RU49414U1 - TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEX FOR CULTIVATION AND PROCESSING OF GRAIN CROPS - Google Patents

Abstract

The technical and technological complex for the cultivation and processing of grain crops relates to agricultural engineering and can be used for all types of basic and pre-sowing tillage, sowing, harvesting and processing of grain crops. The proposed technical and technological complex allows waste-free cultivation and processing of crops with low costs and high quality. The complex for cultivating and processing grain crops contains a combined unit for tillage and sowing 1, a unit for chemical processing and top dressing 2, a tractor trolley 3, a combined spike harvesting unit 4, a stationary installation for threshing ears of 5 and equipment for processing organic raw materials into biofuel 6. The combined unit for tillage and sowing 1 contains a frame 7, a towing device 8, supporting front wheels 9, a hopper for seeds and fertilizers 10, disk cultivators 12, a tool for ia of the ridges 13 and press wheels 14, behind which are mounted snags 15. The combined spike harvesting unit 4 comprises a frame 18 with a towing device 19 mounted on supports for movement, a device for separating the ears from the stems 22, an auger feed mechanism 23, a device for forming the wings from stalks 24 and soil cultivator 25.

Description

The utility model relates to agricultural engineering, in particular to combined machines having equipment for tillage with working bodies serving for other purposes and can be used for all types of basic and pre-sowing tillages, sowing, harvesting and processing of grain crops.

Known technical and technological complexes for cultivating and processing grain crops, containing a combined unit for tillage and sowing, a unit for chemical processing and top dressing, and a combined spike unit (see, for example, "Newsletter" No. 7, 2001 of the Ministry of Agriculture economy of the Russian Federation, p. 28 and the methodological manual of the authors A.N. Vlasenko et al. “Resource-saving technologies for spring wheat cultivation in the Novosibirsk Region”, Novosibirsk, 2000, p. 18-27)

The closest in technical essence is the technical and technological complex for cultivating and processing grain crops, containing a combined unit for tillage and sowing, a unit for chemical processing and top dressing, and a combined spike harvester made in the form of a self-propelled combine equipped with threshing devices (see. , for example, a methodological manual by A.N. Vlasenko et al. “Resource-saving technologies for spring wheat cultivation in the Novosibirsk region”, Novosibirsk, 2000 p. 18-27)

Common disadvantages of the known technical and technological complexes is that they are made in the form of complex, expensive units. Harvesting units are made in the form of self-propelled combines equipped with threshing devices, allowing high grain losses during harvesting, having a large metal consumption and consuming a large amount of fuel and lubricants, and these units are used only 20-30 days a year. In addition, after harvesting, additional expensive agricultural units are required for cultivating the soil, crushing crop residues, sowing the wings, i.e. additional equipment and multiple field walks are required.

The utility model is based on the task of creating a technical and technological complex with low costs and high quality non-waste cultivation and processing of grain crops.

The problem is solved in that the technical and technological complex for the cultivation and processing of grain crops, containing a combined unit for tillage and sowing, a unit for chemical processing and fertilizing crops, a combined spike harvester, according to a utility model, is equipped with a stationary installation for threshing ears and processing equipment organic raw materials into biofuels, and the combined unit for tillage and sowing is equipped with disk coulters, a tool for creating heat it and earthing devices, and combined kolosouborochny machine provided with a device for separating the ears from the stalks as a stripper drum, and the soil cultivator device for forming the wings of the stems. The tool for creating ridges is made in the form of an intermittent screw driven by press wheels, and the earthing is made in the form of needle combs. The device for forming the wings from the stems is made in the form of T-shaped beams pivotally mounted at intervals on the shaft and mounted on the frame between the front and rear supports for movement with the possibility of height adjustment.

The essence of the utility model is illustrated by schematic drawings. Figure 1 shows the technological functional diagram of the proposed technical and technological complex; figure 2 shows a combined unit for tillage and sowing, side view; figure 3 - combined unit for tillage and sowing, top view; figure 4 shows a combined spike unit, side view; figure 5 combined spike unit, top view (without casing).

The technical and technological complex for cultivating and processing grain crops (Fig. 1) contains a combined unit for tillage and sowing 1, a unit for chemical treatment and top dressing 2, a tractor trolley 3, a combined spike harvesting unit 4, a stationary installation for threshing ears 5 and equipment for processing organic raw materials into biofuel 6.

