RU2804619C1 - Method of feeding young pigs during the fattening period - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: feed industry; feeding of young pigs.

SUBSTANCE: method of feeding young pigs during the fattening period involves the introduction of a complex additive into the main diet, including 40.0 g of vitamin C, 40.0 g of vitamin E and 128.0 g of dihydroquercetin per 1 kg of additive as an active ingredient, in the amount of 0.025% of masses of feed.

EFFECT: proposed method of feeding young animals with the introduction of a feed additive provides improved stress resistance, resistance, safety and increased body weight gain of pigs.

1 cl, 13 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to animal husbandry, in particular to a method of feeding young pigs.

In the practice of animal husbandry and, in particular, pig farming, there are stresses of various etiologies associated with feeding and housing conditions, climatic conditions, and physiological characteristics of the body. Social or technological stress is observed during distribution into cages with unfamiliar individuals, isolation, weaning, transportation, veterinary measures, etc. One of the critical stages in the technology of raising pigs is the period of weaning and their transfer to growing. Transport stress is also a powerful stress factor, and in combination with stress during slaughter it can negatively affect product quality. Heat stress negatively affects animal behavior, reduces feed consumption, and affects growth rate. Metabolic (dietary) stress results from restriction or deprivation of food and/or water. With chronic exposure to various stressful situations, activation of free radical oxidation occurs with simultaneous depletion of antioxidant defense components. Syndromes of stress maladjustment, ketosis, hepatodystophy, and autoimmune processes are formed in the body (Bogolyubova, N.V., Chabaev, M.G., Fomichev, Yu.P., Tsis, E.Yu., Semenova, A.A., Nekrasov, R.V. (2019). Ways to reduce adverse effects of stress in pigs using nutritional factors. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(2), 239-245. https://doi.org/10.15421/2019_72).

Conducted by us in 2019-2021. studies have shown that the use of adaptogens-bioflavonoids (in particular, dihydroquercetin, hereinafter referred to as DQU) is justified during periods of stress of various etiologies: climatic, feed, transport (Nekrasov, R.V. The influence of nutritional factors on the metabolism of growing fattening pigs under technological conditions stress / R.V. Nekrasov, M.G. Chabaev, N.V. Bogolyubova, E.Yu. Tsis, R.A. Rykov, A.A. Semenova // Agricultural Science. - 2019. - No. 10. - pp. 49–54. https://doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2019-332-9-49-54

https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41518667; Fomichev Yu.P., Bogolyubova N.V., Nekrasov R.V., Chabaev M.G., Rykov R.A., Semenova A.A. Physiological and biochemical effects of two feed antioxidants in modeling technological stress in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben, 1777). Agricultural biology, 2020, volume 55, no. 4, p. 750-769. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2020.4.750rus/: Nekrasov R.V., Chabaev M.G., Tsis E.Yu., Bogolybova N.V., Mishurov A.V., Rykov R.A. (2020) Effect of feed antioxidants on behavior and stress resistance of fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Science. Volume 98, Issue Supplement_4, November 2020, Page 364-365. https://doi.org/10.1093/ias/skaa278.640; Nekrasov, R.V. The effect of dihydroquercetin on growth performance and feed utilization by pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben, 1777) under conditions of moderate heat stress / R.V. Nekrasov, M.G. Chabaev, E.Yu. Tsis, N.V. Bogolyubova, A.A. Semenova // Agricultural biology. - 2021. - T.56. - No. 6. - pp. 1156-1171. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2021.6.1156rus/).

There are known studies by domestic and foreign scientists on the use of various biologically active substances, in particular, antioxidants, microelements, bioflavonoids, vitamins, etc., in feeding pigs. Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal functioning of organisms, some of them are also antioxidants.

