SU550107A3 - Ингал тор дл порошковых веществ - Google Patents
Ингал тор дл порошковых веществInfo
- Publication number
- SU550107A3 SU550107A3 SU2064754A SU2064754A SU550107A3 SU 550107 A3 SU550107 A3 SU 550107A3 SU 2064754 A SU2064754 A SU 2064754A SU 2064754 A SU2064754 A SU 2064754A SU 550107 A3 SU550107 A3 SU 550107A3
- Authority
- SU
- USSR - Soviet Union
- Prior art keywords
- powder inhaler
- capsule
- compartment
- cover
- spring element
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims 2
- 229960000265 cromoglicic acid Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- IMZMKUWMOSJXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cromoglycic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)=CC(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2OCC(O)COC1=CC=CC2=C1C(=O)C=C(C(O)=O)O2 IMZMKUWMOSJXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011022 operating instruction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002146 bilateral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M15/00—Inhalators
- A61M15/0028—Inhalators using prepacked dosages, one for each application, e.g. capsules to be perforated or broken-up
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M15/00—Inhalators
- A61M15/0028—Inhalators using prepacked dosages, one for each application, e.g. capsules to be perforated or broken-up
- A61M15/003—Inhalators using prepacked dosages, one for each application, e.g. capsules to be perforated or broken-up using capsules, e.g. to be perforated or broken-up
- A61M15/0033—Details of the piercing or cutting means
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M15/00—Inhalators
- A61M15/0028—Inhalators using prepacked dosages, one for each application, e.g. capsules to be perforated or broken-up
- A61M15/003—Inhalators using prepacked dosages, one for each application, e.g. capsules to be perforated or broken-up using capsules, e.g. to be perforated or broken-up
- A61M15/0033—Details of the piercing or cutting means
- A61M15/004—Details of the piercing or cutting means with fixed piercing or cutting means
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
- A61M2202/06—Solids
- A61M2202/064—Powder
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
- Packaging Of Annular Or Rod-Shaped Articles, Wearing Apparel, Cassettes, Or The Like (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Filling Or Emptying Of Bunkers, Hoppers, And Tanks (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2346914A DE2346914C3 (de) | 1973-09-18 | 1973-09-18 | Inhalator für pulverförmige Substanzen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SU550107A3 true SU550107A3 (ru) | 1977-03-05 |
Family
ID=5892931
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SU2064754A SU550107A3 (ru) | 1973-09-18 | 1974-09-18 | Ингал тор дл порошковых веществ |
Country Status (28)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3918451A (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPS5841067B2 (enExample) |
| AT (1) | AT342188B (enExample) |
| BE (1) | BE820056A (enExample) |
| BG (1) | BG21587A3 (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA1027448A (enExample) |
| CH (1) | CH570807A5 (enExample) |
| CS (1) | CS185569B2 (enExample) |
| DD (1) | DD114224A5 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2346914C3 (enExample) |
| DK (1) | DK154473C (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES430158A1 (enExample) |
| FI (1) | FI56119C (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2243707B1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1472650A (enExample) |
| HU (1) | HU171644B (enExample) |
| IE (1) | IE40176B1 (enExample) |