The combined unit for tillage and sowing 1 (figure 2, figure 3), contains a frame 7, a towing device 8, supporting front wheels 9, a hopper for seeds and fertilizers 10, mounted in two rows with the possibility of rotation of the disc coulters 11, for which in the same order in two rows are mounted disk cultivators 12. On the frame 7 there is a tool for creating ridges 13 in the form of an intermittent auger and press wheels 14, behind which are shorted 15. The tool for creating ridges 13 and press wheels 14 are mounted on a parallelogram mechanism e 16, mounted on the frame 7. Zagortachi 15 is made in the form of needle combs 17 installed behind the press wheels 14 for processing hollows between the ridges.

The combined spike unit 4 (FIG. 4, FIG. 5) comprises a frame 18 with a towing device 19 mounted on supports for movement made in the form of sliding skis 20 and rear support wheels 21. A device for separating the ears from the stems 22 is fixed to the frame 18 , a screw feed mechanism for ears 23, a device for forming the wings from the stems 24 and a soil cultivator 25.

The technical and technological complex for the cultivation and processing of grain crops works as follows.

The cultivation and processing of crops using the proposed technical and technological complex provides for the following five operations:

- direct sowing in untreated soil in a broadband way with seeding at a given depth, combined with the introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers and minimal tillage, with the destruction and combing of vegetative weeds on the surface, mulching the surface of the field above the seeds;

- treatment with herbicides;

- Harvesting by combing ears, combined with grinding and uniform distribution over the stubble field, the formation of the wings from the high stubble, loosening (mulching) of the surface layer in order to stop moisture evaporation, seeding weed seeds to provoke germination with subsequent death from frost;

- stationary threshing, ensuring the reception of ears from dumping trolleys, threshing ears and transporting grain to the cleaning equipment, and waste remaining from threshing ears of wastes (floor) for further processing;

- reprocessing of waste and other organic waste into gaseous and liquid biofuels, which replaces diesel fuel.

The first technological operation is carried out by one combined unit for tillage and sowing (figure 2, figure 3).

Before starting the operation of the unit, depending on the sowing crop, type of soil and the technology used, the norms for sowing seeds and fertilizers are regulated, the depth of the disk coulters 11 and the intermittent screw of the implement to create ridges 13, the pressure of the pressure wheels 14, the degree of impact of the shorting 15 on the soil.

When the unit is moving, disc coulters 11 loosen the soil to the depth of seeding of seeds and fertilizers, prepare a solid, flat bed for them, cut vegetative weeds and distribute seeds and fertilizers coming from the seed tubes with a wide ribbon. The tool for creating ridges 13 provides, depending on the adjustment, intensive or weak grinding of lumps of soil, the formation of ridges in the aisles, mulching and leveling the surface relative to the level of seeding.

Press wheels 14 compact the soil above the seeds. Zagortachi 15 loosens the surface layer, additionally comb out the trimmed weeds and mulch the soil.

Due to the adjustments provided for in the design of the unit, it is possible to provide the degree of crumbling of the treated layer, leveling and mulching, optimal for a particular field, as well as, if necessary, stubble conservation on the surface. The unit steadily performs technological operations at high speeds (up to 15 km / h). Due to the installation of the bearing unit on the frame 7, the tubular stand during operation rotates with the coulter (non-drive), excluding clogging of the working bodies with crop residues. When turning the unit, the technological process is not disturbed.

The unit in one pass along the untreated field provides wide-row sowing with seed placement at a given depth and hard bed, leveling the soil surface relative to the level of seed placement, completely destroying and combing vegetative weeds onto the surface, rolling the soil to form a densified and loose mulched surface layer formation of ridges in the aisles. The unit provides optimal conditions for the growth of cultivated plants and uncomfortable for weeds.

After sowing during the summer, chemical treatment and fertilizing of plants is carried out. This second process operation performs

unit for chemical treatment and top dressing of crops 2 (rotary sprayer ORM-24).

Unlike traditional trailed tractor sprayers, it is installed (for the period of chemical treatment, or top dressing) on a typical UAZ-452 (Gaz-66) car, the cabin of which is equipped with additional cleaning, ventilation and sealing, using increased low-pressure wheels (at low bread wheels) can not change).