It is known that antioxidants are added to feed or feed ingredients to inhibit lipid oxidation processes, the development of which can lead to changes in the chemical composition, nutritional and energy value of feed, the appearance of foreign tastes (rancidity, grease), and the loss of important substances in the animal diet, especially , unsaturated fatty acids and a number of vitamins. (Jacela, J.Y., J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, J.L. Nelssen, D.G. Renter, and S.S. Dritz. 2010a. Feed additives for swine: Fact sheets-flavors and mold inhibitors, mycotoxin binders, and antioxidants. Journal of Swine Health and Production 18:27-29). Vitamin E, vitamin C, and Se are effective antioxidants that help improve the body's antioxidant status (Mahan, D.C., A.J. Lepine, and K. Dabrowski. 1994. Efficacy of magnesium-l-ascorbyl-2-phosphate as a vitamin C source for weanling and growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 72:2354-2361; Lauridsen, C., J. H. Nielsen, P. Henckel, and M. T. Sorensen. 1999. Antioxidative and oxidative status in muscles of pigs fed rapeseed oil, vitamin E , and copper. Journal of Animal Science 77:105-115). However, these substances do not provide sufficient antioxidant stability of the feed or feed ingredients. To protect feed from oxidation, synthetic antioxidants are used - butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate (Jacela, J.Y., J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, J.L. Nelssen, D.G. Renter, and S.S. Dritz. 2010a. Feed additives for swine: Fact sheets-flavors and mold inhibitors, mycotoxin binders, and antioxidants. Journal of Swine Health and Production 18:27-29). Synthetic antioxidants are added to feed or feed ingredients with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (for example, fish meal, corn byproducts, vegetable oils, etc.) and/or when stored in hot conditions.

Fat-soluble vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopherol) is widely used in animal premixes, but its insufficient content in feed and the stress load of animals is often not taken into account. Vitamin E is a universal protector of cell membranes and an effective immunomodulator that activates the immune system. Vitamin E controls the biosynthesis of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10), a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain necessary to provide the body's cells with energy and antioxidant protection. Vitamin E is also important for the formation of catalase and peroxidase, which neutralize peroxides, which is necessary for an adequate immune response of the body. The effect of vitamin E increases gradually over several weeks of intake, so vitamin E must be fed in long courses. Kim, M., Yeo, N., Lim, J., Lim, N., Lim, Y. (2022). Can Low-Dose of Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation Reduce Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress? A Meta -Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 14. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081599.).

The oxidized form of vitamin E is reduced by vitamin C, and vitamin E can again function as an antioxidant (Pehlivan, F.E. Vitamin C: An Antioxidant Agent. In (Ed.), Vitamin C. IntechOpen. 2017. https://doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.69660).

Water-soluble vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), entering the animal’s body with food, does not accumulate and is quickly eliminated from the body. For this reason, its content in the body must be constantly replenished. Ascorbic acid, being an antioxidant, performs the biological functions of a reducing agent and a coenzyme for a number of metabolic processes. It is an important substance in the diet of animals, necessary for the normal development and functioning of all body systems, including bone and connective tissue (Shah D., Sachdev H.P.S. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess, in Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Robert M. Kliegman M.D. Chapter 63, 2020, 373-375.el).

Vitamin C is involved in the biological redox reactions of the body, has anti-radical properties, which inhibits the process of peroxidation of proteins, lipids and other cell components and protects them from damage, and has membrane-stabilizing and immunomodulatory effects. Vitamin C stimulates growth, is involved in amino acid metabolism, tissue respiration, promotes the absorption of iron, improves liver function, increases the body's resistance to infections and intoxications, and ensures the body's resistance to cooling, overheating and oxygen starvation. One of the extremely important functions of L-ascorbic acid is its activating effect on the synthesis of corticoid hormones in the adrenal cortex, which are responsible for the body’s adaptive reactions. By stimulating the body's adaptive reactions, vitamin C has an anti-stress effect. Vitamin C is also necessary for the functional integration of sulfidehydryl groups of enzymes that serve for the formation and maturation of collagen, as well as for intracellular structural substances important for the formation of skin, cartilage, the lens of the eye, collagen fibers of blood vessels, bone tissue, teeth and promotes wound healing. Vitamin C has a capillary-strengthening effect, as well as a stabilizing effect on the connective tissue of various structures of the body, including the walls of blood vessels. By strengthening the walls of blood vessels and normalizing their permeability, vitamin C exhibits antihemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory effects (Hao, Y.; Xing, M.; Gu, X. Research Progress on Oxidative Stress and Its Nutritional Regulation Strategies in Pigs. Animals 2021, 11, 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051384).

