RU2782079C1 - Method and apparatus for generating electricity from surface waves - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power generation.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to the field of wave power engineering for creating wave power plants. Method for generating electricity by means of a wave power plant from surface waves consists in the nozzle body being made in the form of a vertical symmetrical flat streamlined ring with a narrowing part and an expanding part, whereon the blades of the guiding and adjusting apparatus are secured. The nozzle body is secured in the ground with stands and installed at a certain height from the wave crest level by means of water pumps and at a certain angle of inclination relative to the water surface, directed opposite to the wave motion, by means of joints. A blade turbine is installed in the nozzle throat. The turbine is protected with garbage collection nets. The vertical positioning of the nozzle body and angle of inclination thereof are adjusted. The diameter of the nozzle body is made so as not to exceed the average yearly half wavelength. The height of the nozzle body is made so as not to exceed the average yearly wave amplitude.

EFFECT: higher efficiency of the power plant.

9 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The group of inventions relates to the field of wave energy and can be used to create wave power plants. EFFECT: group of inventions uses the water flow of a surface wave as an energy carrier, and at the same time makes it possible to make a power plant easy, efficient and inexpensive.

An analogue of the technical solution is a method of generating electricity according to the patent - US3965364A USA. (Manfred Wallace Gustafson, Kaj-Ragnar Loqvist. Patent U.S. 3,965,364, 1973). The device is a floating body fixed on the surface of the water so as to provide free vertical movement when exposed to a rising wave. The energy collector, connected to the floating body and including the propeller blades, is located at a depth. The movement of water particles is concentrated on the surface, and at depth the amplitude is no more than 0.2% of the amplitude of the wave surface. The reciprocating vertical movement of the hull causes the propellers at depth to rotate. The device uses two or another even number of propellers at once, which rotate in opposite directions and actuate pumps that supply water to the turbine that rotates the generator rotor, which produces electricity (Germanovich V., Turilin A. - Alternative energy sources. Practical designs for the use of wind, sun, water, land, biomass energy. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of OOO "Nauka and Tekhnika", 2011, pp. 227÷228).

The disadvantage of the analogue is the requirement to build the body. The body of the station, which is rocked by the wave, must enter into resonance, which takes time, so the energy of the wave is dissipated, which reduces the efficiency and leads to large friction losses, which increase on transmission mechanisms, piston mechanisms, pipelines and hydraulic accumulators. All this leads to the fact that such a station will have an efficiency not exceeding 1%. A large number of mechanisms used in the analogue, a large mass and design complexity make the station massive, expensive and unreliable in operation.

As a second analogue, a method is proposed that uses wave energy, which accelerates the air flow that rotates the turbine blades (Stan Gibilisco - Alternative energy without secrets. - M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2010, p. 237). One of the most successful projects in terms of processing ocean wave energy is the Oceanlinx turbine-type power plant operating in the Australian city of Port Kemble. At some distance from the shore, a chamber is placed in the sea, which has an opening above the water level. The chamber is securely fixed on the seabed and does not move up and down, the water shafts, passing through it, raise and lower the water level inside the chamber. The very surface of the water inside the chamber remains flat, and the vibrations in the water push and pull air into the chamber through an opening at the top. An air turbine is installed in the hole, the air being pushed out and drawn in rotates the turbine blades and, accordingly, the generator rotor. To rotate the turbine in one direction, the blades have a rotary mechanism that changes their angle of inclination depending on the direction of the air flow. The main disadvantage of this power plant is the high cost of building a large and massive building.

Manuel Grases Mendoza. Patent E.S. 2,395,688, 2011г.).As a third analogue, a method is proposed according to the patent - ES2395688 A1 Spain, which uses a turbine with rotary blades to convert flows into rotation of the generator rotor, installed in a cylindrical housing. (Manuel Grases Galofre,

Manuel Grases Mendoza. Patent ES 2,395,688, 2011).

