glokom ilaçlarlTl`içerir: timolol maleat, betaksolol ve
metipranolol; mitotikler: pilokarpin, asetilkolin klorür, izofluorofat, demakaryum bromür,
ekotiyofatiyodür, fosfolin iyodür, karbakol ve üzostigimin; dipivefrin hidroklorür gibi epinefrin
ve tuzlarü ve diklorfenamid, asetazolamid ve metanolamit; aldoz redüktaz inhibitörleri gibi
anti-katarakt ve anti-diyabetik retinopati ilaçlarütolrestat, Iisinopril, enalapril ve statil; daha
önce düsünülenden baska çapraz tiyol baglama ilaçlara retinoik asit, metotreksat,
adriamisin, bleomisin, triamsinolon, mitomisin, cis-platin, vinkristin, vinblastin, aktinomisin-
D, ara-C, bisantren, CCNU, aktive edilmis sitoksan, DTIC, HMM, melfalan, mitramisin gibi
anti-kanser ilaçlaru prokarbazin, VM26, VP16 ve tamoksifen; daha önce belirtilenler
d Slrldaki bagis kllk modülatörleri; doku plazminojen aktivatörü, ürokinaz ve streptokinaz
gibi plhtllasma önleyici ajanlari;lsüperoksit dismutaz gibi anti-doku hasar ajanlari;imono- ve
poliklonal antikorlar, enzimler, protein hormonlari Me genleri, gen fragmanlar ve plazmidler
gibi proteinler ve nükleik asitler; steroitler, özellikle steroidal anti-enflamatuar ajanlar veya
kortizon, hidrokortizon, prednizolon, prednizon, deksametazon, progesteron benzeri
bilesikler, medrizon(HMS) ve florometolon gibi anti-ûbröz ilaçlar; ketrolak trometamin,
diklofenak sodyum ve suprofen gibi steroidal olmayan anti-enflamatuar ilaçlar; loridin
(cephaloridin), kloramfenikol, klindamisin, amikasin, tobramisin, metisilin, Iinkomisin,
oksisilin, penisilin, amfoterisin B, polimiksin B, sefalosporin grubu, ampisilin, basitrasin,
karbenisilin, sefolotin, kolistin, eritromisin, streptomisin, neomisin gibi antibiyotikler,
sülfasetamid, vankomisin, gümüs nitrat, sülfizoksazol diolamin ve tetrasiklin; idoksuridin,
trifloridin, vidarabin (adenin arabinosid), asiklovir (asikloguanosin), gansiklovir, primetamin,
trisülfapirimidin-Z, klindamisin, nistatin, flusitozin, natamisin, mikonazol ve piperazin
türevleri gibi anti-viral ajanlar dahil olmak üzere diger anti-patojenler; dietilkarbamazin;
atropin, siklojel, skopolamin, homatropin ve midriasil gibi sikloplejik ve midriatik ajanlar.
Diger ajanlar arasinda antikolinerjikler, antikoagülanlar, antifibrinolitik ajanlar,
antihistaminler, antimalaryaller, antitoksinler, selatlama ajanlar: hormonlar,
immünosupresifler, trombolitik ajanlar, vitaminler, tuzlar, duyarsllastîma ajanlarü
prostaglandinler, amino asitler, metabolitler ve antiallerjenikler bulunur.
Bazîaktif içerikler, salmn modülatörleri ile mevcut implantlar içinde saglanabilir. Salmn
modülatörlerinden daha fazla fayda saglayabilecek baz ` terapötik olarak aktif
hidrofobik ajanlar arasmida siklosporinler, örn. siklosporin A, siklosporin G vb.: vinka
alkaloidleri, ör. vinkristin ve vinblastin; metotreksat; retinoik asit; bazi lantibiyotikler,
örn. rifampin gibi ansamisinler; nifuroksazit gibi nitrofuranlar; steroidal olmayan
antienflamatuar ilaçlar, ör. diklofenak, keterolak, flurbiprofen, naproksen, suprofen,
ibuprofen, aspirin vs. sayTabilir, daha önce sözü edilenler ve digerleri gibi östrojenler,
progesteronlar ve benzerleri de dahil ilgilenilen steroitler bulunabilir.
Mevcut implantlar ayrEa, ajanlarli sürekli salm'ili:saglayan iki veya daha fazla aktif ajani
terapötik bir kombinasyonunu da içerebilir. Kombinasyonlar, yukarIa belirtildigi gibi,
hidrofobik ajan ve suda çözünür antibiyotikler, örn. gentamisin, kanamisin, neomisin ve
vankomisin gibi aminoglikozidler; kloramfenikol gibi amfizoller; sefazolin HCI gibi
sefalosporinler; ampisilin, penisilin, karbenisilin, oksilin, metisilin gibi penisilinler; Iinkomisin
gibi Iinkosamidler; polimiksin ve basitrasin gibi polipeptit antibiyotikler; tetrasiklin gibi
tetrasiklinler; siproflaksin gibi kinolonlar ve benzerleri; kloramin T gibi sülfonamidler; ve
hidrofilik varl k olarak sülfanilik asit gibi sülfonlari içerebilir. Suda çözünebilir antibiyotiklerle
yukarda belirtildigi gibi steroidal olmayan anti-enflamatuar ilaçlarini bir kombinasyonu da
ilgi konusudur. Anti-viral ilaçlarlîii kombinasyonlarm ör. yukarkla belirtildigi gibi, steroidal
veya steroidal olmayan anti-enflamatuar ilaçlarü içeren asiklovir, gansiklovir, vidarabin,
azidotimidin, dideoksinozin, dideoksistozin da ilgi konusudur.
Birlestirilmis bir anti-enflamatuar ilaç ve antibiyotik veya antiviral, ilave bir terapötik
ajan ile daha birlestirilebilir. Bagmnsâ olarak veya baska kombinasyonlarda da
kullanitabilen ilave ajan, bir analjezik, örn. kodein, morfin, keterolak, naproksen ve
benzerleri, bir anestetik örn. Iidokain; ß-adrenerjik blokör veya ß-adrenerjik agonist,
ör. efidrin, epinefrin ve benzerleri; aldoz redüktaz inhibitörü, ör. epalrestat,
ponalrestat, sorbinil, tolrestat; antialerjik, ör. kromolin, beklometazon, deksametazon
ve flunisolid; kolsisin olabilir. Anihelmintik ajanlar, ör. ivermektin ve suramin sodyum;
antiamebik ajanlar, ör. klorokin ve kloroetrasiklin; ve antifungal ajanlar, örn.
amfoterisin ve benzerleri baglmslz olarak kullanilabilir veya bir antibiyotik ve/veya bir
anti-enflamatuar ilaç ile birlikte formüle edilebilir. Göz içi kullanmnüiçin, tek basEIa
veya anti-enflamatuar ve antimikrobiyal ajanlarla kombinasyon halindeki anti-glokom
ajanlarü örn. asetazolamid, befunolol ve benzerleri ilgi konusudur. Neoplazi, anti-
neoplastik veya anti-neoplastikler, özellikle vinblastin, vinkristin, interferonlar 0, B ve
v, antimetabolitler, örn. folik asit analoglarÇ purin analoglarü pirimidin analoglarE
kullanilabilir. Azatiprin, siklosporin ve mizoribin gibi immünosüpresanlar yalniZca
kombinasyonlarda ilgi konusudur. Ayrsa tek baslama veya kombinasyonlar halinde
de yararl blanlar aras nda miotik ajanlar, ör. karbakol, atropin gibi midriatik ajanlar ve
benzerleri, aprotinin, kamostat, gabeksat, bradikinin gibi vazodilatatörler ve benzerleri
gibi proteaz inhibitörleri ve çesitli büyüme faktörleri, bu tür epidermal büyüme faktörü,
temel fibroblast büyüme faktörü, sinir büyüme faktörleri, ve benzerlerini içerebilir.
Antimetabolitler ve/veya antibiyotikler gibi ilave terapötik ajanlar, tek baslarlia veya
kombinasyon halinde yararlElI. Antimetabolitler, folik asit analoglarli: (örn.,
Denopterin, edateksat, metotreksat, piritreksim, pteropterin, Tomudex®, trimetreksat),
pürin analoglarli:(ör., Kladribin, fludarabin, 6-merkaptopurin, tiamiprin, tiaguanin),
pirimidin analoglarü (örnegin, ansitabin, azasitidin, ö-azauridin, karmofur, sitarabin,
doksifluridin, emitefur, enositabin, floksuridin, florourasil, gemsitabin, tegafur) içerir ve
bunlarla slnilnll degildir.