The use of combinations of different antioxidants has been extensively studied in poultry production. For use in swine production, it has been reported that studies of the effects of vitamins E and C on stressed pigs are necessary elements that may form part of a strategy aimed at improving animal health and productivity (Peeters, E. Neyt A., Beckers F., De Smet S., Aubert A.E., Geers R. Influence of supplemental magnesium, tryptophan, vitamin C, and vitamin E on stress responses of pigs to vibration. Journal of Animal Science, 2005, 83(7): 1568-1580. https:/ /doi.org/10.2527/2005.8371568x).

Polyphenols (flavonoids) are known to have strong antioxidant properties similar to vitamin E, such as protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS), metal ion chelation, and induction of antioxidant enzymes (Fraga, C.G. (2007) Plant polyphenols: how to translate them in vitro antioxidant actions to in vivo conditions. IUBMB Life 59, 308-315.). However, complete replacement of tocopherols in the diet with polyphenols is questionable. Polyphenols cannot replace the unique antioxidant function of vitamin E, which, due to its lipophilic structure, is embedded in biological membranes and effectively neutralizes fatty acid radicals and ROS (Surai, P.F. (2014) Polyphenol compounds in the chicken/animal diet: from the past to the future Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98, 19-31.) Beneficial effects of polyphenol supplementation have been observed in studies with sick or stressed animals and have been attributed to their systemic anti-inflammatory effects, improved gut health, and reduced translocation of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant stimuli into the bloodstream. The health effects of bioflavonoids are likely not only the result of direct antioxidant activity, but also include inhibition of radical-forming enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, NOX, and lipoxygenase, in addition to effects on platelet aggregation, leukocyte adhesion, and vasodilatory properties. Flavonoids have varying biological activities in different cells, tissues, and disease states (Williamson, G., Kay, C.D. and Crozier, A. (2018) The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 17: 1054–1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12351).

The antioxidant properties of flavonoids are compelling and in some cases they have been even more effective than traditional antioxidants such as vitamins E and C (Surai, P.F. (2013) Polyphenol compounds in the chicken/animal diet: from the past to the future. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Volume 98, Issue 1, pp. 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipn.12070). Attempts to completely replace vitamins (in particular E) in animal diets with various plant extracts containing flavonoids were considered unsuccessful. At the same time, the need for studies on farm animals to clarify the effective doses of polyphenols was noted (Gessner, D.K., Ringseis, R., Eder K. (2017) Potential of plant polyphenols to combat oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in farm animals. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101, 605-628. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12579).

There is a known method of fattening young pigs, which includes the introduction of a pine energy supplement into the main diet at a dose of 20 g/head for 120 days. Technical result: the use of the invention will increase the profitability of the farm and the weight gain of animals (Patent for the invention RU RU 2675526 C1 - 2018-12-19, priority numbers and dates 2018RU-0109866 2018-03-20, IPC codes A23K-010/30 A23K-010 /32 A23K-050/30*).

There is a known method for effective antioxidant protection of pigs in selenium-deficient regions. The method is characterized by the fact that organic compounds “Selenopyran” are prescribed intramuscularly at a dose of 0.1 mg Se/kg body weight in combination with iodomidol at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg body weight at 2, 46, 181 days of age against the background of the basic diet at the beginning of the growing, growing and fattening period. Technical result: the use of the invention will prevent oxidative and technological stress and increase productivity (Patent for invention RU2706568 C1 - 2019-11-19, priority numbers and dates 2019RU-0117499 2019-06-05, IPC codes A23K-020/00 A23K-050 /30 * A61D-099/00).

The following invention relates to the feed industry and can be used to obtain a feed additive with antioxidant properties for feeding animals and poultry. A feed additive with antioxidant properties contains diacetophenonyl selenide, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and plant phospholipids dissolved in vegetable oil as the active principle, and wheat bran and meal obtained from the processing of oilseeds as a carrier. Component ratio, mass. %: diacetophenonyl selenide 0.05-0.08, beta-carotene 0.05-0.06, vitamin E 0.15-0.17, plant phospholipids 4.0-1.5, vitamin C - 0.15-0 .17, vegetable oil - 29.0-31.0, wheat bran - 30.0-35.0 and meal - the rest. The invention makes it possible to obtain a feed additive that provides a higher level of antioxidant protection for the animal body (Patent for invention RU 2670118 C1 2018-10-18, Application number 2017 RU-0139353 2017-11-13, priority numbers and dates 2017RU-0139353 2017-11- 13, IPC codes A23K-010/37 * A23K-020/10 A23K-020/158 A23K-020/174).

