SE454737B - PREPARING TO MAKE DRY FOOD FOR FISHERS - Google Patents

Description

454,737 council-containing ballast materials and binders in the commercially available dry feed transferred to pellets (0. Müller 1981, Auswirk- ungen des Abwasserabgabengesetzes auf die Binnenfischerei, Fischer und Teichwirt nr. 6/1971, p. 975).

The previously mainly practiced and still present feeding with natural feed and wet feed is physiologically better. When choosing the right feed, e.g. ringworm for juveniles (Meske anf. st.), smelt for salmonids (Pohlhausen 1978, Lachse ..., Verlag P. Parey, Hamburg & Berlin, p. 130 ff), fish roe for all fish (Kuhlmann, 1979 anf. st. ; unpublished Swedish experiments; unpublished experiments by me), it is even optimal. However, the continuous acquisition, transport, storage and also the labor-intensive feeding process in the use of natural and wet feed presents great difficulties. In addition, there is a great risk that parasites and pathogens will be transmitted to a considerable extent during feeding with the natural and wet feed, and this seriously risks the fish stocks kept in the feeding facility in an unnaturally dense manner. In addition, the wet food can in some cases greatly contaminate the water. The value of the physiological advantages is thus reduced by economic, hygienic and ecological disadvantages.

Based on this totally unsatisfactory situation, numerous attempts have been made to seek new useful paths in feed production.

Thus, e.g. the expensive and scarce fishmeal in dry feed with other proteinaceous substances (Gropp et al., 1976, Arbeiten des Deutschen Fischereiverbandes, issue 19, p. 85 ff), which, however, does not eliminate the other, in particular physiological, disadvantages. with dry lining. Mussels were used as wet feed (van Thielen and Grave 1976, Arbeiten des Deutschen Fishereiverbandes, booklet 19, p. 33 ff), which, however, does not solve the ecological problems associated with the use of wet feed. The wet feed was lyophilized and lyophilized, whereby the wet feed with relatively high costs was made durable and storable for a longer period of time, but the great risk of transmitting diseases remained.

In the USA, instead of the dry feed designed for pellets, a feed known as "moist pellets" has been developed, which, however, has not been further developed with us, as it spoils very quickly. 454 737 Furthermore, it is known to provide animal and fish feed with individuals in very low levels of amino acids, e.g. methionine, to achieve a better utilization of the feed.

Furthermore, it is known to increase the digestibility of dry feed by adding enzymes (proteases and amylases) and thus develop a better and above all a smoother growth of the fish fed therewith (Kieckhäfer, 1976, Arbeiten des Deutschen Fishereibordes, p. 76).

By evaporation, the dry feed, which is usually commercially available, is further transferred to a material which can flow.

In feed production, it is known to transform fish and fish entrails with the help of e.g. 1% concentrated sulfuric acid and 1.5% potassium or sodium metabisulphite for long-lasting, physiologically high-quality cold silage products (H.-J. Papenfuss and K. Röpke, Fischmehl, Fischöl and other Seetierprodukte, Kammer der Technik, Leipzig 1966, 13.2.1.2) or according to other methods, such as using 1.65% technical sulfuric acid and 1% formic acid or with carbohydrates to carry out a lactic acid fermentation (M.

Becker and K. Nehring, Handbuch der Futtermittel, Verlag Paul Parey, 1967, p. 237 resp. 236), however, these known cold silage products are not useful as fish feed due to their liquid consistency.

It has long been known to scrape out spleen and liver from cows and pigs and use it to feed particularly sensitive young fish, formerly mainly trout fry. However, this procedure is extremely labor intensive. The scraped-out spleen and liver are not durable for very long and pollute the water to a considerable extent when using large amounts.

The object of the invention is to develop a process for the production of a new fish feed in fish feeding practice, the enzymes, vitamins, other active substances and proteins which are not denatured as far as possible. Fish feed, on the other hand, must also be free of pathogens and parasites, be easy to transport, be able to be stored for a longer period of time and be comfortable to feed with and contain as few indigestible constituents as possible that are harmful to the environment.

According to the invention, this object is solved by disintegrating, disintegrating animal material according to known methods coldly, then neutralizing it with the aid of basic substances or the proteins are further decomposed by subsequent alkalization and then neutralized. These animal substances can also be ensiled to some extent acidic and to some extent alkaline and then combined during neutralization.

Accordingly, according to the invention, there is provided a method of preparing dry feed for fish of the kind initially indicated mainly by decomposing animal material, optionally with the addition of digestive enzymes, amino acids, fats, without heating acidally with physiologically tolerable acids or alkaline with physiologically acceptable and under the influence of either the self-contained or added digestive enzymes used in the animal material used, it was then pre-digested to neutralize a neutral reaction by adding physiologically tolerable acids in the enterprises alkaline treatment or by physiologically tolerable enterprises in the enterprises. acid treatment or by mixing the acid-treated material with the alkaline-treated material, binders and flavoring agents, if appropriate, and then mixing the mixture at temperatures above 0 ° C and below 42 ° C.

Intestinal animal materials, so-called raw materials, for the production of fish feed according to the invention are suitable intestines from fish, in particular rum, milk, stomachs, intestines with contents and liver; slaughterhouse waste from cows and pigs, in particular spleen, liver, intestines containing contents, stomachs and blood, poultry intestines, fresh fish, substandard shrimp ("Old"), mussels, ringworm of the wellworm type and other animal substances separately or in mixing with each other.