Steroidal anti-enflamatuar ajanlar için, tercihen, ajan, 21-aset0ksipregnen0l0n,
alclometazon, algeston, amsinonid, beklometazon, betametazon, budesonid,
kloroprednizon, klobetazol, klobetason, klokortolon, kloprednol, kortikosteron,
kortizon, kortikazol, deflazakort, desonid, desoksimetazon, deksametazon, diflorazon,
diflukortolon, difluprednat, enoksolon, fluazakort, flukloronid, flumetazon, flunisolid,
fluosinolon asetonid, fluosinonid, fluokortin bütil, flokortolon, florometonon, fluperolon
asetat, flupredniden asetat, fluprednizolon, flurandrenolid, flutikazon propionat,
formocortal, halcinonide, halobetasol propiyonat, halometazon, halopredon asetat,
hidrokortizat, hidrokortizon, Ioteprednol etabonat, mazipredon, medryson,
meprednizon, metilprednizolon, mometazon furoat, parametazon, prednikarbat,
prednizolon, prednizolon 25-dietilamin0-asetat, prednizolon sodyum fosfat, p
rednizon, prednival, predniliden, rimeksolon, tikokortol, triamsinolon, triamsinolon
asetonid, triamsinolon benetonid ve triamsinolon heksasetonidden olusan gruptan
seçilir. Tercih edilen bir uygulamada, steroidal anti-enflamatuar ajan, kortizon,
deksametazon, hidrokortizon, metilprednizolon, prednizolon, prednizon ve
triamsinolondan olusan gruptan seçilir. Daha çok tercih edilen bir uygulamada,
steroidal anti-enflamatuar ajan deksametazondur. Baska bir uygulamada, biyolojik
olarak asî'iabilir implant birden fazla steroidal anti-enflamatuar ajan içerir.
Kullan Iabilecek spesifik antibiyotikler asag Eakileri içerir, ancak bunlarla sîiiIlEdegildir:
Aminoglikozidler (örnegin, amikasin, apramisin, arbekasin, bambermisinler, butirosin,
dibekasin, dihidrostreptomisin, fortimisin(ler), gentamisin, izepamisin, kanamisin,
mikronomisin, neomisin, neomisin undesilenat, netilmisin, paromomisin, ribostamisin,
sisomisin, spektinomisin, streptomisin, tobramisin, trospectomycin gibi antibakteriyel
antibiyotikler), amfenioller (örnegin, azidamfenikol, kloramfenikol, florfenikol,
tiamfenikol), ansamisinler (örnegin, rifamid, rifampin, rifamisin sv, rifapentin, rifaksimin),
lB-Iaktamlar (öm, karbasefemler (örnegin, lorakarbef), karbapenemler (örnegin,
biapenem, imipenem, meropenem, panipenem), sefalosporinler (örn. sefaklor,
sefadroksil, sefamandol, sefatrizin, sefazedon, sefazolin, sefkapen pivoksil, seflipdin,
sefdinir, sefditoren, sefepim, sefetamet, sefiksim, sefmenoksim, sefodizim, sefonisid,
sefoperazon, seforanid, sefotaksim, sefotiam, sefozopran, sefpimizol, sefpiramid,
sefpirom, sefpodoksim proksetil, sefprozil, sefroksadin, sefsulodin, seftazidim,
sefteram, seftelazol, seftibüten, seftipoksim, seftriakson, sefuroksim, sefuzonam,
sefasetril sodyum, sefaleksin, sefaloglisin, sefaloridin, sefalosporin, sefalotin, sefalpirin
sodyum, sefradin, pivsefaleksin), sefaminler (örn. sefbuperazon, sefmetazol,
sefminoks, sefotetan, sefoksitin), monobaktanlar (örnegin, aztreonam, karumonam,
tigemonam), oksasefemler, flomoksef, moksalaktam), penisilinler (örnegin, amdinosilin,
amdinosilin pivoksil, amoksisilin, ampisilin, apalsilin, asoksisilin, azidosilin, azlosilin,
bakampisilin, benzilpenisilin asit, benzilpenisilin sodyum, karbenisilin, karindasilin
klomtosilin, kloksasilin, siklasillin, dikloksasilin, episilin, fenbenisilin, floksasilin,
hetasilin, Ienampisilin, metampisilin, metisilin sodyum, mezlosilin, nafsilin sodyum,
oksasilin, penamesilin, penetamat hidriodid, penisilin g benethamin, penisilin g
benzatin, penisilin g benzhidrilamin, penisilin g kalsiyum, penisilin g hidrabamin,
penisilin g potasyum, penisilin g prokain, penisilin n, penisilin o, penisilin v, penisilin v
benzatin, penisilin v hidrabamin, penimepisiklin, fenilsisilin potasyum, piperasilin,
pivampisilin, propisilin, kinakilin, sulbenisilin, sultamisilin, talampisilin, temosilin,
tikarsilin) diger (ör. ritipenem), Iinkozamidler (örn., klindamisin, Iinkomisin), makrolidler
(örnegin, azitromisin, karbomisin, klaritromisin, diritromisin, eritromisin, eritromisin
asistrat, eritromisin estolat, eritromisin glukoheptonat, eritromisin Iaktobionat,
eritromisin propiyonat, eritromisin stearat, josamisin, Iökomisinler, midekamisinler,
miokamisin, oleandomisin, primisin, rokitamisin, rosaramisin, roksitromisin, spiramisin,
troleandomisin), polipeptitler (örnegin, amfomisin, basitrasin, kapreomisin, kolistin,
endurasidin, enviomisin, fusafungin, gramisidin, gramisidin(ler), mikamisin, polimiksin,
11
pristinamisin, ristosetin, teikoplanin, tiostrepton, tuberaktinomisin, tirosidin, tirotrisin,
vankomisin, viomisin, virginiamisin, çinko basitrasin), tetrasiklinler (örn., apisiklin,
klortetrasiklin, klomosiklin, demestosiklin, doksisiklin, guamesiklin, limesiklin,
meklosiklin, metasiklin, minosiklini oksitetrasiklin, penimepisiklin, pipasiklini
rolitetrasiklin, sansiklin, tetrasiklin) ve digerleri (ör. sikloserin, mupirosin, tuberin).
2,4-Diamin0pirimidinler (örn., Brodimoprim, tetroksoprim, trimetoprim), nitrofuranlar (örn.
Furaltadone, furazolium klorür, nifuraden, nifuratel, nifurfolin, nifurpirinol, nifurprazin,
nifurtoinol, nitrofurantoin), kinolonlar ve benzerleri gibi sentetik antibakteriyeller (ör.
sinoksasin. siprofloksasin, klinafloksasin, difloksasin, enoksasin, fleroksasin. flumekin,
grepafloksasin, Iomefloksasin, miloksasin, nadifloksasin, nalidiksik asit, norfloksasin,
ofloksasin, oksolinik asit, pazufloksasin, pefloksasin, pipemidik asit, piromidik asit,
rosoksasin, rufloksasin, sparfloksasin, temafloksasin, tosufloksasin, trovafloksasin),
sülfonamidler (ön, asetil sülfametoksipirazin, benzilsülfamid, kloramin-b, kloramin-t,
dikloramin t, n2-f0rmilsülfisomidin, n4-&-d-gIukozilsülfanilamid, mafenit, 4'- (metilsülfamoil)
sülfanilanilit, noprilsülfamit, ftalilsülfasetamit, ftalilsülfatiyazol, salazosülfadimidin,
süksinilsülfatiyazol, sulfabenzamid, sulfasetamid, sulfaklorpiridazin, sülfakrizoidin,
sülfasitine, sülfadiazin, sulfadikramid, sülfadimetoksin, sülfadoksin, sülfaetidol,
sülfaguanidin, sülfaguanol, sülfalen, sülfaloksik asit, sülfamerazin, sülfameter,
sülfametazin, sülfametizol, sülfametomidin, sülfametoksazol, sülfametoksipiridazin,
sülfametrol, sülfamidokrizoidin, sülfamoksol, sülfanilamid, 4-sülfanilamidozalisilik asit, n4-
sülfanililsülfanilamid, sülfanililüre, n-sülfanilil-3,4-ksilamid, sülfanitran, sülfaperin,
sülfafenazol, sülfaproksilin, sülfapirazin, sülfapiridin, sülfazomizol, sülfazimazin, sülfatiazol,
sülfotiyoüre, sülfatolamid, sülfizomidin, sülfizoksazol) sülfonlar (örn., asedapson,
asediasülfon, asetosülfon sodyum, dapson, diatimosülfon, glukosülfon sodyum, solasülfon,
sukasülfon, sülfanilik asit, p-sülfanililbenzilamin, sülfokson sodyum, tiyazolsülfon) ve
digerleri (ön, klofoktol, heksedin, metenamin, metenamin anhidrometilen-sitrat, metenamin
hipurat, metenamin mandelat, metenamin sülfosalisilat, nitroksolin, taurolidin, zibornol).
Polienler (örnegin, amfoterisin b, kandisidin, dermostatin, filipin, fungikromin,
hakimisin, hamisin, Iusensomisin, mepartrisin, natamisin, nistatin, pesilosin,
perimisin) gibi antifungal antibiyotikler, digerleri (örnegin, azaserin, griseofulvin,
oligomisinler, neomisin undesilenat, pirrolnitrin, siccanin, tüberidin, viridin).
