RU2804874C1 - System of local-subsurface irrigation of a garden on sloping lands - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: system comprises a water source, water distribution pipelines and irrigation pipelines connected to them with drip water outlets in the form of microtubes associated with humidifiers in the form of perforated containers. Irrigation pipelines are connected to the water distribution pipeline through pressure regulators and placed along the slope horizontal lines. Each humidifier is made in the form of a piece of perforated pipe of oval cross-section with a conical cover equipped with a hole in the middle part and two bushings symmetrically mounted into its walls. On top, the cover is equipped with a horizontal strip with two holes, coaxial with the holes in the cover bushings, and a hole for a microtube with a lock for its position. Inside each humidifier there is an oval disk with an elastic seal around the perimeter with a diameter corresponding to the internal diameter of the humidifier. The disk is equipped with two rods with measuring divisions, brought up through coaxial holes in the bushings and the bar, where their position clamps are installed. The humidifiers are located with a small oval diameter parallel to the horizontal slope.

EFFECT: moistening of the root zone of trees is ensured, taking into account the capillary properties of the soil and the depth of placement of the root system of the tree in different parts of the slope without shifting the moisture circuit beyond the zone where the tree roots are located.

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Description

The proposed invention relates to the field of agriculture and will find application in drip irrigation of gardens grown on sloping lands.

A low-pressure drip irrigation network for gardens is known, including a water source, a distribution pipeline with irrigation pipelines connected to it through pressure regulators, equipped with water outlets for drip water supply, made in the form of microtubes with a diameter of 1.5-2.0 mm. (RF Patent No. 2653550, MKI A01G 25/02, publ. 2018, Bull. No. 14).

The disadvantage of this system when irrigating gardens on sloping lands is the formation of an elongated wet spot towards the slope outside the area where tree roots are located, which leads to irrational consumption of irrigation water and its excessive evaporation from the surface of the wet spot.

There is a known method for applying herbicides and a device for its implementation. This device includes a cylindrical container consisting of two parts: the upper one with a conical lid having a hole, and the lower one equipped with a waterproof bottom. In this case, the inner diameter of the upper part of the container corresponds to the outer diameter of the lower part, forming an annular protrusion at their junction. The upper part of the cylinder is equipped with a perforated glass with a moving mechanism. This design of the device allows you to divide the soil layer into two zones: the lower one for irrigating the tree roots and the upper one for applying intra-soil herbicide. This device allows you to destroy the seedlings of perennial weeds in the upper layers of the soil and at the same time prevent the penetration of herbicides deeper into the distribution layers of the absorbing roots of the tree. (RF Pat. No. 2773829, IPC A01G 25/02, publ. 2022, Bull. No. 17)

The disadvantage of this device is the formation of a moistening zone at a depth of 15-30 cm in the absence of the possibility of changing the depth of moistening of the root layer of soil, taking into account the natural changes in the water-physical properties of the soil along the length of the slope. In addition, when growing gardens on sloping lands, the destruction of weeds is not desirable, since it forms a durable turf covering that protects the soil cover from erosion by rainfall.

A known system of local subsoil irrigation of perennial plantings includes a water source, distribution and irrigation pipelines equipped with water outlets in the form of flexible microtubes connected to subsoil perforated humidifiers laid in a circle of planting holes at a depth of 40 - 50 cm (RF Patent No. 2764266, MKI A01G 25/06, publ. 2022, Bulletin No. 2).