A feed additive with antitoxic properties contains diacetophenonyl selenide, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and plant phospholipids dissolved in vegetable oil as active ingredients, and wheat bran as a carrier. As a carrier, the feed additive additionally contains meal obtained by processing oilseeds. All components of the feed additive are taken in a certain ratio. Technical result: allows you to create a feed additive that provides a higher level of antitoxic protection of the animal body (Patent for invention RU 2637217 C1 - 2017-12-01 Application number 2016 RU-0133793 2016-08-17, Priority numbers and dates 2016 RU-0133793 2016 -08-17, IPC codes A23K-010/37 A23K-020/10*).

Another method involves administering vitamins in the form of trivitamin at a dose of 0.9-1.1 ml intramuscularly per animal and ascorbic acid at a rate of 45-55 mg per animal mixed with food. Additionally, as an immunostimulating agent, the herbal medicine eracond 10% solution is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 25-50 mg/kg. The drugs are used according to the following scheme: 5-7 days before exposure to the stress factor (weaning or other technological operations), on the 2-3rd day and on the 11-13th day after the exposure to the stress factor. The technical result of the invention is to reduce the influence of stress factors on the body of pigs by achieving higher levels of adaptation mechanisms. (Invention patent RU 2442579 C1 - February 20, 2012. Priority numbers and dates 2011 RU-0101094 2011-01-12. IPC codes A61K-031/355 * A61K-031/375 A61K-031/59 A61K-036/00 ).

An antioxidant premix and a method for its preparation are known. The antioxidant premix contains lecithin, synthetic food antioxidants, dihydroquercetin and triglycerides of caprylic and capric acids with the following component content, wt. %: lecithin - 38.0-90.0, dihydroquercetin - 1.0-10.0, triglycerides of caprylic and capric acids - 5.0-60.0., synthetic food antioxidants -0.5-2.0. The method for producing an antioxidant premix involves preparing a suspension of dihydroquercetin in medium chain triglycerides at a temperature of 60-70°C under conditions of intense stirring, subsequent addition of lecithin and dissolution of dihydroquercetin in the resulting mixture at temperatures up to 90-115°C. and turbomixing until a translucent mass is obtained, then reducing the temperature to 50-60°C, introducing a synthetic antioxidant or a mixture of antioxidants. The technical result is an increase in the shelf life of food raw materials (Patent for invention RU 2514414 C1 - 2014-04-27. Priority numbers and dates 2012 RU-0154222 2012-12-14. Technological area Food chemistry. IPC codes A23L-003/34 *) .

The following antioxidant composition is known. The invention relates to an antioxidant composition containing an alkali metal ascorbate, in particular lithium, sodium and/or potassium, dihydroquercetin and a silver salt in certain proportions. The invention also relates to an antioxidant composition that contains an alkali metal ascorbate, dihydroquercetin, a silver salt and additionally contains an earth metal ascorbate, in particular magnesium and/or calcium in certain proportions. The invention provides an increase in antioxidant activity and the prevention of bacterial impurities (Patent for invention RU 2446799 C2 - 2012-04-10, RU 2010101936 A - Application for invention 2011-07-27. Priority numbers and dates 2010 RU-0101936 2010-01-22. Technological area Pharmaceuticals IPC codes A61K-031/353 * A61K-031/375 A61K-033/38 A61P-039/06).

In the considered methods, antioxidants are either administered to animals intramuscularly, or combinations of bioelements are used in feed additives that differ from the solution we propose and the hypothesis of using a combination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins (C and E) and dihydroquercetin in the dosage we previously specified.

Also, the disadvantages of these methods are that biological products are used intramuscularly (as prophylactic veterinary drugs) or are non-specific for the type of animal (with a wide range of animals and birds, dosages may differ) and have restrictions on the feeding period. The use of dihydroquercetin in combination with vitamins (water- and fat-soluble) as a composition for fattening pigs has not been found.

It is known about the mechanism of the synergistic effect of biologically active substances (hereinafter referred to as BAS) on the animal body. First of all, this concerns antioxidants, which, when combined in diets, perform the function of protecting cell damage from oxidation.

