RU2788322C2 - Device for study of processes of water erosion of soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: laboratory studies.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to devices for modeling of processes of water erosion of soils in laboratory conditions. The device includes a support structure with a blower, a hydraulic tray, and an adjustable sprinkler equipped with pump (29), located on the structure. A bottom of the hydraulic tray is made in the form of a pyramid with a hole for removal of infiltrate at a lower point. The hydraulic tray is equipped with a system for removal of water outside of it, placed along a perimeter of the tray, as well as a drainpipe for removal of surface drain. At the same time, a layer of soil under study is laid on a draining layer, below which a removable mesh partition is located. The sprinkler contains injector (25) and flow meter (24). The support structure has four legs (17), wherein hydraulic jacks (18) are mounted in two legs from one side of the structure, and two opposite support legs are interconnected with a rotary structure in the form of cylindrical hinge (19).

EFFECT: study of processes of water erosion of soils in laboratory conditions.

1 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a device for modeling the processes of water erosion of soils in the laboratory and can be used in land reclamation, soil science and hydrology.

State of the art

A device for studying erosion processes is known, which is a tray having a working part in which a soil sample and a removable working chamber are placed with a device for accounting for infiltration, made in the form of a removable water-absorbing element, consisting of separate porous blocks with hydrophysical indicators corresponding to those of the soil sample. To ensure the operation of the circuit, it includes a damper hydraulically connected to the feeder through a water flow regulator installed in the head part of the flume, and a device for accounting for soil flushing at the outlet part of the flume [1].

The disadvantage of this device is the need to select a porous water-absorbing material having hydrophysical parameters equal to the corresponding indicators of the soil sample. In addition, the use of a porous material makes it possible to determine only the amount of infiltration water, without giving an idea of its qualitative composition, while the strength of the reduced porous water absorber, such as gypsum, decreases depending on water saturation, which can make it difficult to reuse it in a pilot plant and require its disposal. after use.

A device for the study of erosion processes is known, which contains a hydraulic tray, consisting of two longitudinal sections, hinged to each other and equipped with hydraulic mechanisms for installing them at different angles, which is carried out by arranging the bottom of the tray in the form of a frame with hollow elastic elements that are connected to the supercharger gas or liquid [2].

The disadvantage of this device is the inability to collect infiltration.

A device for evaluating the erosion resistance of soil masses during wind, water and deformation erosion is known, including a horizontally located base on which a box for soil samples is located with an inlet arranged at one end for air from a blower or for water inlet from a water supply source, at the other end with output equipped with a sensor connected to the system for collecting and processing information [3].

The disadvantage of this device is the inability to collect the infiltrate and assess the removal of chemicals.

The closest technical solution is a test device for soil erosion, designed to simulate soil erosion generated by atmospheric precipitation, consisting of a structure with a movable and adjustable rain plant placed on it and trays for the studied soil, equipped with a reservoir for overflow water and a tray for its removal [ 4J.

The disadvantage of this device is the inability to study the composition of the infiltrate.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the invention is to improve the accuracy of accounting for water infiltration into the soil and the removal of nutrients and suspended solids from various types of soils (with variability in different life cycles of herbaceous vegetation) by modeling surface runoff.

The technical result of the invention is:

- the ability to determine the intensity of removal of soil and chemicals from various types of soils, including, in the presence of grassy vegetation,

- the possibility of modeling the intensity of water supply and its chemical composition to assess the effects of irrigation and precipitation on the development of surface soil erosion,

- obtaining data on the removal of chemicals with infiltration runoff from the rhizosphere of agricultural herbaceous plants,

- the possibility of approbation of ways to prevent soil erosion.