| IL (1) | IL45657A (enExample) |
| IT (1) | IT1021401B (enExample) |
| NL (1) | NL176230C (enExample) |
| NO (1) | NO135563C (enExample) |
| PH (1) | PH11772A (enExample) |
| PL (1) | PL91694B1 (enExample) |
| RO (1) | RO69308A (enExample) |
| SE (1) | SE415230B (enExample) |
| SU (1) | SU550107A3 (enExample) |
| YU (1) | YU36258B (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA745795B (enExample) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2141849C1 (ru) * | 1992-10-19 | 1999-11-27 | Дьюра Фармасьютикалз, Инк | Устройство для распыления лекарственного средства в форме порошка |
| RU2826109C1 (ru) * | 2019-10-25 | 2024-09-04 | Филип Моррис Продактс С.А. | Ингаляционное изделие с открытым дальним концом и ингаляционная система |
Families Citing this family (74)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT1017153B (it) * | 1974-07-15 | 1977-07-20 | Isf Spa | Apparecchio per inalazioni |
| GB1562732A (en) * | 1976-02-10 | 1980-03-12 | Allen & Hanburys Ltd | Device for dispensing medicaments |
| GB1561835A (en) * | 1976-02-11 | 1980-03-05 | Allen & Hanburys Ltd | Devices for dispensing medicamtens |
| DK154869C (da) * | 1977-02-10 | 1989-05-16 | Allen & Hanburys Ltd | Inhalationsapparat til administrering af medikamenter |
| GB1598081A (en) * | 1977-02-10 | 1981-09-16 | Allen & Hanburys Ltd | Inhaler device for dispensing medicaments |
| DE3050005A1 (de) * | 1979-10-30 | 1982-03-18 | Riker Laboratories Inc | Breath actuated devices for administering powdered medicaments |
| DE3167567D1 (en) | 1980-06-06 | 1985-01-17 | Fisons Plc | Inhalation device for powdered medicaments |
| ES8206980A1 (es) * | 1980-10-30 | 1982-09-01 | Riker Laboratories Inc | Un dispositivo para facilitar la inhalacion oral de medica- mentos en forma de polvo |
| DE3345722A1 (de) * | 1983-12-17 | 1985-06-27 | Boehringer Ingelheim KG, 6507 Ingelheim | Inhalator |
| US4777962A (en) * | 1986-05-09 | 1988-10-18 | Respitrace Corporation | Method and apparatus for distinguishing central obstructive and mixed apneas by external monitoring devices which measure rib cage and abdominal compartmental excursions during respiration |
| IT1228460B (it) * | 1989-02-23 | 1991-06-19 | Phidea S R L | Inalatore monouso con capsula pre-forata |
| IT1230313B (it) * | 1989-07-07 | 1991-10-18 | Somova Spa | Inalatore per medicamenti in capsule. |
| DE3927170A1 (de) * | 1989-08-17 | 1991-02-21 | Boehringer Ingelheim Kg | Inhalator |
| NL9002706A (nl) * | 1990-12-10 | 1992-07-01 | Pharmachemie Bv | Inrichting ten gebruike bij het inhaleren van in staafvormige capsules verpakte poedervormige stoffen. |
| GB2253200A (en) * | 1991-02-01 | 1992-09-02 | Harris Pharma Ltd | Inhalation apparatus and fracturable capsule for use therewith |
| US5797391A (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1998-08-25 | Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Limited | Inhaler |
| US6681767B1 (en) | 1991-07-02 | 2004-01-27 | Nektar Therapeutics | Method and device for delivering aerosolized medicaments |
| CA2112674C (en) * | 1991-07-02 | 2005-10-04 | John S. Patton | Method and device for delivering aerosolized medicaments |
| US5476093A (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 1995-12-19 | Huhtamaki Oy | Device for more effective pulverization of a powdered inhalation medicament |
| US5896855A (en) * | 1992-12-24 | 1999-04-27 | Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Limited | Multi dose inhaler apparatus |
| USD365876S (en) | 1993-06-16 | 1996-01-02 | Chawla Brindra P S | Medicament inhaler |
| US5505194A (en) * | 1994-03-23 | 1996-04-09 | Abbott Laboratories | Aerosol inhalation device having slideably and rotatably connected elliptical cylinder portions |