12
Allilaminler (örn. butenafin, naftifin, terbinafin), imidazoller (öm, bifonazol, butokonazol,
klordantoin, kloimidazol, klokonazol, klotrimazol, ekonazol, enilkonazol, fentikonazol,
flutrimazol, izokonazol, ketokonazol, lanokonazol, mikonazol, omokonazol. oksikonazol
nitrat, sertakonazol, sülkonazol, tiyokonazol), tiyokarbamatlar (ör. tolsiklat, tolindat,
tolnaftat), triazoller (örn., flukonazol, itrakonazol, saperkonazol, terkonazol) digerleri
(ör., akrisorsin, amorolfin, bifenamin, bromosalisilkloranilit, bulosamid, kalsiyum
propiyonat, klorfenesin, siklopiroks, kloksikin, koparaffinat, diamtazol dihidroklorür,
ekzlamid, flusitozin, haletazol, heksetidin, loflukarban, nifuratel, potasyum iyodür,
propiyonik asit, piritiyon, salisilanilid, sodyum propionat, sulbentin, tenonitrozol,
triasetin, ujotion, undesilenik asit, çinko propiyonat).
Diger antibiyotikler ve analoglar (örnegin, aklasinomisinler, aktinomisin f1, antramisin,
azaserin, bleomisinler, kaktinomisin, karubisin, karzinoülin, kromomisinler, daktinomisin,
daunorubisin, 6-diazo-5-okso-L-norlösin, doksorubisin, epirubisin, idarubisin, menogaril,
mitomisinler, mikofenolik asit, nogalamisin, olivomisin, peplomisin, pirarubisin, plikamisin,
porFiromisin, puromisin, streptonigrin, streptozosin, tübersidin, zinostatin, zorubisin)i
antimetabolitler (örnegin folik asit analoglar (örn., denopterin, edatreksat, metotreksat,
piritreksim, pteropterin, Tomudex®, trimetreksat), pürin analoglari I (ör., kladribin,
fludarabin, 6-merkaptopurin, tiamiprin, tiyoguanin), pirimidin analoglarÜ(ör., ansitabin,
azasitidin, 6-azauridin, karmofur, sitarabin, doksifluridin, emitefur, enositabin, floksuridin,
florourasil, gemsitabin, tagafur) ayrîza yararli!.
Ilgilenilen diger ilaçlar araslda, hidrokortizon, gentamisin, 5-florourasil, sorbinil, lL-2, TNF,
Phakan-a (glutatyonun bir bileseni), tiyola-tiyopronin, Bendazak, asetilsalisilik asit,
triflorotimidin, interferon (d, [3 ve y) bagßklm modülatörleri, örnegin, Ienfokinler, monokinler
ve büyüme faktörleri, sitokinler, anti- (büyüme faktörleri), vb bulunur. Kullan Iabilecek diger
farmakolojik ajanlar, örnegin ABD Patenti No. 4.327.725. 4.474.451 ve 4.997. 652.
Mikroimplantlarn homojenligini en üst düzeye ç karmak için, aktif içerik veya içeriklerin
kuru formda temin edilmesi ve tek tip partikül boyutuna hazirlanmas tercih edilir. Özellikle,
aktif içerik veya içeriklerin yaklaslk 80 pm çap veya daha az bir partikül boyutunda temin
edilmesi avantajlüolmakla birlikte gerekli degildir, Istenen içerige baglüolarak, partiküller
istenen tek tip partikülleri saglamak için partikül boyutuna göre sEalanabiIir. Burada daha
detaylüolarak açERlandgZgibi, bu tür smalama yöntemleri, eleklerin ve/veya ultra merkez
ögütme cihazlarin kullanmiîiüiçerebilir. Aktif içeriklerin partikülleri belirli bir boyut
13
araIEgIida temin edilebilir. Örnegin, aktif içerik partiküllerinin bir popülasyonu yaklasik
50 um'lik bir ortalama çapa sahip olabilir. Böyle bir popülasyon kullanilarak olusturulan
implantlar, partikül çapLiJidan bir veya iki standart sapma içinde partiküller içerebilir. Baz_
uygulamada, aktif içerik partikülleri Spm'den daha büyük bir çapa veya baska bir
büyüklüge sahiptir. Bir implantta saglanan partikül popülasyonunun partikül büyüklügünü
kontrol ederek, aktif içeriklerin saITn özelliklerinde ve terapötik sonuçlarda gelistirmeler elde
edilebilir. Örnegin, 3 um'den küçük çaplara sahip partiküllerile elde edilemeyen terapötik
yararlarü saglamak için 3 um'den büyük çaplara sahip aktif içerik partiküllerinden
olusturulan implantlar kullan Iarak aktif içerigin sürekli sali-:nlüsaglan I.
Polimerler
Mevcut bulusa ait mikroimplant, bir PLGA kopolimerinin bir karßînliüve bir serbest asit
ucuna sahip bir PLGA kopolimerini içeren bir biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir polimer içerir.
Kullanilacak olan polimerik bilesimin seçimi, uygulama yeri, istenen tedavi süresi, hasta
tolerans ,. tedavi edilecek hastalig n niteligi ve benzeri ile degisecektir. Polimerlerin temel
özellikleri, implantasyon sahasinda biyo-as nabilirligi, ilgilenilen ajan ile uyumu, fizyolojik bir
ortamda istenen bir yarmömrü, suda çözünürlügü ve benzerlerini Içerecektir. Seçilen
polimer veya polimer karîsiîhlarigi genellikle, belirli aktif içerik ve polimer kombinasyonuna
ve istenen salîn kinetigine baglD olarak diger oranlar da düsünülse de, genellikle
olusturulan implantIi agIlR olarak yaklasik %10'u ila %90'Earaslida bir yerde olacakti.
PLGA kopolimerinde L-laktat veya D-Iaktat kullan Harak, yavasça biyolojik olarak bozunan
bir polimer elde edilirken, bozulma rasemat ile büyük ölçüde güçlendirilir. Glikolik ve
Iaktik asidin kopolimerleri özellikle ilgi çekicidir, burada biyo bozunma oranjglikolik ila
Iaktik asit oranina göre kontrol edilir. Polilaktik asit poliglikolik asit (PLGA)
kopolimerindeki polilaktik asidin yüzdesi, %0-100, tercihen yaklas k %15-85, daha
tercihen yaklasik %35-65 olabilir. Özellikle tercih edilen bir uygulamada, bir 50/50 PLGA
kopolimer kullanilmaktadir. En h zI sekilde bozunan kopolimer, esdeger miktarda glikolik
ve Iaktik aside sahiptir, burada homopolimer bozunmaya karsi idaha dirençlidir. Glikolik
asidin Iaktik asite oranüda implantiIii kIüganIEgmiDetkileyecektir; daha esnek bir implant,
implantn boyutuna, sekline ve öngörülen implantasyon bölgesine baglEbIarak degisebilir.
Mikroimplant ayrBa serbest asit uç gruplarna sahip PLGA kopolimerlerini içerir. Polimer
partiküllerinin boyutu, tercihen çap olarak yaklasüg 1-100 um, daha tercihen yaklasîs 5-
14
50 um çapnda, daha tercihen yaklasIs 9-12 um çaplida, daha da tercihen yaklastk
pm çapindad r. Mevcut implantlarn imalatlnda kullanilan polimer partikülleri çesitli
boyutlarda saglanabilir. Örnegin, polimer partikülleri yaklask 5pm ila yaklasUst 15 um
aras nda bir çapa veya baska bir boyuta sahip olabilir. Bazl iuygulamalarda, bir polimer
partikülü popülasyonundaki polimer partiküllerinin yaklask %50`sinden fazlasi,l yaklasik
um ila yaklasik 15 um araslTlda bir çapa sahiptir. Ilave uygulamalarda, polimer
partiküllerinden %90'hdan fazlasFQO um'den daha küçük bir çapa sahiptir.
Ilave bilesenler
Ek olarak, 5,869,079 saytl: ABD Patentinde anlattlianlar gibi hîlandIEIar ve
geciktiriciler de dahil olmak üzere salEh modülatörleri implantlara dahil edilebilir.
KullanIan salih modülatörünün miktarm istenen salîn profiline, modülatörün
aktivitesine ve modülatör yoklugunda aktif ajanLm saltm profiline baglLblacaktLn.
Hizland rcllar, fizyolojik olarak inert, suda çözünür polimerler, örn. düsük molekül
aginlikll Imetil selüloz veya hidroksipropil metil selüloz (HPMC); sekerler, ör. fruktoz ve
glikoz gibi monosakkaritler, laktoz, sukroz gibi disakkaritler veya selüloz, amiloz,
dekstran, vb. gibi polisakkaritler olabilir. Alternatif olarak, hzland TRY, fizyolojik olarak
aktif bir ajan olabilir ve kombine bir terapötik formülasyon saglar. Böyle bir durumda
hâlandlßlîseçimi, istenen terapötik aktivite kombinasyonu ile belirlenir.
salmn geciktiricileri hidrofilik ilaçlarIi salmn hâIiZyavaslatan ve daha uzun bir salmn
profiline izin veren hidrofobik bilesiklerdir. salîn modülasyonundan faydalanabilen
ilgilenilen hidrofilik ilaçlar arasîida yukarIa tarif edildigi gibi suda çözünür
antibiyotikler, nükleotid analoglarü örn. asiklovir, gansiklovir, vidarabin, azidotimidin.
dideoksiinozin, dideoksistosin; epinefrin; isoflurphate; adriamisin; bleomisin;
mitomisin; ara-C; aktinomisin D; skopolamin; ve benzerleri bulunur.
salim geciktiriciler olarak ilgilenilen ajanlar aras nda, suda çözünmeyen polimerler, ör.
daha önce tarif edildigi gibi yüksek moleküler ag rlikli metilselüloz ve etilselüloz, vb., suda
düsük çözünür organik bilesikler ve farmasötik olarak aktif hidrofobik ajanlar bulunur.