When the fluid moves in one direction, the turbine is driven in the direction of rotation, and when the fluid changes direction, the turbine is driven in the same direction of rotation, which allows it to use, for example, the energy of vertical wave motion. The impeller is located inside a cylindrical housing, where a gradual decrease in the cross section leads to an increase in the speed of rotation of the blades. In order to guarantee a pressure difference between the outer wave and the water filling the hull, the wave surface must exceed the top cut of the hull to a reasonable height. When water enters and leaves the turbine blades, a guide vane is used, consisting of blades that can change position by changing their angle of inclination, using computer-controlled servomotors. The diffuser, which may be conical or toroidal, is located at the lower end of the housing which communicates with the water. The device is provided with a gearbox with a gearbox that increases the number of revolutions of the turbine and which is connected to an electric generator by means of a flywheel, the mechanisms are installed on a working platform out of reach of the waves. The hull with the turbine is mounted on a base fixed to the seabed.

The disadvantage of analogue is a cylindrical body of great length, which is attached to the bottom of the sea. The length of the cylinder exceeds its diameter, and, consequently, the generator cannot generate much electricity, as it blocks the movement for particles of the surface wave. Electricity generation depends on the flow rate, since this dependence is cubic. In the prototype, the body of the power plant, made in the form of a cylinder of great length, is lowered to a great depth, where the speed of movement of water particles is low, which drives the turbine blades. To reduce the material consumption, the station should be placed closer to the shore in order to reduce the length of the hull, but near the shore, the movement of water particles changes mainly in the horizontal direction. When the power station is installed at a depth where the wave is vertical, the material consumption of the structure increases significantly and at the same time the resistance to water flow increases, as a result, the station is not able to generate electricity efficiently. Additional losses in power generation are created by the flywheel, gearbox with gearbox and many turning mechanisms for the blades, which is reflected in the cost and reliability of the plant.

As an additional analogue, a buoy device was adopted, which moved relative to the wave surface to convert the kinetic energy of the air flow into electrical energy. The air chamber communicates with the turbogenerator through an air duct and includes a generator, a turbine stage with a stator and a rotor mounted on the same shaft with the generator. (IA B. Apparatus for converting sea wave energy into electrical energy. US Patent 3,922,739, 1975). The turbogenerator turbine stage has an additional stator located behind the turbine rotor and made symmetrically to the turbine stage stator relative to the rotor rotation plane, impulse turbine.

The impulse turbine was patented by I. A. Babintsev in 1974, where the rotor is basically identical to the rotor of a conventional single-stage steam turbine with axial impulse flow. Since the turbine is required to be self-straightening, there are two rows of guide vanes (guide and straightener) arranged symmetrically on both sides of the rotor instead of one row. These two rows of guide vanes are reflections of each other with respect to a plane passing through the rotor disc. The device is used as power sources for navigational equipment, as power sources for signaling and remote control devices, as autonomous power sources for various consumers on the high seas. (IA B. Apparatus for converting sea wave energy into electrical energy. US Patent 3,922,739, 1975).

In the 1980s, the Wales turbine, similar to the impulse turbine, was developed to convert the energy of an oscillatory flow into a unidirectional rotational motion to drive an electrical generator. The Wales Turbine (W-T) consists of a rotor with approximately eight blades divided into blades mounted on a hub such that their chord lines lie in the plane of rotation. Once the blades reach design speed, the turbine generates a time-averaged positive power output from the oscillating airflow with sufficient efficiency.

According to the scheme where the Babentsov I.A. turbine is used. and Wales, for the first time an attempt was made to convert the linear motion of the wave flow into the rotational motion of the rotor along the shortest chain. Energy conversion according to this scheme is carried out under the action of an air flow accelerated by a wave. As you know, the generation of electricity by a generator depends on the density of the flow entering the turbine blades, and since the density of air is approximately 775 times less than the density of water, it is by this value that the generator generates less electricity.