The technical result is achieved by making a hydraulic tray (hydro tray) of a special shape made of acrylic plastic (polymethyl methacrylate - PMMA) or other suitable material (fiberglass, metal) with a removable partition for placing soil and a bottom in the form of a pyramid, as well as installing it on a special structure , which allows you to adjust the angle of the tray and place the technical equipment necessary for laboratory research. In the lower part of the hydraulic tray, a bottom is arranged in the form of a cone with a device for removing infiltration. To prevent soil leaching into the infiltration runoff, the soil is placed on a drainage substrate laid on a perforated partition, consisting of a gravel layer with a fraction size of 20-25 mm, a layer thickness of ~ 5 cm, a layer of sand (~ 5 cm) and needle-punched non-woven geotextile, laid to the bottom baffle. On three sides along the perimeter of the hydraulic flume there are flume drains made of metal or other plastic material, designed to drain water that has fallen outside the design of the hydraulic flume. From the side of sampling, a triangular outlet for surface runoff is arranged, located at an angle of ~30° downwards, and equipped with water-guiding walls.

The hydraulic tray is installed on a special metal structure in the form of a table (without a tabletop) with a horizontal metal frame corresponding to the size of the hydraulic tray, supported by four supports (legs), with a bracket to accommodate the sprinkler and blower to simulate wind. On one side of the structure, hydraulic jacks are mounted in both legs, on the other side, the upper parts of both legs are connected by a cylindrical hinge, which allows changing the angle of inclination of the hydro tray.

The technical result of the claimed invention is achieved by the fact that part of the water that has entered the surface of the soil 1 flows down in the form of surface runoff and is discharged through a triangular drain with water-guiding walls 2 for sampling. The water that got outside the perimeter of the tray 3 in the process of its sprinkling is discharged through the system of the tray drain 4 through the head, equipped with a removable mesh filter 5, into the drainage pipe. The water filtered through the soil layer 1 enters the drainage layer of gravel 6 with a fraction size of 20-25 mm ~5 cm thick, coarse sand 7 (~5 cm layer) and needle-punched non-woven geotextile 8. The soil and drainage layer are located on a perforated or mesh partition 9 above the bottom of the hydro tray, made in the form of a plastic or metal grid with a hole size of up to 5 mm. Mesh partition 9 rests on longitudinal strips 10 attached to the walls of the tray. The bottom of the tray 1, made in the form of a pyramid at the bottom, is provided with a hole 11 for draining the infiltrate into the sampler 12, made in the form of a measuring funnel with a removable mesh filter 13. The bottom of the measuring funnel 12 is connected to the drainage pipe 14 by means of a tap 15.

The hydrotray is installed on a special structure made in the form of a table without a table top, where along the perimeter on three sides it is held by corners 16 and four supports - legs 17. A hydraulic jack 18 is mounted in two supports, and the top of the opposite two supports is interconnected by a rotary structure in the form of a cylindrical hinge 19. By changing the length of the two supports by means of hydraulic jacks 18 and rotating the structure around the cylindrical hinge 19, the angle of inclination of the hydraulic tray is varied in accordance with the angle of inclination of the area under study. On the opposite side of the cylindrical hinge, there is a bracket 20, designed to attach a sprinkler with a system of sprinkler nozzles 21 with a supply pipe 22. The supply pipe 23 is equipped with a flow meter 24. Further along the system, an injector 25 is installed, into which solution is supplied from the tank 27 through the pipe 26. Tank 27 is equipped with a funnel for supplying solution 28. After the injector 25, further along the system there is a pump 29 and a water supply hose 30. An air blower 31 with a rotary device is additionally attached to the bracket.