| US5483954A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1996-01-16 | Mecikalski; Mark B. | Inhaler and medicated package |
| JP3388896B2 (ja) * | 1994-08-08 | 2003-03-24 | 株式会社日立ユニシアオートモティブ | 吸入式投薬器 |
| CZ289029B6 (cs) | 1994-09-21 | 2001-10-17 | Inhale Therapeutic Systems | Způsob aerosolizace práąku, zejména práąkového léku a zařízení k provádění tohoto způsobu |
| JP3320261B2 (ja) * | 1995-06-01 | 2002-09-03 | 株式会社ユニシアジェックス | 吸入式投薬器 |
| US5584285A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-17 | Salter Labs | Breathing circuit apparatus for a nebulizer |
| US5690101A (en) * | 1995-07-14 | 1997-11-25 | Kutta; Helmuth W. | Portable air purifier with chemical reaction zone |
| US6470884B2 (en) | 1996-01-29 | 2002-10-29 | Aventis Pharma Limited | Capsule opening arrangement for use in a powder inhaler |
| JP3328132B2 (ja) * | 1996-03-21 | 2002-09-24 | 株式会社ユニシアジェックス | 吸入式投薬器 |
| CA2212430A1 (en) | 1997-08-07 | 1999-02-07 | George Volgyesi | Inhalation device |
| US6257233B1 (en) * | 1998-06-04 | 2001-07-10 | Inhale Therapeutic Systems | Dry powder dispersing apparatus and methods for their use |
| US6679256B2 (en) | 1999-12-17 | 2004-01-20 | Nektar Therapeutics | Systems and methods for extracting powders from receptacles |
| AU2001234005B2 (en) | 2000-02-28 | 2006-01-19 | Pharmakodex Limited | Improvements in or relating to the delivery of oral drugs |
| EP1238680B1 (en) * | 2001-03-05 | 2003-12-10 | Ivo Pera | Inhaling device for dispersing powdered medicaments contained in a capsule through the respiratory tract |
| ITMI20020078A1 (it) * | 2002-01-16 | 2003-07-16 | Fabrizio Niccolai | Dispositivo utilizzabile nel tratamento di affezzioni delle vie respiratorie |
| US7284553B2 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2007-10-23 | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Gmbh & Co. Kg | Powder inhaler comprising a chamber for a capsule for taking up a non-returnable capsule being filled with an active ingredient |
| US20040206350A1 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2004-10-21 | Nektar Therapeutics | Aerosolization apparatus with non-circular aerosolization chamber |
| AU2003291850B2 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2009-02-26 | Acrux Dds Pty Ltd | Dispensing device |
| AU2002953482A0 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2003-01-09 | Acrux Dds Pty. Ltd. | Dispensing device |
| ES2383367T5 (es) * | 2003-04-09 | 2021-03-31 | Novartis Ag | Aparato de pulverización en forma de aerosol con protección de entrada de aire |
| US8869794B1 (en) | 2003-04-09 | 2014-10-28 | Novartis Pharma Ag | Aerosolization apparatus with capsule puncturing member |
| MX2007005522A (es) * | 2004-11-10 | 2007-07-05 | Cipla Ltd | Inhalador. |
| WO2006066363A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-06-29 | Acrux Dds Pty Ltd | Dispensing device |
| GB0507711D0 (en) | 2005-04-15 | 2005-05-25 | Vectura Group Plc | Improved blister piercing |
| US8360056B2 (en) * | 2006-08-31 | 2013-01-29 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Medicine sprayer |
| DE102007036411A1 (de) * | 2007-07-20 | 2009-02-12 | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Gmbh & Co. Kg | Pulverinhalator |
| WO2009046215A2 (en) * | 2007-10-02 | 2009-04-09 | Lab International Srl | Safety and abuse deterrent improved device |
| MX2010006657A (es) | 2007-12-20 | 2010-10-05 | Astrazeneca Ab | Dispositivo y metodo para desagregar polvo 854. |
| US8123082B2 (en) * | 2008-01-22 | 2012-02-28 | McNeil-AB | Hand-held dispensing device |
| GB0901520D0 (en) | 2009-01-30 | 2009-03-11 | Vectura Delivery Devices Ltd | Inhaler |