As a prototype, a method was adopted for generating electricity from surface waves accelerated by a nozzle in a housing fixed on the ground, where the water flow, passing the blades of the guide-straightening apparatus, drives the bladed turbine, the kinetic and potential energy of the surface wave is converted into rotation of the turbine and the rotor of the generator generating electric power, due to the acceleration of the water flow by the body in the form of an annular vertical symmetrical nozzle and the blades of the directing symmetrical apparatus, where the accelerated flow from one side of the nozzle enters the turbine blades, spinning the rotor of the generator that produces electricity and, after passing it, exits from the other side of the nozzle, gradually slows down by symmetrical planes body and straightening apparatus, located on the opposite side, while the nozzle body is installed at a certain height from the level of the crest, it is also known a device for generating electricity from surface waves, so a rusting body, pipelines, a nozzle, an axis, a turbine with blades, a generator consisting of a rotor and a stator, an electric cable, a working winding, while the nozzle body is a tapering and expanding symmetrical vertical nozzle, made in the form of a flat streamlined ring installed permanently on soil, where one part, depending on the direction of flow, works as a confuser, and the other as a diffuser, on which the blades of the directing vane are fixed, holding the turbine with blades, rotating the rotor of the generator through the axis, which generates electricity transmitted to the consumer via an electric cable (RU 2014141839 A, 20.05 .2016, F03B13/00).

The technical problem solved by the group of inventions is achieved by the fact that the method of generating electricity by a wave power plant from surface waves consists in the fact that the nozzle body is made in the form of a vertical symmetrical flat streamlined ring with narrowing and expanding parts, on which the blades of the guide-straightener are fixed, with In this case, one of the parts, depending on the direction of the flow, works as a confuser, and the other as a diffuser, the nozzle body is fixed on the ground with racks and installed at a certain height from the level of the wave crest, the bladed turbine is installed in the critical part of the nozzle, the kinetic and potential energy of the surface wave is converted into rotation of the bladed turbine and the rotor of the generator that generates electricity by accelerating the flow of water by the confuser and slowing down the flow by the diffuser, characterized in that the turbine is protected by garbage collection nets that are installed on the nozzle body, which is installed at a certain point from the level of the wave crest due to water pumps that provide a change in the vertical position of the nozzle body by filling it with water or releasing it from it and at a certain angle relative to the water plane, directed towards the wave movement, due to hinges, while adjusting the position of the nozzle body along vertical and angle of inclination due to a computer program that works on feedback regarding the maximum amount of electricity generated by the generator, to prevent deceleration of the flow of a surface wave in which water particles move in a circle, the diameter of the nozzle body is made not exceeding the average annual half of the wavelength, and the height of the nozzle body - not exceeding the average annual wave amplitude. The nozzle body is automatically positioned in the surface wave volume with the maximum amount of kinetic and potential energy using a computer program and an automated control system (ACS) to capture the maximum amount of energy during the circular motion of the flow entering the nozzle body, both from above and below, while the bladed turbine installed in the critical part of the nozzle is rotated in one direction, regardless of the direction of water flow, and the resistance to the incoming and outgoing water flow is reduced by twisting the blades of the guide vane in the direction of rotation of the bladed turbine and due to the geometry of the nozzle body, in in which between the outer and inner planes a smooth transition is made from large to smaller sections due to the curvilinear generatrix and rounding of the planes of the nozzle body, using a computer program and automated control systems, the wave power plant is submerged under water to a safe depth during storms, preventing destruction of the structure, with the possibility of ensuring the operation of the generator, while to change the vertical position, the nozzle body is filled with water or freed from it using a water pump, to smooth out pulsations during power generation, two or more wave power plants are combined into a single electrical circuit with the possibility of using the created structure for collection of debris particles that are caught from above and below by protective nets, the surface of the nozzle body and the blades of the guide-straightening apparatus are made of solar panels, and the functions of the turbine rotor are combined with the functions of the generator rotor.