Implementation of the invention

Device for modeling diffuse runoff works as follows. The investigated soil 1 is laid and compacted in accordance with its natural (field) density. To approach field studies in various variations, vegetation can be pre-planted on it, which makes it possible to study the effects of diffuse runoff at different stages of its development. The thickness of the soil in the laboratory setup should correspond to the depth of the natural rhizosphere of agricultural plants (~30 cm). Water is supplied to it by sprinkling, part of which flows down the soil surface and is taken through the drain 2 into a sampling vessel for further laboratory studies. Part of the water that has fallen outside the perimeter of the tray 3 during its sprinkling is discharged through the system of the tray drain 4 through the head, equipped with a removable mesh filter 5, into the drainage pipe (Fig. 1). Part of the water that has fallen on the surface of the soil is filtered through its layer and through the drainage layer of gravel 6 with a fraction size of 20-25 mm ~ 5 cm thick (as a result of which soil particles carried out by the infiltrate are retained), then it is filtered through a layer of coarse sand 7 (~5 cm) and needle-punched non-woven geotextile 8, located on the mesh partition 9 above the bottom of the hydro tray. Coarse sand will further clean the infiltrate from fine suspended solids and protect the geotextile from clogging (Fig. 2).

The soil and the drainage layer are located on the mesh partition 9 above the bottom of the hydro tray. Mesh partition 9 rests on longitudinal strips 10 attached to the walls of the tray. Further, the infiltrate falls on the inclined walls of the bottom of the tray 1 and is discharged through the hole 11 into the sampler 12, made in the form of a measuring funnel through a removable mesh filter 13 to retain the residual amount of suspended solids trapped in the infiltrate. From where the infiltrate can be taken for laboratory research, and the excess will be discharged into the drainage pipe 14 by opening the valve 15 (Fig. 3). The bottom of the hydro tray 3, made in the form of a pyramid with a discharge hole 11, makes it possible to collect the infiltrate while simulating even small slopes of the terrain.

A special metal structure (Fig. 4) with retaining corners 16 is provided to accommodate the hydro tray. Using the presented design, the hydro tray can be given any slope during research by adjusting the height of the legs 17 using hydraulic jacks 18 and a rotary mechanism in the form of a cylindrical hinge 19. which will be sprayed with water or an aqueous solution on the surface of the soil 1, is fixed on the bracket 20. The system of sprinkling nozzles 21, which is a sprinkling installation, is supplied through the pipe 22 with water or a solution for sprinkling the hydro tray. The working area of the sprinkler nozzle system is regulated by means of valves 15. Through a water supply pipe 23 with a known flow rate, which is measured by a flow meter 24, water enters the injector 25, where it is mixed with a solution of a given concentration supplied through a pipe 26 from the tank 27. To supply the solution to the tank 27 provides a funnel 28. The solution is made to a certain concentration of appropriate chemicals to simulate the composition of precipitation or irrigation water. Through the injector 25, the imitation aqueous solution through the pump 29 and the water supply hose 30 enters the pipe 22 and onto the system of sprinkling nozzles 21 through which the soil under study is sprinkled 1. To simulate the interaction of rain and wind factors, an air blower 31 with a rotary device is attached to the bracket.

List of sources used

1. RU No. 2013941, C1 A01G 27/00 of 06/15/1994. Sirotkin, V.M., Maksimov, I.I. Device for the study of erosion processes.

2. RU No. 2093809, C1 G01M 10/00 dated 10/20/1997. Zykov I.G., Averyanov O.A., Pomeschikov S.P. Device for the study of erosion processes.

3. CN 104502259 dated 12/15/2017.

4. KR 1020160085990 dated 07/19/2016.

Claims (1)

A device for studying the processes of water erosion of the soil, including a support structure with a blower placed on it, a hydro tray and an adjustable sprinkler equipped with a pump, characterized in that the bottom of the hydro tray is made in the form of a pyramid with a hole for draining infiltration at the lower point, the hydro tray is equipped with a system for draining water that has fallen outside it, located along the perimeter of the tray, as well as a drain for diverting surface runoff, while the studied layer of soil is laid on a drainage layer, below which a removable mesh partition is located, the sprinkler contains an injector and a flow meter, and the supporting structure has four legs, moreover, hydraulic jacks are mounted in two legs on one side of the structure, and two opposite support legs are interconnected by a rotary structure in the form of a cylindrical hinge.

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