| JP2012531961A (ja) | 2009-07-01 | 2012-12-13 | アストラゼネカ・アクチエボラーグ | 粉末を気流に引き込むためのディスペンサーおよび方法 |
| US8528569B1 (en) | 2011-06-28 | 2013-09-10 | Kyle D. Newton | Electronic cigarette with liquid reservoir |
| US20150335440A1 (en) | 2011-08-23 | 2015-11-26 | Linares Medical Devices, Llc | Multi-component implant assembly with dual articulating and/or rotating surfaces |
| GB201301192D0 (en) | 2013-01-23 | 2013-03-06 | Vectura Delivery Devices Ltd | A blister piercing element for a dry powder inhaler |
| US10039321B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 | 2018-08-07 | Vmr Products Llc | Vaporizer |
| US10058129B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-08-28 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device systems and methods |
| PL3504991T3 (pl) | 2013-12-23 | 2021-08-16 | Juul Labs International Inc. | Systemy urządzeń do odparowywania |
| US10076139B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-09-18 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer apparatus |
| US10709173B2 (en) | 2014-02-06 | 2020-07-14 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer apparatus |
| US12279646B2 (en) | 2014-02-06 | 2025-04-22 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Cartridge of vaporization device systems having unequal transverse cartridge dimensions |
| TWI751467B (zh) | 2014-02-06 | 2022-01-01 | 美商尤爾實驗室有限公司 | 產生可吸入氣膠之裝置及用於該裝置之可分離匣 |
| USD861975S1 (en) | 2016-02-08 | 2019-10-01 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer device with cartridges |
| USD858869S1 (en) | 2016-02-08 | 2019-09-03 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
| DE202017007467U1 (de) | 2016-02-11 | 2021-12-08 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Befüllbare Verdampferkartusche |
| EA039727B1 (ru) | 2016-02-11 | 2022-03-04 | Джуул Лэбз, Инк. | Надежно прикрепляющиеся картриджи для испарительных устройств |
| UA126061C2 (uk) | 2016-02-25 | 2022-08-10 | Джуул Лебз, Інк. | Системи та способи керування випарним пристроєм |
| RU2730961C1 (ru) * | 2016-12-20 | 2020-08-26 | Эмфэсиз Импортадора Эшпортадора Э Дистрибуидора Лтда. | Ингалятор сухого порошка |
| USD943161S1 (en) | 2019-11-14 | 2022-02-08 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer device |
| USD943159S1 (en) | 2019-11-14 | 2022-02-08 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Component for a vaporizer cartridge |
| USD943158S1 (en) | 2019-11-14 | 2022-02-08 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
| USD943160S1 (en) | 2019-11-14 | 2022-02-08 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer device |
| KR102420393B1 (ko) * | 2020-05-28 | 2022-07-13 | 제이디코스파마 주식회사 | 약제 기화 흡입기 |
| KR102782140B1 (ko) * | 2022-08-25 | 2025-03-18 | 주식회사 케이티앤지 | 흡입기 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1929154A (en) * | 1931-07-29 | 1933-10-03 | Sundock Rose | Powder spray and injector |
| DE1566604C3 (de) * | 1966-09-17 | 1980-10-23 | Fisons Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire (Ver. Koenigreich) | Vorrichtung zum oralen Inhalieren von Medikamenten in fein verteilter Form |
| GB1268051A (en) * | 1968-06-07 | 1972-03-22 | Fisons Pharmaceuticals Ltd | Inhalation device |
| IT941426B (it) * | 1971-07-17 | 1973-03-01 | Isf Spa | Inalatore a camera di turbinio per sostanze medicamentose polveriformi |
| GB1387954A (en) * | 1973-05-08 | 1975-03-19 | Miles Lab | Insufflator |
-
1973
- 1973-09-18 DE DE2346914A patent/DE2346914C3/de not_active Expired
-
1974
- 1974-09-11 ZA ZA00745795A patent/ZA745795B/xx unknown
- 1974-09-13 BG BG027669A patent/BG21587A3/xx unknown
- 1974-09-13 CA CA209,359A patent/CA1027448A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-09-13 NO NO743294A patent/NO135563C/no unknown