и радиусом перехода между образующими

в пределах 0,1÷0,2 ед. в отношении радиуса к диаметру критический части сопла, при этом наружный диаметр корпуса сопла выполнен с криволинейными внутренними и внешними образующими R_b и R_H, где R_b не превышает половины среднегодовой амплитуды волны, а R_H не превышает среднегодовой половины длины волны, а коэффициент сужения-расширения сопла находится в диапазоне от 10 до 30 ед., фиксаторы предназначены для фиксации корпуса сопла на стойках после его подъема или опускания, выполненных с возможностью изменения своей длины, а сетки для сбора мусора установлены сверху и снизу корпуса сопла, ротор генератора содержит магнитные полюса, которые одновременно являются лопастями турбины, создающими электромагнитное поле, вырабатывающее электроэнергию за счет статора размещенного внутри корпуса сопла, содержащего рабочую обмотку, а рабочая обмотка возбуждающая магнитное поле расположена внутри лопастей турбины, причем для получения возбуждающего магнитного поля обмотка возбуждения расположена на роторе генератора или подключена к источнику постоянного тока через скользящие контакты, для генератора малой мощности лопасти турбины выполнены с постоянными магнитами, а корпуса сопла и лопастей направляюще-выправляющего аппарата изготовлены из солнечных батарей, улавливающих прямые и отраженные водой солнечные лучи.A device for generating electricity from a wave power plant from surface waves, contains a nozzle body, pipelines, a bladed turbine, a generator consisting of a rotor and a stator that generates electricity transmitted to the consumer via an electric cable, while the nozzle body is made in the form of a vertical symmetrical flat streamlined ring with narrowing and expanding parts, on which the blades of the guide-straightener are fixed, while one part, depending on the direction of flow, is made with the ability to work as a confuser, and the other - as a diffuser, the nozzle body is fixed on the ground with racks and installed at a certain height from the level of the wave crest, the bladed turbine is installed in the critical part of the nozzle, characterized in that the device is equipped with hinges, clamps, water pumps and nets that protect the bladed turbine from debris, installed on the nozzle body, which is installed at a certain height from the level of the wave crest due to water pumps owls that provide a change in the vertical position of the nozzle body by filling it with water or releasing it from it and at a certain angle of inclination relative to the water plane, directed towards the movement of the wave, due to hinges, while the vertical position of the nozzle body and the angle of inclination are adjusted by computer a program that works on feedback regarding the maximum amount of electricity generated by the generator, while to prevent deceleration of the surface wave flow, in which water particles move in a circle, the diameter of the nozzle body is made not exceeding the average annual half of the wavelength, and the height of the nozzle body is not exceeding the average annual amplitude waves. The generator is located under water, and the rotor axis is located with the possibility of rotation in the air due to magnetic clutches or lip seals, the bladed turbine is installed in a narrow critical part of the nozzle with the possibility of rotation in one direction, regardless of the direction of water flow, - straightening apparatus, which perform the function of holding a bladed turbine with a generator and at the same time the function of accelerators of the water flow, are placed at an angle between them in the range from 5 to 14 °, rounded in the form of a spiral in the direction of rotation of the turbine, and to reduce losses, the nozzle body is made with curvilinear generators and rounded transition radius into the critical section of the nozzle

and the transition radius between the generators

within 0.1÷0.2 units. in relation to the radius to the diameter of the critical part of the nozzle, while the outer diameter of the nozzle body is made with curvilinear inner and outer generators R _b and R _H , where R _b does not exceed half of the average annual wave amplitude, and R _H does not exceed the average annual half of the wavelength, and the coefficient narrowing-expansion of the nozzle is in the range from 10 to 30 units, the clamps are designed to fix the nozzle body on the racks after it is raised or lowered, made with the possibility of changing its length, and the garbage collection nets are installed above and below the nozzle body, the generator rotor contains magnetic poles, which are simultaneously turbine blades that create an electromagnetic field that generates electricity due to the stator located inside the nozzle housing containing the working winding, and the working winding exciting the magnetic field is located inside the turbine blades, and to obtain an exciting magnetic field, the excitation winding is located on the generator rotor and If it is connected to a direct current source through sliding contacts, for a low-power generator, the turbine blades are made with permanent magnets, and the housings of the nozzle and guide-straightening vanes are made of solar panels that capture direct and reflected sunlight from the water.

The group of inventions is illustrated by drawings, in which

in fig. 1 shows the installation of a wave power plant;

figure 2 - the upper blades of the apparatus;

in fig. 3 - upper and lower blades of the apparatus;

и длиной волны λ; распространение волны - на угол γ;.in fig. 4 - graph of a cosine wave with amplitude

and wavelength λ; wave propagation - at an angle γ;.

in fig. 5 - deep-water bridge, combined with wave power plants;

in fig. 6 - two roadbeds, where one canvas works for the passage of land transport, and the other is divorced for the passage of sea transport.