The disadvantage of this system is the lack of moisture in the top layer of soil in the first year after planting. This is due to the fact that, according to the agricultural technology of planting a garden, before planting tree seedlings on the site, plantation plowing is carried out to a depth of 50-60 cm. When plowing, capillary pores are destroyed and non-capillary pores are formed. When planting a seedling in a planting hole, its roots are covered with loosened soil, which also leads to the formation of predominantly non-capillary porosity. Therefore, in the first year after planting the garden, during irrigation, water, coming from the irrigation pipeline through microtubes into the perforated humidifiers, will fill the perforated humidifiers laid at a depth of 40-50 cm, and from them - the non-capillary pores of the soil of the planting holes. As the non-capillary pores fill under the influence of gravity, it will flow down, and the soil layer 0-40 cm above the moisturizers will remain dry. But it is in this layer that the roots of the tree seedling are placed during planting, and its insufficient moisture impairs the survival rate of the seedling. The use of this system is also not effective when irrigating gardens on sloping lands, since the soil cover along the length of the slope varies significantly in water-physical properties. For example, on medium loamy soils in the upper part of the slope, due to the washout of the silt fraction by precipitation, a soil layer with a high content of sand and gravel and a low height of capillary rise of moisture (15-20 cm), characteristic of sandy loams, is formed. In the middle part of the slope, loams have a capillary rise of 50-60 cm. In the lower part of the slope, due to the accumulation of washed away silt, a layer of soil of a heavier mechanical composition is formed with a capillary rise of moisture of more than 70 cm. Thus, the known system of local subsoil irrigation is incapable ensure uniform irrigation of the entire garden area on the slope.

These disadvantages can be eliminated by the proposed system of local subsoil irrigation of a garden on sloping lands, including a water source, water distribution pipelines and irrigation pipelines connected to them with drip water outlets in the form of microtubes, coupled with humidifiers in the form of perforated containers, in which, according to the proposed invention, irrigation pipelines are connected to the water distribution pipeline through pressure regulators and placed along the contours of the slope, and each humidifier is made in the form of a piece of perforated pipe of oval cross-section with a conical cover equipped with a hole in the middle part, two bushings symmetrically mounted into its walls, and on top - a horizontal bar with two holes, coaxial holes in the cover bushings, and a hole for a microtube with a lock for its position, while inside each humidifier there is an oval disk with an elastic seal around the perimeter with a diameter corresponding to the internal diameter of the humidifier, and the disk is equipped with two rods with measuring divisions, brought up through the coaxial holes in the bushings and the bar, where their position clamps are installed, and the humidifiers are located with a small oval diameter parallel to the horizontal of the slope.

The new technical result is that the placement of irrigation pipelines along the horizontal slopes in combination with regulating the pressure in each pipeline and making a humidifier in the form of a perforated piece of oval pipe with a movable disk, installed with a small oval diameter located parallel to the horizontal slope, allows, rationally consuming water, ensure moistening of the tree root zone, taking into account the capillary properties of the soil and the depth of the tree root system in different parts of the slope without shifting the moisture contour beyond the tree root zone.

The essence of the proposal is illustrated by the drawing, where in Fig. Figure 1 shows a general plan view of the local subsurface irrigation system; in fig. 2 - longitudinal section of the system with placement of perforated humidifiers in the area of the root system of the seedling, in Fig. 3. - longitudinal section of the humidifier.

On a slope area 1, a row of trees 2 is planted along the contours of the slope, the root system 3 of which is placed in holes 4. Along the row of trees 2, stands 5 with trellis wires 6 are installed. In the lower part of area 1 there is a water source 7, from which a distribution pipeline extends up the slope 8. Irrigation pipelines 10 are connected to this pipeline through pressure regulators 9, suspended from trellis wire 6. Irrigation pipelines 10 are equipped with drip water outlets in the form of microtubes 11 with a diameter of 1.5-2 mm, connected to humidifiers located on both sides of the tree 2 in zone of its root system 3. Here, pits 12 are made, in which perforated humidifiers 13 are placed, installed with a small oval diameter parallel to the horizontal of the slope. Each humidifier is a piece of perforated pipe 14 of oval cross-section with a conical cover 15. The cover is equipped in the middle part with a hole 16 and two bushings 17, symmetrically mounted in its walls, through which rods 18 with measuring divisions are passed, symmetrically attached to the perforated humidifier 13 located in it. oval disk 19 with elastic seal 20 around the perimeter. The rods 18 are also passed through the holes 21, coaxial with the bushings 17, in the horizontal strip 22 placed on top of the cover 15. At the holes 21 on the strip 22 there are clamps 23 of the rods 18, and in the middle part of the strip 22 a clamp 24 of the microtube 11 is mounted, through the hole in the strip inserted into humidifier 13.