- 1974-09-13 IL IL45657A patent/IL45657A/en unknown
- 1974-09-13 HU HU74PA00001196A patent/HU171644B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-09-16 US US506611A patent/US3918451A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1974-09-16 IT IT7427308A patent/IT1021401B/it active
- 1974-09-17 RO RO7480014A patent/RO69308A/ro unknown
- 1974-09-17 YU YU2523/74A patent/YU36258B/xx unknown
- 1974-09-17 ES ES430158A patent/ES430158A1/es not_active Expired
- 1974-09-17 SE SE7411700A patent/SE415230B/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-09-17 FI FI2719/74A patent/FI56119C/fi active
- 1974-09-17 AT AT748374A patent/AT342188B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-09-17 CS CS7400006349A patent/CS185569B2/cs unknown
- 1974-09-17 DK DK488474A patent/DK154473C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-09-17 DD DD181161A patent/DD114224A5/xx unknown
- 1974-09-18 FR FR7431558A patent/FR2243707B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-09-18 BE BE148650A patent/BE820056A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-09-18 CH CH1264174A patent/CH570807A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-09-18 IE IE1935/74A patent/IE40176B1/xx unknown
- 1974-09-18 SU SU2064754A patent/SU550107A3/ru active
- 1974-09-18 JP JP49107544A patent/JPS5841067B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1974-09-18 PH PH16298A patent/PH11772A/en unknown
- 1974-09-18 PL PL1974174176A patent/PL91694B1/pl unknown
- 1974-09-18 NL NLAANVRAGE7412350,A patent/NL176230C/xx active Search and Examination
- 1974-09-18 GB GB4071974A patent/GB1472650A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2141849C1 (ru) * | 1992-10-19 | 1999-11-27 | Дьюра Фармасьютикалз, Инк | Устройство для распыления лекарственного средства в форме порошка |
| RU2826109C1 (ru) * | 2019-10-25 | 2024-09-04 | Филип Моррис Продактс С.А. | Ингаляционное изделие с открытым дальним концом и ингаляционная система |
Also Published As
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| SU550107A3 (ru) | Ингал тор дл порошковых веществ | |
| IE56241B1 (en) | Inhalation apparatus | |
| IE39612B1 (en) | An inhaler for powdered medicament | |
| SU656472A3 (ru) | Аэрозольный ингал тор | |
| US4249526A (en) | Inhalation device | |
| US3991761A (en) | Inhaler for powdered medicaments | |
| JP4436602B2 (ja) | 気道の疾患処置に使用できる装置 | |
| GB1387954A (en) | Insufflator | |
| FI71488C (fi) | Inhalationsanordning foer pulverartade laekemedel. | |
| ES469312A1 (es) | Dispositivo de inhalacion destinado a ser utilizado para ad-ministrar medicamentos | |
| SE7701382L (sv) | Anordning for utmatning av lekemedel | |
| GB1457352A (en) | Inhalation device component | |
| JPH0558349B2 (enExample) | ||
| ES416301A1 (es) | Aplicador de aerosol. | |
| ATE99967T1 (de) | Inhalator zur einmaligen verwendung mit vorperforierter kapsel. | |
| ES409226A1 (es) | Un dispositivo nebulizador ultrasonico desechable, de una sola carga, para terapia medica por inhalacion. | |
| ES145947U (es) | Cartucho de carga para maquinas automaticas de hacer cafe. | |
| CN104394917A (zh) | 流体产品分配装置 | |
| ES194171U (es) | Un dispositivo para aplicar un medicamento en forma de polvos. | |
| GB1396258A (en) | Inhalation device | |
| GB1385272A (en) | Osmotic pressure activated active agent dispenser | |
| ES219627U (es) | Una capsula perfeccionada. | |
| ES193872U (es) | Dispositivo para la inhalacion oral de medicamentos solidos finamente divididos. | |
| US812768A (en) | Medicated tampon. | |
| GB1217543A (en) | Improvements in or relating to feed mechanisms for pulverulent materials |