The proposed method is implemented by the wave power plant shown in Fig. 1. The installation includes a nozzle body 1, which is a converging and expanding vertical water nozzle. When water moves from top to bottom, the upper part of the housing acts as a confuser, and the lower part of the housing functions as a diffuser. When water moves from bottom to top, the functions of the confuser are performed by a diffuser, and the diffuser is performed by a confuser. The nozzle body 1 is kept at a stationary distance P from the ground 2, as it acts as a stationary platform around which the water flow moves. The body of the nozzle on the rods 3 is fixed on the ground 2 due to the tubular columns 4, inside which the rods move and are fixed in the desired position by the clamps 5. The total mass of the entire power plant can be changed by filling the body with water, which is pumped in and out by the water pump 6. To hold the body nozzles at a given distance from the ground, it is possible to loosen the clamps at the time of immersion, and then fix the desired position with the clamps on the rods. Water serves as an energy carrier, entering the nozzle body 1, and accelerates to the maximum speed in its narrowest part, i.e. in the critical section, where a propeller with blades is installed on the turbine 7, rotating on the axis 8. Turbine 7 begins to rotate under the pressure of an accelerated flow of water, where its blades are made according to the scheme of an impulse turbine by Babentsov I.A. or turbines of Wales. The turbine through the axis 8 rotates the rotor 9 of the generator 10 always in one direction, generating electricity regardless of the change in the direction of the water flow. (IA B. Apparatus for converting sea wave energy into electrical energy. US Patent 3,922,739, 1975).

To reduce the cost, the turbine is rigidly connected to the generator rotor, which rotates only in one direction, which can significantly reduce energy losses and increase the reliability of the design. For example, when the screw is rotated in one direction or the other, the turbine axis must be equipped with a clutch, which, when rotated in one direction, spins the first rotor of the first generator, and in the other direction the second rotor of the second generator. Without a clutch, it is necessary to use a mechanism for turning the turbine blades. An increase in the number of mechanisms reduces the reliability of the design, increases its weight and cost, but most importantly reduces the energy efficiency of the station. Therefore, in the critical section of the nozzle, a self-regulating turbine for converting wave energy is installed, which is an axial turbine of two main types: a Wales turbine or an impulse turbine.

The characteristics of these turbines have been investigated by experimental measurements and numerical simulations under irregular flow conditions at Saga University. Impulse turbines have been found to have the potential to outperform Wales turbines in overall performance under irregular flow conditions. In the proposed group of inventions, it is possible to use: an impulse turbine with guide vanes with automatic pitch control, an impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes, a Wales turbine with guide vanes, a W-T turbine with guide vanes, a W-T turbine with self-adjusting vanes. (Setoguchi T, Takao M. Current status of self rectifying air turbines for wave energy conversion. Energy Conversion and Management 2006; 47:2382-96), (Kim T-H, Takao M, Setoguchi T, Kaneko K, Inoue M. Performance comparison of turbines for wave power conversion. International Journal of Thermal Science 2001; 40:681-9).

The nozzle body, representing a stationary platform and keeping at a stationary distance P from the ground, depending on the amplitude and wavelength due to a computer program, regulates this distance with a change in the vertical and a change in the inclination angle γ in the plane relative to the water surface. The distance P from the ground to the nozzle body and the angle γ are automatically adjusted under the action of a computer program that fixes the body in space relative to the maximum level of power generation by the generator. Ideally, the critical section of the nozzle body is set in the plane of the average level of the wave 11, located in the center between the crest and the sole. The body is raised or lowered relative to the ground by means of the latch 5 and the water pump 6, which, pumping or pumping water into the nozzle body 1, moves it vertically up or down. Upon reaching a predetermined distance relative to the ground 2, the rods 3 are fixed with clamps 5 on the tubular column 4. The installation of the nozzle body relative to the wave level can be carried out by forcing or discharging water inside the tubular column, where the water, acting on the piston 12, raises or lowers the rod 3, which it is fixed in the desired position with a latch 5. The mechanisms can use both hydraulic and pneumatic lifting, which allows you to install the nozzle body above the ground at a given vertical distance and can install the nozzle body at an angle due to hinges 13, depending on the direction of wave movement. Thus, the nozzle body is installed at the desired depth from the level of the wave crest and bottom in the desired position and at a certain angle from the plane of the water surface. During a storm, the wave station sinks to a depth where power generation continues, but at the same time, the station body is protected from destruction.