Based on an analysis of information obtained from open sources, as well as standards for the use of vitamins in feeding pigs (Nekrasov R.V. Standards for the nutritional needs of dairy cattle and pigs: Monograph / Edited by R.V. Nekrasov, A.V. Golovin, E. A. Makhaeva. - Moscow. - 2018. - 290 pp.) taking into account their synergistic effect (30% of the daily requirement for each vitamin is taken), taking into account the multidirectional effect of activating the body's antioxidant defense, immunostimulation; and also taking into account the results of work (for the period 2019-2021) on the development of feeding standards and the effect of dihydroquercetin on the body of fattening pigs, a complex of biologically active substances has been developed, including for the active substance:

- vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - 40.0 g,

- vitamin E - 40.0 g,

- dihydroquercetin - 128.0 g,

- filler (wheat bran) up to 1000.0 g.

The rate of inclusion in compound feed is 250 mg per 1 kg of compound feed, or 250 g per 1 ton of compound feed, or 0.25% in the composition of a complete feed.

When creating the present invention, the task was to increase the immune status of young pigs, their resistance, increase the safety of animals and their resistance to stress, which is expressed in increasing the growth rate of young animals, reducing feed costs per unit of production, and increasing the economic efficiency of production.

The technical result of the invention is achieved by the fact that a method of feeding young pigs is proposed, including the introduction into complete feed of a microadditive consisting of a complex of vitamins (C and E) and dihydroquercetin in a given proportion during the fattening period against the background of stress of various etiologies.

Example on fattening young pigs 1

1.1. Experience scheme

The scientific and economic experiment was carried out on animals in the physiological yard of the Federal Research Center VIZh named after. OK. Ernst, general plan of the experiment and experimental conditions - table. 1.1 - 1.3.

By modeling the conditions, it was possible to exceed the temperature optimum (18-20°C) to 12°C in the first fattening period. From the general group of crossbred boletus (F-2:(KBxL)xD) during the preliminary period of research (growing up), 30 analogue animals of 15 heads were selected in each group: 1st control and 2nd experimental (groups C and E) . Animals of the 2nd experimental group received, in addition to the diet, DKVES in the amount of 0.25% as part of the feed (Table 1.2. during the entire test period) in accordance with the scheme (Table 1.1). Feeding of animals was carried out according to VIZh standards (Ed. R.V. Nekrasov et al., 2018; Table 1.2-1.3).

1.2 Dynamics of growth of experimental animals and feed costs

Based on the results of weighing and recording feed consumption, gross and average daily growth (ADG), as well as feed costs per unit of growth were determined (Table 1.4). During the growing period, SSP in group 2 were higher than in group 1 by 2.5% (p>0.05). Moreover, in the first week there was a tendency towards better growth of animals in the experimental group (p <0.10). The data are consistent with the results of production experience in BMPC (see section Example 2).

According to the results of the 1st fattening period, the animals of the experimental group, against the background of a simulated high ambient temperature, also showed a tendency (p = 0.09) towards better growth - 1029.21 versus 983.81 g in the control, or by 4.6%. During the 8th week of the experiment, the growth of animals in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control values (p = 0.03), which indicates the effectiveness of feeding DKVES during the period of temperature stress. In the 2nd fattening period, the animals showed similar growth parameters (p>0.05) - 945.85 versus 953.06 g in the control, or 0.8% lower. In general, during the experiment the gains were 877.67 versus 861.27 in the control; animals in the control group were more susceptible to environmental stress factors during the fattening period, but subsequently slightly improved their performance. Thus, the main effect of feeding DKVES as part of compound feeds was manifested in the improvement of average daily gains in fatty acids, incl. at the beginning of the experiment, week 1 (p<0.10), and during fattening, weeks 5-8 (p=0.09; week 8, p<0.05).

1.3 Results of the study of hematological parameters

The following changes in indicators associated with the age of animals were established (Table 1.5):

- protein metabolism - an increase in the concentration of total protein (p<0.001) due to an increase in the fraction of albumins (p=0.01) and globulins (p=0.06) only at the end of the first fattening period; against this background, an increase in creatinine concentration (p <0.001, p = 0.06). An increase in the level of protein metabolism with age is closely related and positively correlates with the growth of muscle mass, primarily in the first half of fattening; further growth is also associated with the accumulation of adipose tissue;

- fat metabolism - an increase in cholesterol by the end of the 1st period (p>0.05), an increase in phospholipids over the same period (p<0.001). Cholesterol levels increase with the age of animals, which is associated, among other things, with an increase in their hormonal levels;