This material is comminuted according to the supply and use of the feed and silicated acidically, e.g. with sulfuric acid optionally with the addition of formic acid, potassium metabisulphite or sodium hydrogen sulphite. Usual cold silage recipes are reported by H.-J. Papenfuss and K. Röpke and by M. Becker and K. Nehring, both on anf. st.

This is how e.g. with 1% concentrated sulfuric acid and 1.5% potassium or sodium metabisulphite and / or with other chemicals, which promote the ensilage process and possibly also the pre-melting and which have a killing effect on pathogens and parasites and preservatives, after which the acidic cold silage thus formed enriched in the work step with material balancing according to the origin of the raw materials and the use of the feed with individual amino acids, fats, vitamins, antibiotics, enzymes, minerals, trace elements or other substances, which with regard to the purpose of use are present in minimal amounts. Such additives, e.g. additions of such enzyme preparations as pepzine extracts can also take place before or in connection with the ensilage.

Thereafter, the neutralization operation is carried out by adding physiologically compatible, basic substances, until a near-neutral reaction is achieved, after which, further if necessary, the lining mass (possibly after application of a binder, eg gelatin material or suitable alginate material) in the work step with shaping on rollers and by cutting the semi-dried mass or otherwise giving a shape adapted to the purpose (t-eX grain, stylized fish and so on). Finally, in the operation with gentle drying at temperatures below 42 ° C, the water content of the feed is lowered within a temperature range within which there is no denaturation of the enzymes, proteins and vitamins by the action of heat, so far that in addition to a preservation by ensilage an additional preservative effect is obtained by drying. The drying takes place in a manner known per se, e.g. by air circulation or blowing of preferably dry air into the drying space. A vacuum drying is also possible, but one that requires a lot of energy should not be necessary as a rule. Possibly blown or stirred during drying in an additional operation with foaming air or some other inert gas in the semi-liquid lining mass to give the finished lining flowability. In the finishing step, the dry lining is then further decomposed and ground. Larger pieces can also be provided with a water-impermeable coating, which delays leaching, e.g. of gelatin material, alginate material or other suitable substances. According to the invention, an alkalization can also be carried out in connection with the acidic ensilage. To achieve an additional pre-melting effect, the pH value can be raised to such high values by adding feed lime or other physiologically acceptable basic substances that the protein constituents are degraded by the effect of e.g. trypsin, after which the neutralization operation is carried out, and this in the case of alkalization carried out by the addition of non-toxic acids. The ensiling can take place exclusively alkaline with subsequent neutralization. Furthermore, some of the raw materials can also be ensiled acidically and some alkaline and the neutralization can be achieved by mixing both of these parts.

The advantages achieved by the invention lie in particular in the fact that they are valuable, but at the same time demanding fish, such as e.g. salmon and eel, indispensable active substances in the feed are not denatured through preservation, whereby a better and smoother growth takes place. As a result, the feed is healthier and more natural than the commercially available dry feed.

In the feed production according to the present invention, the work step with fishmeal production is saved and in this way the total manufacturing process is made cheaper and shorter despite other necessary work steps.

The usefulness and health are increased by the pre-melting produced during production by the action of pepsin, possibly also by trypsin and / or other enzymes, whereby it becomes more useful for sensitive (juvenile) and demanding (salmon) fish.

The feed is produced in this way cheaper than by lyophilization.

Despite the widely differing origins of the feed, in contrast to lyophilates, there is no risk of disease transmission.

The feed can be stored for a longer period of time and is more easily transported and used for feeding than the conventional fresh and wet feed and also than the conventional cold silage.

An important starting material for the feed according to the invention, namely fish intestines and slaughterhouse waste, is a cheaper and at the same time more valuable material than the fishmeal, which is the most important constituent in conventional dry feed. They are not usable as human food. , but in the large masses of fish such as spiggy, sandeel, roach, substandard smelt and herring as well as substandard shrimp in ("Old") can be suitably caught and used.In addition, the feed is completely digested especially in carnivorous fish and therefore loads the environment to a lesser extent than when feeding with conventional dry feed transferred to pellets.

Finally, larger fish can be fed with elongated, roughly fish-shaped, large pieces. In this way, the feed loss and water pollution can be kept lower than in connection with the currently customary, mushy fresh and wet feed and in connection with the dry feed transferred to the pellets.

Claims (5)

454,737 Claims Methods of preparing dry feed for fish under extensive protection of the nutrients present in natural feed, characterized in that decomposed animal material, possibly with the addition of digestive enzymes, amino acids, fats, without heating is acidified with physiologically tolerable acid. alkaline with physiologically tolerable liquors and under the influence of either the self-contained or added digestive enzymes are digested, then for the setting of a virtually neutral reaction is neutralized by the addition of physiologically tolerable acids in the enterprises alkaline treatment or of physiologically tolerable liquors in companies acid treatment or by mixing the acid-treated material with the alkali-treated material, binders and flavoring agents may be mixed in and then the mixture is dried at temperatures above 0 ° C and below 42 ° C. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ensilage takes place in an acidic environment and that subsequently, for further digestion, the pH value is raised by alkali in an alkaline environment. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a physiologically optimal composition is set on the feed, taking into account the binder used, by adding amino acids. 4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a coating which is not immediately soluble in water is formed with binder. 5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that air or inert gases are blown into or stirred into the neutralized silage material during drying. 'ip