Formülasyonda çesitli amaçlar için baska ajanlar kullanmabilir. Örnegin, tamponlama
ajanlar: ve koruyucu maddeler kullanlabilir. KullanIabilecek suda çözünür koruyucu
maddeler araslda sodyum bisülfit, sodyum bisülfat, sodyum tiyosülfat, benzalkonyum
klorür, klorobütanol, timerosal, fenilmerkürik asetat, fenilmerkürik nitrat, metilparaben,
polivinil alkol ve feniletil alkol bulunmaktadLij. Bu ajanlar, yaklasUst %0,001 ila yaklasUst %5
ve tercihen yaklasik %0,01 ila yaklasik %2 arasindaki bireysel miktarlarda mevcut olabilir.
Kullanilabilecek uygun suda çözünür tamponlama ajanlar, istenen uygulama rotas için
FDA tarafmdan onaylandgi'gibi sodyum karbonat, sodyum borat, sodyum fosfat, sodyum
asetat, sodyum bikarbonat, vb içerebilir. Bu ajanlar, 2 ila 9 ve tercihen 4 ila 8 arashdaki bir
sistem pH'Iiîsürdürmeye yetecek miktarlarda mevcut olabilirler. Bu sekilde, tamponlama
ajan: toplam bilesimin agIIEB/agIIER baziîiida %5'i kadar olabilir. Sodyum klorür ve
potasyum klorür gibi elektrolitler de formülasyona dahil edilebilir. Tamponlama ajaaneya
güçlendirici hidrofilik oldugunda, aynîzamanda bir salîn hâlandîßüolarak da görev
yapabilir. Hidrofilik katkEmaddeleri, ilaç partiküllerini çevreleyen malzemenin daha hizi:
çözünmesi yoluyla salm1 oranlarli :arttIma görevi görür, bu da maruz kalan ilacîi yüzey
alanLnLbüyüterek, ilaç biyo-asLnima oranmiLarttan. AynLisekilde, bir hidrofobik tamponlama
ajan ya da güçlendiricisi, daha yavas çözünerek, ilaç partiküllerinin maruz kalmasin
yavaslatiiive böylece ilacin biyo-asinma hizini yavaslat r.
Aktif içerik, polimer ve diger modifiye edicilerin oranlar .çesitli oranlarda çesitli implantlar
formüle edilerek ampirik olarak belirlenebilir. Çözülme veya salTn testi için USP onaylýbir
yöntem, salih hâmüölçmek için kullanilabilir (USP 23; NF 18 (1995) pp. 1790-1798).
Örnegin, sonsuz batIma yöntemini kullanarak, ilaç verme cihazîii tartmnß bir numunesi,
su içinde %0,9 NaCI içeren bir çözeltinin ölçülmüs bir hacmine eklenir, burada çözelti
hacminin, ilaç salmml serbest bîakülltktan sonra doygunlugu %5'ten az olacakti.
Karßmi 37 °C'de tutulur ve implantlarisüspansiyon içinde tutmak için yavasça karßtmÜI.
Çözünmüs ilaçli, zamanli bir fonksiyonu olarak ortaya çkmas: absorbans sabit hale
gelene veya ilacIt %90'Iidan fazlasîserbest bIikEÜIicaya kadar spektrofotometrik, HPLC,
kütle spektroskopisi, vb. gibi teknikte bilinen çesitli yöntemler ile izlenebilir.
2. Mikroimplantlaririi temel özellikleri
Bahsedildigi gibi, mevcut bulustaki mikroimplantlar kütle olarak oldukça özdestir.
Mikroimplantlar için, yüksek bir özdeslik derecesi özellikle önemlidir, çünkü küçük boyutlu
mikroimplantlar, özellikle de genis yüzey alanü hacim özelliklerine sahip
mikroimplantlarda, mikroimplanttaki küçük varyasyonlar salman ilaciîi miktarîtü ve
zamanlamasnübüyük ölçüde etkileyebilir. Özellikle, nispeten küçük lokal alanlar veya
16
mikroimplant içindeki polimerlere (“sîzak noktalar" veya “soguk noktalar” olarak
adlandinlan) daha fazla veya daha az yogunlukta aktif içerige konsantrasyonuna sahip
alanlar bile zararl'_etkilere sahip olabilir. Spesifik olarak, karLSLmmi homojenligindeki, hatta
lokal varyasyonlardaki herhangi bir varyasyon, beklenenden çok farkli ibir miktarda aktif
içerigin verilmesine neden olabilir ve hastaliklarin veya göz durumlarnn tedavisini
degistirebilir. Diger yandan, daha büyük Implantlarda benzer lokal “smak noktalar” veya
“soguk noktalar" yine de iyi tolere edilebilir ve büyük implantlarmi daha büyük toplam
kütlesi ve yüzey alan [nedeniyle yine de kabul edilebilir bir toplam salih profili sunar. Aktif
içerigin implant içerisindeki dagJJIhü teknikte uzman kisilerce anlasÜIlEgD üzere, bir
implant partisine ait bir implant numunesinin içerik özdesligi incelenerek izlenebilir.
Mevcut mikroimplantlar monolitiktir, yani polimerik matris boyunca homojen olarak
dagîilrnß aktif içerige sahiptir. Tercihen ßîitian bir bilesimden üretilebilen implantlar,
baslangLçta, tekdüze boyutlu aktif içerik partiküllerinin özdes bir daguimmiUve biyolojik
olarak asiriabilir polimerin tek tip boyutlu partiküllerini içerir. Örnegin, aktif içerik
partikülleri ve/veya polimer partikülleri, yukarda tarif edildigi gibi belirli bir boyut
aralginda temin edilebilir. Tek tip boyutlu partiküller kullan larak, aktif içerigin ve
polimerlerin uygun karisim, implantin ekstrüzyonu veya daha fazla islenmesinden
önce elde edilebilir. Ekstrüzyondan sonra veya esnasmda, polimer partikülleri sürekli
bir matris olusturmak üzere eritilir. Kullanfliacak olan belirli polimerik bilesimin seçimi,
istenen salîn kinetikleri, istenen implantasyon alani: hasta tolerans: tedavi edilecek
hastalEgIi dogas: ve benzeri ile degisecektir. Polimerlerin temel özellikleri,
implantasyon alanmida biyo-asmabilirligi, ilgilenilen ajan ile uyumlulugu, kapsülleme
kolaylEg: suda çözünmezlik ve benzerlerini içerecektir. Tercihen, ilaç yükü serbest
bmakmîicaya kadar polimerik matris tamamen bozunmayacaktî.
Bulusa ait mikroimplantlaani salim kinetikleri, kLSmen yüzey alanlarmia bagLmlLdLij. Daha
büyük yüzey alan, Implantasyon bölgesinin lokal çevresine daha fazla polimer açiga
çikar r, bu da polimer tarafindan tutulan ilaç partiküllerinin daha hizli iasirimasiriia ve
çözünmesine neden olur. Mikroimplantini özel boyutu ve sekli, implantasyon alaninda
salim h 2 n , tedavi periyodunu ve ilaç konsantrasyonunu kontrol etmek için kullan labilir.
Daha büyük implantlar, orantmjolarak daha büyük bir doz verir, ancak yüzeye oranlia
baglDolarak, daha yavas bir salih oranIia sahip olabilir. Mikroimplantlar, istenen salih
kinetigine sahip olduklarîsürece, seçilen ekleme yeriyle uyumlu herhangi bir boyut veya
sekil alabilir. Tercihen, mikroimplantlar, ekstrüde edilmis bir filamandan (veya
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enjeksiyonla kalmlanmîs bir filaman ile) formüle edilir, ve daha sonra istenen ürünü
üretmek için kesilir. Mikroimplant büyüklügü için üst slriiln, istenen salim kinetikleri,
implant için tolerans, yerlestirme smasrida boyut sLniLijlamalarLJ kullanLm kolayligi+ vb. gibi
faktörlerle belirlenecektir. Mikroimplantlar, implantlni yerlestirilmesini ve implant n
ikamesini kolaylast rmak için tercihen, en az ndan bir sekilde esnek (yani, hassas
olmayan) olacaktî. Hassas mikroimplantlarh implantasyon ve kullanlTn smasmlda kmilrna
riski çok fazlad h. Hassas implantlar, implantîi bir göze yerlestirilmesini saglayan implant
aplikatörlerine takIabilir ve/veya yerlestirilebilir. YukarEia tartSÜIlEgDgibi, aplikatör bir
veya daha fazla mikroimplant içerdiginde, aplikatör dikis gerektirmeden göze sokulabilir
ve çEartllabilir. Bu nedenle, burada tarif edildigi gibi, esnek veya hassas implantlar dahil
olmak üzere mevcut implantlarn, en azîidan bir hastanli gözüne yerlestirilmeden önce
esas olarak katü maddeler veya ilaç verme araçlar: oldugu anlasmabilir. Ayrßa,
olusturulan mikroimplantlarn, göze yerlestirildikten sonra hastanli görüsüne müdahale
etmeyen uzunluklara (boyutlara) sahip olmasuda arzu edilir. Buna göre, istenen bir
mikroimplant uzunlugu, yerlestirme yerine bagli lolabilir. Örnegin, gözün arka taraf ndaki
vitröz odasina yerlestirilen bir mikroimplant, hastan n görüsüne müdahale etmemek için
yaklas k 10 milimetre ve tercihen 7 milimetreye kadar olan bir uzunluk ile seçilebilir. Buna
göre, mevcut bulustaki mikroimplantlar genellikle göz içindeki çesitli konumlara çesitli
uygulamalar ve implantasyonlar için yaklask 10 milimetreden daha az uzunluklara sahip
olabilir. Transkleral implantasyon durumunda, uzunluktan ziyade kaInIEK daha önemlidir.