By trimming and attaching tree branches 2 to trellis wire 6, the crown of tree 25 is formed.

The operation of a local-subsurface garden irrigation system is considered using the example of irrigating a palmetto apple orchard on a dwarf rootstock, planted on a slope with a slope of 0.01...0.02. When growing palmetto gardens, by cutting off some of the branches and attaching the remaining branches to the trellis wires, a flat crown is formed that extends horizontally along the slope. This crown shape provides the best conditions for garden care and harvesting. The root system of a tree, as a rule, is formed within the crown projection. The soil on the site is medium loam. At the same time, along the length of the slope it differs in mechanical composition due to the systematic washing away of silt particles by sediments from the upper part of the slope to the lower. In the upper part of the slope, soil with a high content of sandy and gravelly fractions is formed, corresponding to sandy loam in terms of water-physical characteristics, and in its lower part, the silty fraction of the soil accumulates with the formation of soil of a heavier mechanical composition, close to heavy loams. Before planting the garden, plantation plowing is carried out in area 1, increasing the moisture capacity and water permeability of the root layer of soil due to the formation of non-capillary porosity. Rows of trees 2 are planted along the contours of the slope. The distance between the rows is 4 m, and between the trees 2 m. Before planting trees, planting holes 4 with a depth of 0.6 m and a diameter of 0.6 m are dug. During planting, the roots of 3 trees 2 are placed in the holes 4 and covered with soil extracted during their digging . Then, along the row of trees 2, stands 5 are installed and trellis wire 6 is pulled, to which the trunks and branches of trees 2 are attached when forming the crown 25. After securing the wire 6 to the stands 5, an irrigation system is mounted. From the water source 7, perpendicular to the horizontals of the slope and the rows of trees 2, a distribution pipeline 8 is laid. Irrigation pipelines 10 are connected to the distribution pipeline through pressure regulators 9 at the line of posts 5, which are suspended from the trellis wire 6. Then, on both sides of the tree 2 at a distance of 0, 5 m from the trunk, in the alignment of a row of trees, pits 12 with a depth of 35 cm are made. Perforated humidifiers 13 of an oval cross-section with the short diameter of the oval located parallel to the horizontal of the slope are placed in these pits. Installation of humidifiers 13 in the alignment of a row of trees 2 prevents the possibility of their damage during soil cultivation. Each humidifier is a piece of perforated pipe 14 with an oval cross-section 40 cm long and a cross-section along the oval diameters of 5×15 cm. This length of the humidifier 13 makes it possible to regulate the depth of water supply within the limits of changes in the thickness of the root-inhabited soil layer along the length of the slope. The location of the humidifier with a small oval diameter parallel to the horizontal ensures that most of its perforation is located in the horizontal direction, across the slope into the zone of formation of tree roots 2, which ensures that most of the water entering pipe 14 from the drip water outlet in the form of a micropipe 11 is supplied to this zone. prevent the moisture contour from shifting beyond the distribution of the tree root system. Each humidifier 13 is equipped with a conical cover 15 with a hole 16. Two bushings 17 are symmetrically mounted into the walls of the cover. Two rods 18 with dimensional divisions, passed through the bushings 17 and holes 21 coaxial with them, are symmetrically attached to the disk 19 placed inside the humidifier with an elastic seal 20 along the perimeter. in the bar 22, placed on top of the cover 15. At the holes 21 on the bar 22, clamps 23 of rods 18 are installed.

After installing two humidifiers 13 on both sides of each tree 2, drip water outlets in the form of microtubes 11 with a diameter of 2.0 mm are installed on the irrigation pipelines 10 and the end of each microtube 11 is secured above the hole 16 in the cover 15 using a clamp 24.

