RU2819443C1 - Method of reclamation of waterlogged lands - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves introduction of an ameliorant into soil covered with a layer of mulch, under which slots are cut and filled with a filter material with an ameliorant. Mulch used is herbaceous vegetation crushed in the pre-winter period together with the soil layer, laying lime under the crushed mass layer as an ameliorant, after which a profiled strip is laid along the minimum marks of the field surface to a depth of not less than 0.8 m. After soil freezing to 0.1 m from the profile strip, slots are cut with depth of 0.55–0.6 m, filling them with filtering material with an ameliorant. In the spring, after the snow melts and the soil thaws, the soil is removed from the profile strip into the dumps, creating an open groove—a channel for collecting groundwater, after removal of which the lower part of the profile recess to the level of the mouths of the slots is filled with a filter material, filled with soil from the dumps and primary treatment of the soil to depth of 0.4–0.5 m with loosening of the underlying layer.

EFFECT: method provides moisture control in soil layer with excess of atmospheric precipitation, reduced power consumption of filling slots with filter material, increased efficiency and quality of primary soil treatment and reduced acidity.

1 cl, 11 dwg

Description

The proposed invention relates to the field of agriculture and will find application in the introduction into circulation of unused waterlogged, grass-covered agricultural lands with acidic soils, low layer thickness, heavy underlying soil with a low filtration coefficient.

The presence of an underlying layer composed of heavy soils with low water permeability leads to waterlogging of the soil layer during periods of spring snowmelt and rainfall in summer and autumn. Effective agricultural use of such lands requires regulation of the soil water regime, and in particular, the removal of excess water from the soil layer.

There is a known method of soil cultivation (Pat. RU No. 2028032 C1, A01B 79/00, publ. 1995), including loosening the arable layer and the simultaneous formation of vertical parallel slots in the arable layer, characterized in that in order to create favorable conditions for the development of root plant systems, the cracks are filled from above with loosened soil of the arable layer, and then a trench is formed along the cracks with an apex angle of at least 90°.

The disadvantage of this known method is its limited scope of application, mainly for the accumulation of melt and rainwater during the cultivation of agricultural crops. The use of this method when developing waterlogged soils with heavy underlying soil requires the installation of additional elements to drain excess water.

There is a known method of basic soil cultivation ((Pat. RU No. 2366142 C1, A01B 79/00, publ. 2009, Bulletin No. 25), consisting of successive operations of cutting, wrapping and crumbling the soil layer with active working bodies and an additional operation of loosening the subsoil layer, characterized in that before the start of successive operations of cutting, wrapping and crumbling the soil layer, the operations of slitting the topsoil layer are performed with simultaneous loosening of the subsoil layer.

The disadvantage of this known method is that the effectiveness of treatment here is ensured only when the soil layer reaches moisture content corresponding to the physical ripeness of the soil, and the moisture content of the subsoil layer should provide optimal soil chipping angles. Laying cracks to the depth of the arable layer does not ensure equalization of moisture, especially when the subsoil layer is composed of heavy soils. Under such conditions, loosening waterlogged underlying soils increases the energy intensity of the process and reduces the quality of loosening.

The closest to the proposed method is the method of restoring soil fertility (Ab.cb. SU No. 1152539 A1, A01B 79/00, publ. 1985 Bull. No. 16), adopted as a prototype, including the application of fertilizers and pesticides to the soil covered with a layer of mulch , characterized in that in order to improve the water-air regime and the conditions for cultivating agricultural crops on soils of heavy mechanical composition with a compacted subsurface horizon, deep cracks are created under the mulch and filled with drainage material, previously saturated with a solution of complex fertilizers and ameliorants.

The disadvantage of this known method is that the drainage capacity of this method is limited by the total volume of the cracks, which during periods of intense precipitation can only increase the moisture content of the soil layer, and in addition, the high labor intensity of laying mixtures, especially in narrow cracks.

The proposed method of reclamation of waterlogged lands can eliminate these shortcomings, which includes adding ameliorant to the soil covered with a layer of mulch, under which cracks are cut and filled with filter material with ameliorant, in which herbaceous vegetation crushed in the pre-winter period is used as mulch along with the soil layer, laying under the layer of crushed mass, lime is used as an ameliorant, after which a profile strip is laid along the minimum marks of the field surface to a depth of at least 0.8 m, after the soil freezes to 0.1 m from the profile strip, slots with a depth of 0.55-0.6 m are cut , filling their tops with filtering material with ameliorant, and in the spring, after the snow has melted and the soil has thawed, the soil is removed from the profile strip into dumps, creating an open recess - a channel for collecting groundwater, after which the lower part of the profile recess is drained to the level of the mouths of the cracks is filled with filter material, they are covered with soil from the dumps and carry out primary soil cultivation to a depth of 0.4 - 0.5 m with loosening of the underlying layer.

The essence of the proposed method lies in the comprehensive preparation of waterlogged lands for agricultural production, including providing the best conditions for loosening the soil layer and underlying soil by leveling their moisture content in depth by creating a network consisting of a channel to drain excess water in the spring and during periods of intense precipitation - excavation of the profile strip and cracks, and in addition, ensures a decrease in soil acidity.