Mevcut implantlarli örnek bir uygulamaslida, mikroimplantlar, burada tarif edilen ve
0,4572 milimetre (0,018 inç) veya daha az bir çapa sahip silindirik veya baska bir
dairesel kesit alanma sahip olan islemler kullanilarak olusturulmaktadm. Bu boyutlara
sahip bir mikroimplant, tipik olarak 0,4826 ila 0,5842 milimetrelik (0,019 ila 0,023 inç) iç
çaplara sahiptir ve 22 ölçü ince bir duvara veya ekstra ince duvar ignelerine karsttü's
gelen boyutlara sahip olan bir kanül yoluyla göze yerlestirilebilir. Mevcut bulusun baska
bir örnek uygulamas nda, mikroimplantlar 0,381 milimetre (0,015 inç) veya daha az bir
çapta olusturulmaktadln ve 23 ölçü ince bir duvara veya 0,4064 ila 0,508 milimetrelik
(0,016 ila 0,020 inç) tipik iç çaplara sahip ekstra ince duvar ignelerine karsillk gelen
boyutlara sahip bir kanül içinden geçirilebilmektedir. Bu boyutlardaki kanüller, teknikte
uzman kisiler tarafindan alßIagelen teknikler ve yöntemler kullanührak göz içinden
sokulabilir ve geri çekilebilir. Kanüller implant enjeksiyon aparatîtli bir bileseni olabilir
ve göz içindeki normal sîlübasmçlarlia ragmen gözün fazla gelen süßisgdîmasßla
neden olmadan mevcut implantlariyerlestirmek için yapIandIÜI. Bu gibi teknikler,
18
yöntemler ve aparatlar, mikroimplantn göze iletilmesi için kendinden kapamalü
yöntemlere izin verir ve kanül geri çekildiginde delinen bölgeyi onarmak için dikis veya
baska cerrahi islemlere duyulan ihtiyac_0rtadan kaldin.
Mevcut implantlar n diger uygulamalarnda, dairesel olmayan geometrilere sahip olan
mikroimplantlar, karsfrlk gelen enine kesit geometrilere sahip olan kanüller vasftaswla
burada tarif edilen islemlere göre saglanabilir. Örnegin, mevcut implantlarm bir
uygulamasmda, bu tür mikroimplantlar, belirli enine kesit geometrisine baglîolarak,
0,16129 milimetrekarelik (0.00025 inç kare) veya daha fazla bir kesit alanmia sahip
olacak sekilde yapmand IIabiIir.
3. Üretim süreçleri
Tarif edilen mikroimplantlar'ri boyutlarLIburada yüksek bir tek tiplik seviyesine sahip olan
imalat islemlerine göre üretilebilir. Sonuç olarak, mikroimplantlarln parti miktarlar ,her bir
mikroimplantln, bilesimdeki lokal degisimler ve/veya boyutlar dahil, degisimler için çok
dar toleranslar içinde üretilerek hazirtanabilir. Örnek üretim yöntemlerinde,
mikroimplantlar, bir veya daha fazla aktif içerigi, polimeri ve/veya partikül büyüklüklerine
sahip olan diger istege baglîeksipiyanlarîörn., salTn modülatörleri, tamponlar, vb.) ve
yüksek bir homojenlige sahip partikülleri elde ederek, bu partikülleri bir karîsîna
ekleyerek, bu karîsîn: filamanlara ekstrüde ederek ve bu filamanlar: istenen
mikroimplantlara hassas olarak keserek üretilir. Bu mikroimplantlarüistenen özellikler
açßlidan incelemek için daha fazla kalite kontrol yöntemleri saglanmaktadî. Alternatif
olarak, bu yüksek homojen filamanlar topak haline getirilebilir ve yeniden preslenebilir
veya enjeksiyonla kal planabilir. En az bir uygulamada, mevcut mikroimplantlar, implant
malzemesinin çift ekstrüzyonunu içeren bir yöntem ile olusturulur.
Daha özel olarak, mevcut bulusa uygun örnek islemlere uygun sekilde aktif içerik
partikülleri, biyolojik olarak asiniabilir polimer partikülleri ve istege bagllleksipiyan
partikülleri, oldukça tek tip partikül boyutuna sahip partiküller elde etmek için aymma
yöntemlerine tabi tutulabilir ve böylece iyi karlstin ld g nda, kar slm, aktif içerik ve polimer
partiküllerinin oldukça özdes bir dagümtliü içerir. Örnegin, karßînmi partikülleri,
partiküllern karßînm ortalama bir partikül boyutunun bir veya iki standart sapmasü
içinde olabilir. Daha önce bahsedildigi gibi, eger partikül boyutu iyi kontrol edilmemisse
ve aktif içerigin nispeten genis bir partikül büyüklügü aralgimevcutsa, daha büyük veya
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daha küçük partiküller, karSIn ve ortaya çIsan implantlarIi belirli lokalize bölgelerdeki
aktif içerigin daha yüksek veya daha düsük yogunlukta olmasna katk da bulunabilir. Bu
yüksek yogunluklu bölgeler, karLSLmdan üretilen biyolojik olarak asmabilir implantlarda
tutarslz dozaj seviyelerine yol açabilir ve bu nedenle, biyolojik olarak aslrtabilir implantin
tedavi edilecek sekilde tasarlandlgl göz hastal gl Iveya rahatsizligin n tedavisinin etkisiz
kalmasTia yol açabilir. Daha önce de belirtildigi gibi, daha büyük implantlar için partikül
boyutunda belirli derecelerde degisimler tolere edilebilir, burada çogu zaman aktif
içerikteki lokal degisimler, implantli toplam büyüklügü göz önüne alhdgîida esasen
kendi kendini iptal edebilir. Bununla birlikte mevcut bulustaki özellikle yüksek bir yüzey
alan/hacim orani-Ja sahip olan mikroimplantlarda için, bu seviyede bir farklmasma,
mikroimplantn uygunlugunu azaltabilir, çünkü bu tür yerel farkllasmalar, tüm
mikroimplantli nispeten daha büyük bir bölümünü olusturabilir ve istenen salEn
kinetiklerinde istenmeyen çkIit:veya girintilere yol açabilir.
Partiküller, örnegin elek veya ultra merkez ögütme cihaz gibi cihazlarla partikül
boyutuna göre sralanabilir. Örnek bir islemde, bir ultra merkezcil ögütme cihazi
kullanllin. Aktif içerik, polimer ve istege bagli ieksipiyan partiküllerinin hedef boyutu,
tek tek mikroimplantn nihai formülasyon gereksinimlerine bagli !olarak degisebilir.
Genellikle polimer için, polimer partiküllerinin boyutu yaklask 1-100 um arasmida
veya yaklasik 5-50 pm araslida veya yaklask 9-12 pm veya yaklasER 10 pm arasîida
olabilir. Burada tartßültltgügibi, polimer partiküllerinin bir popülasyonunun büyük bir
k:sm:20 pm'den daha küçük bir çapa sahip olabilir. Örnegin, bir polimer partikül
popülasyonunun %90'midan fazlas: 20 pm'den daha küçük bir çapa sahip olabilir.
Baziuygulamada, polimer partikülleri yaklasüt 10 um ila yaklasm 15 um arasmida bir
ortalama partikül boyutuna sahip olabilir. Aktif içerik partikülleri yaklask 80 mikrondan
az veya yaklasER 1 pm ila yaklastli 20 pm veya yaklasER 2 pm ila yaklastlî 8 pm
arasLiJida veya yaklasLk 5 um olabilir. Burada tartLsüdLgLgibi, bazLluygulamalarda, aktif
içerik partikülleri 3 pm'den daha büyük bir çapa sahiptir. Optimum sonuçlarn elde
edilmesi için, partiküllerin, istenen hedef çaplm +/- %10'u, tercihen +/-%5,i, daha
tercihen +/-%2'si aras nda partikül boyutunda toleranslara göre sinlflandin Imasi larzu
edilebilir. Aktif içerigin veya polimerlerin rastgele meydana gelen ince taneciklerinin
indirgenmesi ve/veya elimine edilmesi ve asm: büyük partiküllerin indirgenmesi
ve/veya elimine edilmesi gibi kontrollü partikül boyutlarî'iîi saglanmasýla, mevcut
implantlarda daha fazla aktif içerik özdesligiveya homojenligi elde edilebilir.