The third technological operation (harvesting) is carried out by a semi-trailed combined harvesting unit.

The combined spike harvesting unit 4 (Fig. 4, Fig. 5) performs six technological operations for harvesting and processing the field in one pass along the field.

When the combined ear harvesting unit 4 moves, the combing drums of the device for separating the ears from the stalks 22, in contact with the stalks of the harvested grain, remove ears from them, which are discharged into the tractor carriage 3 through the screw feed mechanism 23 through the guide chute.

When the unit 4 is moving, the device for forming the wings from the stems 24 crushes the stalks combed from the ears, leaving a part of the stubble from the high stems at a certain distance from each other, forming high stubble wings located at an equal distance for snow retention. The pulverized device for forming the wings from the stems 24 evenly distributes the crushed stalks along the field surface, and the soil cultivator 25, located behind the rear support wheels 21, loosens the soil to a shallow depth, thereby forming a mulched surface layer and planting weed seeds in it.

Combed ears are transported by a tractor trolley 3 to a stationary threshing station, where a stationary installation of threshing ears 5 is located.

The combined spike harvesting unit 4 in one pass simultaneously with the harvest performs all the necessary technological operations to prepare the field for the winter period, which is achieved by known techniques in several passes along the field.

The surface of the field after the passage of the aggregate, which, at the same time as harvesting, has performed minimal soil cultivation, is obtained by loosening, mulched, crushed stubble, which stops the evaporation of moisture, stimulates the germination of weed seeds in autumn and spring, which then die after freezing or are destroyed during sowing in spring.

On the field also remain at a certain distance from each other even stripes of high stubble wings for moisture accumulation.

On a stationary installation of threshing ears 5, reception and accumulation of ears (fourth technological operation), uniform dosed feeding of ears to the threshing device, separation until free grain is fed into the threshing machine and its directing into a separate stream, drying (if necessary) of the ears of corn threshing is carried out, threshing ears, separating threshed grain from floor and other waste, delivery (by pneumatic transport or screw conveyors) of grain to cleaning equipment.

Sex and other waste are fed (the fifth technological operation) by pneumatic transport to the sex reprocessing section, where equipment for the production of biofuel 6 is located (for example, a line developed using GNU VIESH technology).

The plant for the processing of organic raw materials into biofuels works due to electricity or through the combustion of products obtained from it, as well as feedstock. Its advantages; high speed and degree of conversion of processed products into fuel (up to 70% of the processed mass), small dimensions of the main equipment, low energy consumption per unit of production.

The proposed technical and technological complex for the cultivation and processing of grain crops allows you to:

- use the climatic features of the zones, the natural ability of the soil and plants to self-regulation;

- reduce the amount of chemical and mechanical effects on nature;

- combine the implementation of technological operations without a time gap, carry out field work in the optimal time;

- reduce the need for technology by an order of magnitude;

- organize, in view of constructive simplicity, the production of necessary equipment at the enterprises of the region;

- increase crop yields, ensure the accumulation and efficient use of moisture;

- reduce losses, increase the efficiency of the use of grown biomass;

- include in the production process the cheapest and most affordable resources;

- receive and use cheap energy resources.

Carrying out technical and technological re-equipment of the economy on the basis of the proposed complex requires four times less funds against technical re-equipment based on traditional equipment.

The proposed technical and technological complex allows waste-free cultivation and processing of crops with low costs and high quality.

Claims (3)

1. Technical and technological complex for the cultivation and processing of grain crops, containing a combined unit for tillage and sowing, a unit for chemical processing and fertilizing crops and a combined spike harvesting unit, characterized in that it is equipped with a stationary installation for threshing ears and equipment for processing organic raw materials in biofuels, the combined unit for tillage and sowing is equipped with a tool for creating ridges and shorting, and the combined spike harvesting unit is equipped with It is equipped with a device for separating ears from stems, loosening the soil and forming the wings from the stems. 2. The technical and technological complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the tool for creating the ridges is made in the form of an intermittent screw driven from the press wheels, and the shorts are made in the form of needle combs mounted directly behind the press wheels. 3. The technical and technological complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for forming the wings from the stems is made in the form of T-shaped hinges pivotally mounted at intervals on the shaft and mounted on the frame between the front and rear supports for movement with the possibility of height adjustment .