- enzymes and pigment metabolism - by the end of the 1st fattening period there was a decrease in alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) and bilirubin at the end of fattening (p=0.09);

- mineral metabolism - an increase in Ca concentration in the 1st period of fattening (p <0.001) and a tendency to increase the Ca/P ratio (p = 0.08), an increase in chlorides (p <0.001), a decrease in Mg concentration by the end of fattening (p >0.05);

- morphological indicators - an increase in leukocytes towards the end of fattening (p=0.08), an increase in erythrocytes towards the middle of fattening (p=0.06) and against this background an increase in hemoglobin (p<0.001) and hematocrit (p<0.05) in end of the 1st fattening period;

Thus, additional feeding of pigs with DKV in combination with vitamins (C and E) led to an improvement in metabolic processes, primarily reflected in increased antioxidant protection, better adaptation of animals under conditions of temperature stress, and better characteristics of protein and lipid metabolism. Feeding antioxidants is effective in the early periods of growing and fattening, and further feeding leads to the preservation of the overall antioxidant status and improves the formation of product characteristics (slaughter indices, meat quality).

1.4 Markers of stress

Glucose. During stress, glucocorticoids help increase blood glucose levels. The glucose level in animals of the control and experimental groups was within the normative values.

Triglycerides. The triglyceride level was ≤0.22 mmol/l, which confirms the high level of stress in the animals throughout the experiment. There were no intergroup differences recorded.

LDH. The activity of this enzyme was normal in animals of groups C and E throughout the entire experiment, but during the period of temperature stress (mid-fattening) there was a tendency (p-0.07) to a decrease in this indicator in animals of group E.

CPK (marker of muscle tissue damage). An increased content of CPK was observed in all animals throughout the experiment, but this level was highest in the middle and end of fattening. In group E, this indicator was insignificantly lower at the beginning and middle of fattening, at the end of the experiment there was a tendency to lower values (p = 0.06).

AST (a marker of liver and cardiovascular damage). ACT values were normal in all animals throughout the experiment. In group E, this indicator was significantly lower (p <0.03) at the end of the experiment, which indicated a positive effect of DQV + vitamins on the condition of the animals.

Creatinine (characterizes the rate of the creatine phosphokinase reaction and the rate of muscle mass gain) was normal in all animals and corresponded to the high growth rates of the experimental population. At the beginning of the experiment, there was a tendency (p = 0.09) to a higher level in animals of group E.

Against the background of simulated stress conditions, feeding DKV in combination with vitamins provided a better physiological response during the testing period (Table 1.6).

1.5 Antioxidant profile

Combining DQA with vitamins (C and E) enhanced the mechanism of antioxidant protection - at the beginning of the experiment, water-soluble forms of antioxidants (WCA) were consumed (p<0.01) (Table 1.7), but later their level exceeded the control.

The effect of DKVES was clearly evident at the end of the experiment. In group E pigs, under the influence of feeding with DKVES, the AOS level compared to the control became higher (p <0.05) during the main fattening period. Before slaughter, TSA increased in the blood serum of animals in the experimental group relative to the control group against the background of a trend towards a decrease in the concentration of TBA-AP (p<0.1).

1.6 Slaughter indicators

Measurement of the weight and length of animals before slaughter (after fasting) showed that pigs of group E were heavier than the control by 1.49% (p = 0.41) and longer by 1.32% (p = 0.58). The average degree of correlation between these indicators is r=0.63 and r=0.46, respectively, groups (Table 1.8).

Slaughter weight correlated with the weight of the fresh carcass without head and legs (r=0.34 and r=0.46, respectively, groups), the average values of which in group E were higher by 1.29% (p=0.49). The slaughter yield in this group was 74.38% versus 74.43% (p>0.05) in group C and corresponded to the data from 2019-2021. The thickness of the backfat, both at the level between the 6th and 7th thoracic vertebrae and in the lumbar part of the carcass, was: 23.50 versus 23.53 mm (p = 0.78) and 15.29 versus 16.80 mm (p=0.33), respectively. The area of the muscle eye was higher in animals of the experimental group by 4.32 cm2 (p = 0.16), including in terms of 100 kg of fat (p = 0.22). The pH value of the longissimus dorsi muscle 45 minutes after slaughter was relatively similar in carcasses of groups C and E, 5.79 and 5.84 (p = 0.57), respectively. 24 hours after slaughter, the pH in the experimental group was above 0.07 units. (p<0.01). Thus, the results of the control slaughter indicated that group E produced carcasses with higher values of the following indicators: slaughter yield, muscle eye area, pH of the longissimus dorsi muscle 24 hours after slaughter.