Özel bir uygulamada deksametazon partikülleri bir mikroimplant olusturmak için
kullanllln. Bu uygulamada, deksametazon partiküllerinin tümü, 15 um'den daha küçük
bir çapa sahiptir ve deksametazon partiküllerinin %90'+ 5 um'den küçük veya buna
esit bir çapa sahiptir.
Bir baska özel uygulamada, deksametazon partiküllerinin %75 veya daha fazlasi?
umlden daha küçük bir çapa sahiptir ve deksametazon partiküllerinin %99 veya
daha fazlas: 20 um'den daha küçük bir çapa sahiptir.
Gerekli toleranslar: karstiayan tek tip partiküller elde edildikten sonra, istenen
miktardaki aktif içerik veya içerikler, karßîn boyunca aktif içerigin nispeten özdes bir
dagJJIhIiElolusturmak için istenen miktarda biyolojik olarak asîiabilir polimer partikülleri
ve istege baglîeksipiyan partikülleri ile iyice karstmm Belirli nispi miktarlar, istenen
saILm kinetikleri, vs. dahil olmak üzere çesitli faktörlere bagILiolarak ayarlanabilir. Bu
kadar ksltli lolmakslztlrii, kullanilabilecek aktif içeriklerin ve biyolojik olarak asinabilir
polimerlerin belirli oranlarini n örnekleri, ABD Patent No. 5.869.079 ve ABD Patent
Basvurusu No. 09/693.008*de açlklanmaktadin. Partiküllerin karistrlmas için örnek
teskil eden bir yöntem, bir veya daha fazla bilye yatag. .veya benzerlerinin istenen bir
miktardaki partiküllerle birlikte bir kaba yerlestirilmesini içerir. Bu kap daha sonra
piyasadan temin edilebilir bir blender veya benzer bir cihaza yerlestirilebilir ve karîsmn
iyice karßtIJJîJIcaya kadar yeterli bir süre boyunca çalkalamaya bIakIabilir.
Partiküller iyice karßtIIdÜKtan sonra, ekstrüzyon için hazmlan mlar. Ekstrüzyon
isleminin, bir vidal: ekstrüder kullan Iarak yapIan islemler gibi birlestirme ve
karîstmma etkisi ayrßa, aktif içerigin ve polimerin daha fazla homojen olmasî'iîsaglar
ve polimerin aktif içerik partiküllerine eslik eden erimesi, nihai mikroimplant ürününde
lokal degisimlerin meydana gelme sansLniLdaha da azaltm.
Bir pistonlu ekstrüder kullan Ilyorsa, genellikle harmanlanmls kar slm, uygun bir paketleme
variline porsiyonlar halinde aktarlllr ve kar slml is klstirmak ve hava bosluklar ni almak için
pnömatik bir cihaza yerlestirilir. Pistonlu bir ekstrüder kullan Id ginda, implant bilesenlerinin
homojenligini iyilestirmek için baska islem admtlarü istenebilir. Paketleme varilindeki
karBEhJ-J birinci kismDyeterince stüßtîtltltktan sonra, karBIhIi bir baska kßmEpaketleme
variline eklenebilir ve bu islem, paketleme varili tamamen yüklenene kadar ilave devirler
21
için tekrarlanabilir. Istenilen miktardaki karsmi paketleme variline eklendikten sonra,
paketleme varili bir ekstrüdere yüklenebilir ve filamanlar olusturmak için ekstrüde edilebilir.
Filamanlara ekstrüde edilirken karis mi ieriten ve sürekli olarak kar st ran ikiz Vidali
ekstrüderler tercih edilir. Geleneksel vida ve varillerin aksine konik vida ve varillere
sahip çift vidaIH ekstrüderlerin kullanHmasH gerekli olmamakla birlikte arzu edilir.
KariSTnin eritilmesi ve araliRsFz olarak karistmilmasmmi birarada uygulanmasiîekstrüde
edilmis filamanlardaki karîsmnn homojenlik seviyesini korur ve hatta iyilestirir, böylece
ekstrüde edilmis filamanîi uzunlugu boyunca aktif içerikteki lokal farkl]]]îlar olusmaslia
karsD koruma saglar. Daha yüksek homojenlik için, bu ekstrüde edilmis filamanlar
geleneksel kesme veya ögütme yöntemleri ile peletlere indirgenebilir ve daha sonra
yeniden ekstrüde edilerek veya enjeksiyonla kal iplanabilir.
Ekstrüder vidasnLni dönüs hizmiLJ ekstrüder varilinin ve/veya kalp geometrisinin
s cakligi ive bas'nc kontrol edilerek verilen geometrilere sahip filamanlar ekstrüde
edilir. Ekstrüzyon kal bin n ya da nozulun geometrisi, özellikle, çap, uzunluk-çap (I/d)
orani ive kaliplar ya da nozul sonu, uygulanan ekstrüzyon çekme oran ile birlikte,
ekstrüde edilmis filamanirii nihai çapinii ibelirler. Kaliplar veya nozullar genellikle
yaklasik 1:1 ila 10:1 arasFriida I/d oranlarna sahip olabilir ve ayrica silindirik veya
dairesel olmayan enine kesit geometrileri de dahil olmak üzere degisen geometrilere
sahip olabilir. Örnek olarak, 22 ölçü bir kanül yoluyla verilebilen mikroimplantlarüelde
etmek için, örnegin 500 kapasiteli (yakî'i seri) bir çift vidalîekstrüder ve sürekli
modda kullanmabilen konik variller ve vidalar kullan Eabilir. Ekstrüder 90-110 °C
sîzaklmta 100-150 rpm vida hülarüile çalßtîliabilir. Baziuygulamalarda, implantlar,
ekstrüderin varilinde 105 °C gibi bir birinci siaklmta ve ekstrüderin nozulünde 102 °C
gibi ikinci bir smakltßta ve 120 rpm'lik bir dönüs ile üretilebilir. Bu ilk ekstrüzyon admn:
olarak anlasiabilir. Ekstrüde edilmis karLSLnn daha sonra, nozulde 90 °C'Iik varil içinde
107 °C'Iik bir 3 caklikta ikinci bir ekstrüzyona tabi tutulabilir ve vida içinde 100 rpm'de
döndürülür. Ekstrüder, örnegin 2 ila 6 arasinda degisen yaklask 1-10 aras nda
toplam uzunluk/çap oranlarina sahip O,4-0,5 mm çap aral g nda nozullerle
donatiliabilir. Elde edilen filamanini 482,6 mikron (0,019 inç) veya daha düsük çaplara
sahip olabilir ve aynD boyut çapîjdaki mikroimplantlar: üretmek üzere kesilebilir.
Mevcut implantlarîi bazEuygulamalarIida, filamanlarmi veya mikroimplantlarn hedef
çapEi457,2 um'dir (diger bir deyisle 0,018 inç).
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Ekstrüde edilmis filaman üzerindeki çekme oranmfilamann bitmis çapnüda etkileyebilir.
Örnegin, ekstrüde edilmis filaman, çap` `asag çekilecek sekilde ekstrüderden çekilirse,
ekstrüde edilmis filamanLni bitmis çapL,J ekstrüzyon kalmiLiveya nozülünkinden daha az
olacaktln. Bu sekilde, örnegin, 0,04826 milimetreden (0,0019 inç) daha küçük bir
ekstrüde edilmis filaman, 0,4826 milimetre (0,019 inç) çap veya daha büyük ekstrüzyon
kalibl'iveya nozul ile donatTmS bir ekstrüderden olusturulabilir.
Ekstrüzyon kaltbîiidan sürekli bir filaman ortaya çEEtEgDiçin, bu filaman, daha sonra
islemek ve kullanmak için tipik olarak yaklasik 152 milimetre (yaklasIs 6 inç) gibi uygun
uzunluklarda kesilebilir. Filamanlar ekstrüde edildikten ve çalßma uzunluklarna
kesildikten sonra, ayrEta istenen mikroimplantlarîolusturmak için istenen uzunluklarda
hassas kesim yaplabilir. Olusturulan mikroimplant uzunluklar: 1 mm ya da daha az
kadar küçük olabilir ya da 6 ya da 7 mm kadar uzun ya da daha uzun olabilir. Olusan
mikroimplantlarLm uzunlugu üzerindeki sIiLnlamalar, üretim sürecinin bir islevi degildir,
daha ziyade mikroimplantlar n kullanimlnida pratik slriilnlamalar n bir islevidir. Örnegin,
mm veya fazlas daha uzun mikroimplantlar vitröz içine yerlestirildiginde hastanlni
görüsünü etkileyebilir. Ayrica, bu tür uzun mikroimplantlar, sadece uzunluklar ndan
dolay rutin kullan mda k r imaya daha egilimli olabilir.
Ikinci ekstrüzyondan sonra, ekstrüde edilmis filamanlar: tek tip bir uzunlukta
kesebilme kabiliyeti, özellikle mikroimplantlarm nispeten yüksek bir çap oranmia ve
böylece orantElDolarak yüksek bir yüzey alan Dhacim oranî'ia sahip oldugu göz önüne
almdtgmida, istenen aktif içerik dozajîtEdüzgün bir sekilde verebilen implantlarm veya
mikroimplantlarm elde edilmesi için önemlidir. Yani, uzunluk varyasyonlarü daha
büyük tipik implantlar için oldugu gibi, bu oranlar daha küçük olsaydîortaya çalacak
olandan elde edilen aktif ajan miktarüüzerinde daha büyük bir etkiye sahip olacakti.