Before the start of the irrigation season, the humidifiers 13 are adjusted to the depth of irrigation, taking into account the porosity of the soil in the area of the initial location of the root system 3. As indicated above, when planting in the soil that filled the hole 4, non-capillary porosity predominates, and in the first year after planting in the area of location roots over the entire area of plot 1, such porosity will prevail regardless of the water-physical characteristics of the soil. Accordingly, all humidifiers 13 are installed to release water into the soil at a depth of 5 cm from the surface. To do this, the disk 19, using rods 18, is moved along the dimensional divisions on these rods in the pipes 14, ensuring a given depth of placement of the disk 19. The alignment of the holes 21 in the strips 22 and in the bushings 17 ensures the horizontal position of the disk 19, which is secured using clamps 23. During irrigation, water from the water source 7 enters the distribution pipeline 8, from it through the water pressure regulator 9 into the irrigation pipeline 10. The regulators 9 ensure the same water pressure in all irrigation pipelines 10 along the slope of site 1 within 0.20-0.25 m. From the irrigation pipeline 10, water flows through microtubes 11 to the cover 15. The internal diameter of the microtube is 2 mm at a pressure of 0.20-0.25 m and allows a flow rate of 8-10 l/hour. Securing the position of the microtube 11 with a clamp 24 ensures the reliability of its interface with the humidifier 13 and the ability to control its operation, and, if necessary, promptly eliminate clogging of the microtube. From the surface of the cover 15, water flows through the hole 16 onto the disk 19. The seal 20 prevents water from flowing down the walls of the perforated pipe 14 beyond the disk, and water fills all pores, both capillary and non-capillary, moistening the soil in the area where the roots 3 are located. During During the irrigation season, the soil in pits 4 is compacted to a level corresponding to the bulk density of the surrounding soil. In this case, a larger number of capillary pores are formed due to a decrease in non-capillary porosity. A sign of the predominance of capillary porosity is the appearance of a wet spot on the soil surface around the humidifier 13 due to the movement of moisture through the capillary pores to the surface. After this, the humidifier discs are installed to a depth of soil moisture corresponding to the amount of capillary moisture transfer in different sections of the slope, guided by soil maps of section 1. In the upper part of the slope of section 1, discs 19 in pipes 14 with rods 18 are moved to a depth of 15 cm (depth of capillary transfer of sandy loam soils). soils). In the middle part of the slope they are lowered to a depth of 30 cm, and at the end of the slope the disks are moved to a depth of 40 cm. In accordance with the humidity gradient, water will move through the capillary pores to the surface of the area and to the sides of the humidifier. The location of the humidifier with a small oval diameter of pipe 14 along the horizontal of the slope ensures that most of the water flows along the horizontal in the strip where the root system of tree 2 is formed, preventing the humidification contour from shifting towards the slope. Thanks to layer-by-layer regulation of the depth of water release and its capillary distribution, it is ensured that a given level of moisture is maintained in the soil layer, where the main part of the absorbing tree roots is concentrated along the entire slope. The remaining non-capillary pores are filled with air, which ensures the maintenance of a favorable water-air regime of the soil in the root layer.

Thus, the use of the proposed system of local subsoil irrigation of a garden on slope lands allows, by rationally using water, to regulate the depth of moistening of the root system of trees, taking into account the peculiarities of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil in different parts of the slope while excluding surface runoff.

Claims (1)

A system for local subsoil irrigation of a garden on sloping lands, including a water source, water distribution pipelines and irrigation pipelines connected to them with drip water outlets in the form of microtubes, coupled with humidifiers in the form of perforated containers, characterized in that the irrigation pipelines are connected to the water distribution pipeline through pressure regulators and are placed along the slope horizontals, and each humidifier is made in the form of a piece of perforated pipe of oval cross-section with a conical cover, equipped with a hole in the middle part, two bushings symmetrically mounted into its walls, and on top - a horizontal bar with two holes, coaxial with the holes in the cover bushings, and a hole for a microtube with a lock for its position, while inside each humidifier there is an oval disk with an elastic seal around the perimeter with a diameter corresponding to the internal diameter of the humidifier, while the disk is equipped with two rods with measuring divisions, brought upward through coaxial holes in the bushings and the bar where they are installed fixators of their position, and the humidifiers are located with a small oval diameter parallel to the horizontal of the slope.