Example on fattening young pigs 2

2.1. Research design and methodology

The studies were conducted at the Bryansk Meat Processing Plant LLC (Bryansk region) on fattening pigs according to the research scheme (Table 2.1).

The experiment involved 108 crossbred (F-2:(KBxL)xD) piglets (63.50-65.70 kg FM, 120 days old), which at the final stage of fattening were fed SK-6 feed with the inclusion of DKVES. The duration of the experiment was 56-58 days during the fattening period. The animals were fed by group self-feeders; the main ingredients and chemical composition of the diets are presented in Table. 2.2.

2.2. Results of production experience

Feed costs, growth and safety of livestock

Scaling the results of feeding DKVES during the final fattening period has proven the effectiveness of using a complex adaptogen during this period. In the zootechnical aspect, this technique led to an improvement in the basic parameters of fattening and indicates that feeding DKVES in the final fattening period was effective both in the experiment as a whole - 929.70 versus 870.70 g, and in the control sample of animals (N = 20, n =10) - 872.41 g versus 808.62 g in the control, p = 0.17. Feed conversion was higher than control values (3.0 versus 3.22 kg) while maintaining the level of feed consumption. The safety of the livestock during the fattening period was high - 98.1% in the control group; in the experimental group there was 100% safety (Table 2.3).

Blood counts

In table Table 2.4 shows the studied biochemical and clinical parameters of the blood of experimental animals. Analysis of the data indicates that, in general, the indicators in both groups of animals were within the reference values for healthy pigs. This indicates the fact that the experiment was carried out on healthy animals, the nutritional background was balanced and provided the animals with the necessary nutrients and energy. An assessment of the indicators of the biochemical status of animals at the end of the experiment showed that between groups of animals there are some differences in individual markers of metabolic processes in the body under the influence of the complex use of DKV and vitamins E and C during the fattening period (Table 2.4).

Nitrogen and energy metabolism. Characterizing the state of nitrogen metabolism indicators, we noted that despite the absence of differences between groups in the concentration of total protein in the blood (some downward trend, p = 0.12), in the blood of experimental animals there was an increase in the concentration of the albumin fraction by 5.8% ( p<0.01) with a decrease in globulin by 13% (p<0.01). This led to an increase in the ratio of albumin to globulin, which in the blood of animals in the experimental group was 1.14 versus 0.94 units in the control, with a significant difference (p<0.001). An increase in the A/G ratio in the blood of animals receiving a complex of adaptogens may reflect an increase in average daily and, accordingly, gross gains in live weight. Characterizing nitrogen metabolism, one can also note a tendency to increase urea concentration in the blood of experimental animals (p = 0.06), which also characterizes an increase in protein metabolism in individuals of the experimental group.

Lipid metabolism. In our studies, we did not observe a negative effect of the adaptogen complex on lipid metabolism.

Liver functions. The main function of the transamination enzymes ALT and AST is the synthesis and breakdown of certain amino acids in the body. These enzymes take an active part in nitrogen metabolism, communicating through ketoglutaric, oxaloacetic and pyruvic acids between protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Lacking organ specificity, ALT is usually present in various tissues, but is found in the highest concentrations in the liver and kidneys, and AST in cardiac tissue, as well as in liver cells, nervous tissue and kidneys. Transamination enzymes enter the blood during the destruction of hepatocytes.

In our studies, when using a complex of adaptogens in animal diets, we observed a trend towards a decrease in ALT activity (p = 0.07), which may characterize the positive effect of the studied nutritional factors on liver function. A significant increase in AST activity (within reference values at p<0.05) in the blood of pigs of the experimental group may characterize a slight increase in the load on the cardiovascular system, including this could be associated with a higher level of average daily gain in live weight in animals, received a complex of adaptogens with food.

Mineral metabolism. In the blood of animals that received DKV in combination with vitamins E and C during the fattening period, an increase in iron levels was observed by 22.9% compared to the control (p = 0.04), which has a positive effect on the supply of oxygen to the body (iron is included in the composition of heme, iron-containing protoporphyrin). No other differences in the concentrations of mineral metabolic metabolites were found between groups.