MikroimplantlarLm hassas kesilmesi için bir yöntem, bir titresimli tel testereyi ve kesme
platformunu veya ekstrüde edilmis filaman veya filamanlarl itutmak için tasarlanan
destegi birlestiren bir sistem kullanin. Bu örnekte platform veya diger destek, Örnegin
vakum basimci i kullanilarak filaman veya filamanlar j yerinde tutacak sekilde
yapilandin Iabilir. Tel testeresi tercihen daha büyük kesme hassasiyeti için bir elmas
gömülü tel ile konfigüre edilir. Filamanlardaki nispeten pürüzsüz kesimler, filamanlar
boyunca saIIiInlEibir hareketile yavasça kesilerek elde edilebilir. Kesintisiz bir kesim
için, kesim sahaslîiiü birikimden uzak tutmak için kesim slasmida olusan tüm
kalmtIarIi giderilmesi avantajIIJI. Yine bu, örnegin bir vakum kaynagükullanîarak
23
gerçeklestirilebilir. Istenen birinci kesim yapmjktan sonra, platform veya tel testeresi,
filamanlarda baska bir kesime izin vermek üzere yeniden konumlandrllabilir.
Alternatif olarak, hem platform hem de tel testeresi, filaman veya filamanlarda bir
baska kesime izin vermek üzere yeniden konumland rllabilir. Bu islem istenen
mikroimplantlarlm parti miktarlarini Üretmek için tekrarlanabilir.
Mevcut mikroimplantlarýüretmek için baska bir yöntem, bir giyotin kesici cihazmm
kullaniîtnliüiçerebilir. Tercihen, kesici cihazmmi çalßmasü otomatiktir. Örnegin,
otomatik bir giyotin kesici cihaz, filamanlardan kesin ve tekrarlanabilir sekilde
implantlar olusturmak için kullanmabilir. BazDuygulamalarda bu, bir veya daha fazla
filamanmi, filamanlarmi hareket ettigi hâa dayanarak önceden belirlenmis bir oranda
implantlarü kesmek veya sekillendirmek üzere yapIandmmngs bir kesme aletini
geçerek hareket ettirilmesiyle gerçeklestirilebilir. Diger yöntemler otomatik giyotin
kesici alet ve benzerleri kullan LLarak kullanilabilir.
Filamanlar, bir parti mikroimplant üretmek üzere istenen uzunluklarda hassas sekilde
kesildikten sonra, partideki mikroimplantlarn her biri, mikroimplantn kendisinin ve
mikroimplantlar n partisinin, varyans için tolerans gerekliliklerini karsilay p karsilamadlglni
belirlemek üzere incelenebilir. Bu tür ölçümlere dayanarak, bir mikroimplant veya
mikroimplantlarîf partisi kullanîn veya reddedilmek üzere kabul edilebilir.
Kütledeki farklmjllarmi muhtemelen normal olarak dagIacagüve dolayîsgila ortalama
kütlenin hedef kütleye karsIER geleceginden, bir parti mikroimplantîi kabulü, standart
sapma ne kadar küçükse bir implantIi istenen hedef kütleden sapmasio kadar küçük
olacagü prensibi kapsamîida, partinin kütle standart sapmaslia bagIIlI. Partinin
kabul edilebilir kütle standart sapmas:2 veya daha azdm. Kütle standart sapma
kriterlerini kullanmanLni bir avantaj+ partinin her bir mikroimplantLmLiayrUaerltartmak
yerine, çok sayida mikroimplant içeren bir seriyi güvenilir bir sekilde kabul etmek veya
reddetmek için istatistiksel olarak önemli sayida mikroimplantlni kütle ölçümlerine
dayanabilmesidir. Mikroimplantlarlrli tolerans ve muayenesi, ilacn içerigini, içerik
özdesligini ve ilaç sal m profillerini, baska seylerin yan Sina, tek tek veya
kombinasyon halinde incelemek için kullanmabilir.
24
4. Mikroimplantlarli uvqulanmas Z
Daha önce bahsedildigi gibi, mikroimplantlar bulusa göre, göz hastalk'larriLn ve
rahats zl klarn n tedavisi için gözün çesitli yerlerine yerlestirilebilir veya implante
edilebilir. Dolayisiyla mevcut implantlar, insan gibi bir hastaya, bir göz hastaligin n bir
veya daha fazla semptomunu tedavi etmek veya hastalgît tamamen tedavi edilmesi için
uygulanabilir. Mikroimplantlar, implantn sekline ve formülasyonuna, tedavi edilmekte
olan duruma, vs. baglüolarak çesitli bölgelerde implante edilebilir. Uygun bölgeler, ön
odactk, arka odacEk, vitröz boslugu, suprakoroidal alan, subkonjonktiv, episkleral,
intrareneal, epikorneal ve sklera'dl. Vitröze dstan uygun yerler suprakoroidal alan: pars
plana ve benzerlerini içerir. implantasyon intrakoroidal veya suprakoroidal olabilir.
Suprakoroid, iç sklera duvarüve karstti koroidal arasIida kalan potansiyel bir alandI.
Suprakoroid içine yerlestirilen implantlar, ilacm implanttan yayilrnasm implant ve
benzerlerinde bulunan ilaan konsantrasyonuna bagl_olarak, koroide ve anatomik olarak
yerlestirilmis retinaya ilaç verebilir. implantasyon ayrica intraretinal veya subretinal,
ayr ca intraskleral veya episkleral olabilir. Ek olarak, menenjeal bosluklara, optik sinire
ve/veya intraoptik sinire uygulanan implant, merkezi sinir sistemine ilacin verilmesine izin
verir ve kan-beyin bariyerinin geçilebilecegi bir mekanizma saglar.
Vitröz içine direkt olarak yerlestirilen implantlar, ilacIi, retina gibi göz dokusunun
arkaslia ulasmaslia izin veren veya lens veya ön odacm dokusu gibi bir dokunun tedavi
edilmesi için gözün ön taraflia hareket etmesine izin veren vitröz boslugundaki ilacEi
serbest bmakabilir. Implantlar ve mikroimplantlar bir avasküler bölgeye veya içine
yerlestirilebilir. Avasküler bölge, pars plana veya cerrahi yöntemlerle avasküler hale
getirilen bir bölge gibi dogal olarak meydana gelebilir. Cerrahi olarak indüklenen
avasküler bölgeler, lazer ablasyonu, fotokoagülasyon, kriyoterapi, ßü pmitIasmasü
koterizasyon ve benzerleri gibi teknikte bilinen yöntemlerle bir göz içinde üretilebilir.
Özellikle istenen tedavi alaninin pars planadan uzak oldugu veya implant n pars planaya
yerlestirilmesinin mümkün olmadigi durumlarda, istenen tedavi bölgesine yakin bu tür bir
avasküler bölgenin üretilmesi özellikle arzu edilebilir. Implantlarjn bir avasküler bölge
üzerine sokulmasi,i ilacin implanttan ve iç göze yaylimina izin verir ve ilacn kan
dolasEnIia karIsmasIiDönler. Diger implantasyon alanlarEaraSIida, anti-tümör ilaçlarIiIi
neoplastik Iezyonlara, örn. tümör veya lezyon alanlia, örn. çevre dokularia veya tümör
kütlesinin çERarEIIig: durumlarda, daha önce çtRarElîmß tümöre bitisik doku ve/veya
tümörün çkarImasIidan sonra kalan bosluk içine verilmesi bulunur.
Mikroimplantlar, cerrahi kesi ve yerlestirme yöntemleri gibi cerrahi araçlar veya bir trokar
kullanLmUdahil çesitli geleneksel sekillerde uygulanabilir. Önceden belirtildigi gibi, bu tip
yöntemler tipik olarak cerrahi bir ortamda gerçeklestirilir ve islemin tamamlanmasinin
ard ndan göz içinde ilk önce kapat lmas gereken bir kesi yapilmas ni lgerektirebilir.
Mevcut bulusa göre üretilen mikroimplantlarmi birçok avantaj Ttdan biri, son derece küçük
boyutlarhdan ötürü, bu gibi baska yöntemlerin gerektirdigi kesilerden ve dikislerden
kaçlian kendinden kapamalüyöntemler kullanmarak implant edilebilmeleridir. Özellikle,
mikroimplantlari uygulanmasüiçin kendinden kapamalü yöntemler, teknikte uzman
kisilerce bilinen tekniklere ve yöntemlere göre gerçeklestirilebilir.
Örnekler
AsagLdaki örnekler, mevcut bulusun daha kapsamlLi bir sekilde anlasLlmasn;
amaçlamaktadln. Bununla birlikte, bu örneklerin, s'nlnlama amaciyla degil, örnek
olarak verildigi kabul edilmelidir.