The proposed method is illustrated by drawings, where Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show diagrams of a profile strip with slots cut from it in plan with options for the location of relief depressions at the edge and in the middle of the section.

Figures 3-5 show the sequence of implementation of the proposed method in the autumn - winter period. At the same time, figure 3 shows a section A-A of the field surface after chopping the vegetation and laying a layer of lime; Figure 4 shows a section B-B of a loosened profile strip; Figure 5 shows a section of the B-B slot with the filter material installed in its upper part. Figures 6 - 9 show the sequence of implementation of the proposed method in the spring. In this case, Fig. 6 shows diagrams of the design of a recess - a channel along a profile strip, filling its bottom with filter material and backfilling the channel cross-section; Fig. 7 is a section G-G of the wellhead part of the profile strip with a storage tank; Fig. 8 is a section D-D of the junction of the inflowing slot with the filter backfill of the channel-recess of the profile strip; Fig. 9 is a diagram of subsequent soil cultivation of previously unused land (primary) with the turnover of the layer and the redistribution of the lime layer on top of the loosened underlying layer; Fig. 10 is a section of the E-E network with the passage of a profile strip along the edge of the field, soil processing parameters and laying depths of the main network elements; Fig. 11 shows a section of Zh-Zh with the passage of a profile strip in the middle of the field area.

The proposed method is carried out as follows: In the autumn, before the onset of rains, the herbaceous vegetation 1 is crushed together with the soil layer 2 to a depth of 0.05...0.06 m and at the same time a norm of lime 3 is placed under the layer of crushed mass, calculated according to the thickness of the layer with high acidity (Fig.3). Next, along the minimum marks of the field area - depressions in the relief, the profile strip 4 is loosened to a depth of at least 0.8 m (Fig. 4). Then, after the soil freezes to 0.10 m from the profile strip 4, slits 5 with a depth of 0.55-0.6 m are cut. The corners of the frozen soil chips form a funnel in the upper part of the crack, which is filled with filter material, and which it effectively holds in the required and sufficient volume (Fig.5). During the process of spring snowmelt, the filter material, along with water, freely flows and is deposited in the lower part of the gap. In the spring, after the snow cover melts and the soil thaws, the soil is removed from the profile strip 4 and placed in a dump 7 (Fig. 6), this creates an open excavation-channel 8 with a depth of at least 0.8 m, which is filled with groundwater 9, coming from the cracks 5. Loosening the profile strip to a depth of 0.8 m, in combination with its laying along the minimum field marks and cutting slots with a depth of 0.55-0.6 m from the profile strip, allows, due to the difference in depth, to ensure rapid removal of excess soil water from the site, equalize the moisture content of the soil layer in depth and create the best conditions for primary tillage. After filling the channel 8, the water is diverted, for example, into a storage tank 10 (Fig. 7), as a result of which the soil layer 11 and the underlying soil 12 are dried and the moisture content of the layers is equalized. When soil moisture reaches the level corresponding to the physical ripeness for primary treatment, the bottom of the channel 8 is filled to the level of the mouths of the slots 5 with filter material 13 and covered with soil from the dumps 7 (Fig. 6). Then the soil is tilled (primary) with rotation, crumbling of the layer and simultaneous loosening of the underlying soil layer. After the formation is turned over, the previously crushed plant mass with the remaining lime 3 is placed at the bottom of the furrow 14 between the soil layer and the loosened underlying soil (Fig. 9), ensuring a gradual reduction in the acidity of the soil layer.

During the exploitation of the returned lands, the remaining drainage network in the form of interconnected profile strips, lower parts of the cracks and filter backfill allows for the removal of part of the excess water in the spring and ensures the preparation of the soil for sowing crops at an earlier date.

Thus, as a result of the application of the proposed method, the regulation of humidity in the soil-ground layer in case of excess precipitation is ensured, the energy intensity of filling cracks with filter material is reduced, the productivity and quality of primary soil treatment is increased and its acidity is reduced.

Claims (1)

A method of reclamation of waterlogged lands, including the introduction of ameliorant into the soil covered with a layer of mulch, under which cracks are cut and filled with filter material with ameliorant, characterized in that herbaceous vegetation crushed in the pre-winter period is used as mulch along with the soil layer, laying under a layer of crushed mass as an ameliorant, lime, after which a profile strip is laid along the minimum marks of the field surface to a depth of at least 0.8 m, after the soil freezes to 0.1 m from the profile strip, slots are cut to a depth of 0.55-0.6 m, filling them top with filter material with ameliorant, and in the spring, after the snow has melted and the soil has thawed, the soil is removed from the profile strip into dumps, creating an open excavation - a channel for collecting groundwater, after which the lower part of the profile excavation to the level of the mouths of the cracks is filled with filter material, covered with soil from dumps and carry out primary soil cultivation to a depth of 0.4-0.5 m with loosening of the underlying layer.