Clinical indicators. The positive effect of the adaptogen complex on immunity is manifested in a decrease in the blood of leukocytes in the experimental group of animals by 37.0% (p = 0.03) and an increase in erythrocytes by 4.9% (p = 0.1). A decrease in the level of leukocytes in the body with an increase in erythrocytes can characterize the positive effect of the adaptogen complex on the immune system, thereby increasing the body’s resistance to the negative effects of stress factors.

Antioxidant status. The study of indicators characterizing the level of antioxidant protection shows that in the blood of pigs of the experimental group the level of TBA-AP increases by 14.4% (p <0.05), which may be due to increased nitrogen metabolism in the body of these animals and the accumulation of products lipid peroxidation. At the same time, in the body of animals receiving a complex of adaptogens, the overall antioxidant status was higher by 7.2% (p = 0.1), which was ensured by the level of antioxidant protection in the form of a nonspecific link of AOD - water-soluble antioxidants, the level of which in the blood of pigs of the experimental group was 17.7% lower (p=0.005) compared to control.

Thus, under the influence of adaptogens, nitrogen metabolism increases (increased albumin, decreased globulin, increased A/G); clinical indicators improve, which is reflected in an increase in the level of red blood cells and a decrease in leukocytes; the overall antioxidant status of the body is higher due to the strengthening of the nonspecific AOD link.

Control slaughter

The results of slaughter on a control sample of livestock (N=20, n=10) showed that the animals of both groups developed well and had a high weight at slaughter, while the pigs of the 2nd experimental group were 1.5 kg heavier - 114.10 versus 112 .60 kg (p=0.25), which we associate with the parameters and conditions for growth that developed at the stage of final fattening (Table 2.5). Animals of the experimental group with a higher FM had an almost identical slaughter yield of 73.0% versus 73.7%) (p<0.05), and some decrease was associated with the development of internal organs, including organs of the digestive system in animals 2- experimental group. At the same time, the area of the muscle eye was at the level of 59.08-61.25 cm2 and the differences were not significantly expressed (p = 0.69). Calculation per 100 kg of fatty acids also did not show significant differences - 54.0 versus 52.6 cm2 in the control (p = 0.79). Feeding DKVES additionally during the final fattening period did not negatively affect the functional and technological parameters of meat. Thus, the VUS of meat samples was within 64-65% and did not differ significantly. Feeding DKV only during the growing period (experiment SGC-1 2020) did not lead to a change in the content of antioxidants in meat and amounted to 0.100-0.107 mg/kg, while additional provision of pigs with DKV immediately before slaughter contributed to an increase in the content of VA from 0.094 mg /kg to 0.112 mg/kg (p=0.02) (SGC-2 experience 2021). Enrichment with additional vitamins did not lead to the accumulation of VA; their amount in meat was in the range of 0.078-0.082 and did not differ significantly. The pH of the longissimus dorsi muscle 45 minutes after slaughter of animals in the experimental group was higher than the control: 5.85 versus 5.69 units. (p=0.09), while the pH after 48 hours was not significantly different (p=0.21) 5.60 versus 5.54 units. in control.

Under the influence of feeding DKVES in the final period of fattening, the functional and technological characteristics of meat improved.

Based on the results of the ongoing research, it has been established that the complex of biologically active substances used (vitamins C and E, dihydroquercetin, DVKES) improves the condition of the body, safety and increases the gain in live body weight of animals while reducing feed costs per unit of gain.

The invention is applicable on farms and complexes for fattening young pigs.

A method of feeding young pigs in accordance with modern standards of energy and nutrient requirements, characterized in that during the fattening period against the background of stress of various etiologies, a complex supplement consisting of vitamins C, E and dihydroquercetin (40.0; 40.0) is introduced into the diet ; 128.0 g per 1 kg of additive, respectively) in an amount of 0.25% in the composition of feed to improve stress resistance, resistance, safety and increase the growth of live body weight of animals.

Claims (1)

A method of feeding young pigs during the fattening period, characterized by the fact that a complex additive is introduced into the diet, including as an active ingredient vitamin C 40.0 g, vitamin E 40.0 g and dihydroquercetin 128.0 g per 1 kg of additive, in the amount 0.025% by weight of the feed.