Örnek 1 (referans) Tek-Ekstrüde Mikroimplantlar ni Hazlnlanmasl I
Mikroimplantlar gözün vitröz bosluguna yerlestirmek için asagîzlaki gibi hazmland]
Aktif ajan deksametazon, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir polimer olarak 50/50 polilaktik
asit-poliglikolik asit (PLGA) ile karßtmttd: Ajan ve polimer, agmlk olarak 60/30/10
oranmda deksametazon (Pharmacia Corp., Peapack, NJ), bir serbest asit ucuna
(RGSOZH, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Almanya) sahip 50/50 PLGA ve siasýla
50/50 PLGA (RG502, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Almanya) ile karStIImîstm.
209 ya da daha az ilaç-polimer karsmn serileri daha sonra sürekli bir modda
kullanilabilen bir 5 cc kapasiteli (yak n seri) ikiz vidall iekstrüdere beslenmistir (DACA
MicroCompounder, DACA Instruments, Goleta, CA ya da Haake Minilab, Thermo
Haake, Madison, WI). Ekstrüder geleneksel silindirik varillerin aksine konik vida ve
variller ile yap Iandinlmistin. Ekstruder, 20-30 rpm, 500-2000 N vida hzlar nda 90-
110°C sEtaklEklarda çalîstmtlljü Çaplar: 0,4-0,5 mm ve 2 ila 6 oranIida genel
uzunluk/çap aralEgmida olan ekstrüdere çesitli nozullar takIdü Ekstrüde edilmis tipik
olarak, ekstrüzyon çekme oranglla ayarlanan filamanlarmi son çapî'ia sahip, tipik
olarak 254 milimetreye (10 inç) kadar uzunluklarda filamanlar toplanmgstm.
26
Çapi yaklasik 0,4572 milimetre (0,018 inç) olan filamanlar, yaklasik 6 mm uzunlugunda
ve mikroimplant bastnia yaklasik 700 ug deksametazon içeren yaklasLk
0,4572 milimetre (0,018inç) çaplriida silindirik mikroimplant serilerini üretmek için
otomatik bir giyotin kesici kullanilarak daha hassas kesilmistir.
Benzer sekilde, çap70,381 milimetrelik (0,015 inç) olan filamanlar, çap710 mm olan
0,381 milimetrelik (0,015inç) silindirik mikroimplant serilerini üretmek için 10 mm
uzunluga kadar kesilmis ve aynü sekilde mikroimplant basma yaklasI( 700 ug
deksametazon ihtiva etmektedir.
Örnek 2 Çift Ekstrüde Mikroimplantlarli Hazllanmasü
Örnek 1'de tarif edilen 809 ilaç/polimer karsLmLI serileri, Haake Minilab ile iki
ekstrüzyon kullanilarak ekstrüde edilmis filamanlar halinde olusturuldu. Mikroimplantlar,
Örnek 1'de tarif edildigi gibi otomatik bir giyotin kesici kullanilarak olusturuldu.
Örnek 3 Kütle Ölçümlerine Davalll Deksametazon Mikroimplantlarlnin (700 uq)
Incelenmesi ve Kabulü
Mikroimplant serileri, Örnek 2'deki sekilde üretildi. Seri porsiyonlarüagmlk, boyut,
içerik özdesligi ve salIn profillerinin incelenmesine tabi tutuldu. Her mikroimplant için
hedef kütle yaklasli toplam 1,2 mg idi (örnegin 1,187 mg), bunun 700 ug
deksametazon ve geri kalanEpolimerdir. Hedef kütlenin (+/- 0,1167 mg) +/- %10'u
dahilinde olan mikroimplantlar kabul edilebilir olarak kabul edildi (örnegin 1,050 mg ila
1,284 mg arasîida bir agIIEga sahip implantlar).
Implantlar n içerik özdesligi %85,0 LS'den %115,0 LS'ye çikmlstln.
Asagldaki tablo, bir implant serisinin implant ag rliklarlrliini sonuçlarlm özetlemektedir.
Claims (1)
- ISTEMLER Bir parti göz mikroimplant_üretim yöntemi ve, her bir mikroimplant 0,483 mm (0,019 inç) veya daha küçük bir çapa sahiptir ve bir veya daha fazla aktif içerigin homojen bir kar slmlmm bir biyolojik olarak aslmabilir polilaktik asit- poliglikolik asit kopolimeri ve serbest asit uç grubuna sahip bir biyo-asmabilir polilaktik asit-poliglikolik asit kopolimeri içermekte olup, karakterize edici özelligi ise, serinin %2 veya daha düsük bir nispi kütle standart sapmasmia sahip olmasüve mikroimplantlarmi çaplarmimi, ortalama çaptan ±7,62 pm'den (± 0,0003 inç) fazla olmamaswla karakterize edilmesidir ve bir veya daha fazla aktif içerigin, polimerin ve/veya diger istege bagID eksipiyan partiküllerinin, istenen hedef çapmi +/-%10,unun partikül boyutunda toleranslara sahip olacak sekilde ayrtlrnas: bu partiküllerin bir karßîn haline getirilmesi, bu karsmim filamanlar halinde ekstrüde edilmesi ve bu filamanlar n istenen mikroimplantlara kesilmesi ad mlarlm içermesidir. Istem I'e göre yöntem olup, burada karisim ikinci bir ekstrüzyona tabi tutulur. Istem 1 veya 2'ye göre yöntem olup, göz hastalfklarnveya rahatsâlfklarmm tedavi etmek üzere göz içine bir mikroimplant yerlestirme admnlijçerir.
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US11/070,158 US20060204548A1 (en) | 2005-03-01 | 2005-03-01 | Microimplants for ocular administration |
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TR201810174T4 true TR201810174T4 (tr) | 2018-08-27 |
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TR2018/10174T TR201810174T4 (tr) | 2005-03-01 | 2006-02-22 | Oküler uygulamalar için mikroimplantlar. |
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EP (2) | EP1863420B1 (tr) |
JP (2) | JP2008531687A (tr) |
KR (1) | KR101271362B1 (tr) |
CN (1) | CN101188989B (tr) |
AU (1) | AU2006218931B2 (tr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0607483A2 (tr) |
CA (1) | CA2598512C (tr) |
ES (1) | ES2678401T3 (tr) |
IL (1) | IL185250A0 (tr) |
MX (1) | MX2007010305A (tr) |
NO (1) | NO339496B1 (tr) |
NZ (2) | NZ588831A (tr) |
RU (1) | RU2357709C1 (tr) |
TR (1) | TR201810174T4 (tr) |
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-
2005
- 2005-03-01 US US11/070,158 patent/US20060204548A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2006
- 2006-02-22 AU AU2006218931A patent/AU2006218931B2/en active Active
- 2006-02-22 JP JP2007558066A patent/JP2008531687A/ja active Pending
- 2006-02-22 RU RU2007132699/15A patent/RU2357709C1/ru active
- 2006-02-22 ES ES06735790.5T patent/ES2678401T3/es active Active
- 2006-02-22 NZ NZ588831A patent/NZ588831A/en unknown
- 2006-02-22 CA CA2598512A patent/CA2598512C/en active Active
- 2006-02-22 MX MX2007010305A patent/MX2007010305A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2006-02-22 EP EP06735790.5A patent/EP1863420B1/en active Active
- 2006-02-22 TR TR2018/10174T patent/TR201810174T4/tr unknown
- 2006-02-22 EP EP11164915A patent/EP2364680A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-02-22 BR BRPI0607483-9A patent/BRPI0607483A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-02-22 WO PCT/US2006/006279 patent/WO2006093758A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-02-22 NZ NZ560397A patent/NZ560397A/en unknown
- 2006-02-22 KR KR1020077022137A patent/KR101271362B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2006-02-22 CN CN2006800069195A patent/CN101188989B/zh active Active
-
2007
- 2007-08-08 ZA ZA200706622A patent/ZA200706622B/xx unknown
- 2007-08-08 NO NO20074100A patent/NO339496B1/no unknown
- 2007-08-13 IL IL185250A patent/IL185250A0/en unknown
-
2012
- 2012-12-12 JP JP2012271663A patent/JP2013067644A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101188989A (zh) | 2008-05-28 |
CA2598512A1 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
KR101271362B1 (ko) | 2013-06-10 |
EP2364680A1 (en) | 2011-09-14 |
ES2678401T3 (es) | 2018-08-10 |
AU2006218931B2 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
CN101188989B (zh) | 2010-06-23 |
WO2006093758A1 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
RU2007132699A (ru) | 2009-04-10 |
BRPI0607483A2 (pt) | 2009-09-08 |
RU2357709C1 (ru) | 2009-06-10 |
JP2013067644A (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
NO339496B1 (no) | 2016-12-19 |
IL185250A0 (en) | 2008-02-09 |
MX2007010305A (es) | 2007-09-27 |
AU2006218931A1 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
NZ588831A (en) | 2012-05-25 |
CA2598512C (en) | 2018-08-14 |
JP2008531687A (ja) | 2008-08-14 |
US20060204548A1 (en) | 2006-09-14 |
KR20070116030A (ko) | 2007-12-06 |
EP1863420A1 (en) | 2007-12-12 |
NO20074100L (no) | 2007-11-23 |
EP1863420B1 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
ZA200706622B (en) | 2008-09-25 |
NZ560397A (en) | 2010-11-26 |
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