The weight of the body of the wave station, made in the form of a platform adjustable in space, can be very light due to the inflatable shell that forms the contour of the nozzle. The weight of the turbine, racks and other components will be reduced through the use of carbon fiber. Consequently, it will be the lightest of all wave hydroelectric power plants that are currently operating in the world. Today, operating analogues of wave stations can produce no more than 3 kW per ton of weight. The proposed station will be able to generate at least 100 kW per ton of its own. The given data and calculations make it possible to note that the proposed wave hydroelectric power plant can be ten times smaller in size and weight than today's similar wave hydroelectric power plants, while it can generate hundreds of times more electricity. A wave power plant operating on an accelerated wave water flow will operate with greater efficiency and more stable than, for example, modern wave power plants using the pendulum swing principle. When the wave propagates from left to right, as shown in Fig. 1, the speed and direction of the particles of the water flow passing inside and outside the nozzle is constantly changing. In FIG. one shows the moment when the wave is in the upper extreme position above the wave power plant and its particle velocity along the vertical is equal to zero. When the wave is shifted by a quarter of the length λ, the particle velocity along the vertical in the center of the station will be maximum, at this moment the generator will produce maximum electricity, since the water particles take the vertical direction, where the velocity is maximum. When the wave is displaced by two quarters of the length λ, the velocity of the vertical flow will again be equal to zero. With a displacement of three quarters, the flow changes its direction and passes through the nozzle body from below, that is, the liquid particles move vertically upwards, developing maximum speed. At the next shift, the movement of particles along the vertical is completed and the movement of particles along the horizontal begins, as in the first position, that is, the period of the wave movement begins anew.

With each change in the direction of the flow of water passing through the nozzle, the turbine will first increase and then decrease the rotation speed to zero, and then rotate in the same direction, periodically speeding up and slowing down the rotation. To smooth out ripples during power generation, two or more wave power plants can be combined into a single power system.

This scheme is beneficial in that it allows all generators to be combined into a single system using one cable 14 for power transmission, as well as a common controller, inverter and other devices. The proposed design, due to the supports that can be changed along the length, allows you to change the angle of inclination of the nozzle body in order to further accelerate the flow of water passing through the nozzle and generate more electricity. Adjustment of the position of the nozzle body vertically and with an angle of inclination relative to the plane is provided by a computer program that adjusts the automatic control system relative to the speed of rotation of the turbine.

The proposed design may differ in the location of the generator, which may be under water or above water. When the generator is under water, the rotor 9 rotates due to the axis 8 in the air, and sealing against water is provided by magnetic clutches 15 or the axis can be sealed with lip seals. To reduce the cost of construction, the generator is installed above the nozzle body in the air.

For the safe operation of the wave power plant and to protect its turbine from large objects such as debris, living organisms and other massive particles, a protective grid is installed above and below the nozzle body. In FIG. 1, an upper mesh 16 is installed on top, and a lower mesh 17 is installed on the bottom of the nozzle housing. In addition to protecting the turbine from objects, the upper and lower meshes will serve as traps for marine debris, which will be removed by special services when accumulated. The grids do not affect the performance of the turbine, since their cell is chosen to be of such a size that it freely passes and releases the flow of water. To equalize and accelerate the flow of water, an upper straightening apparatus 18 is installed under the upper grid, and a lower straightening and directing apparatus 19 is installed above the lower grid. The apparatuses consist of profiled blades that reduce the friction of the water flow and increase the efficiency of the power plant.

In FIG. 2, 3 shows the upper blades of the apparatus 18, the upper and lower blades of the apparatus 19, which are twisted in a spiral in the direction of rotation of the turbine 7, which further reduces the friction of the water flow at the inlet and outlet of the turbine. The blades of the devices 18, 19 start from the outer diameter of the nozzle body 1 and, twisting in the direction of the vertical rotation of the turbine, also bend smoothly, directing and accelerating the flow of water to the turbine blades 7. To increase power generation, the surface of the nozzle body 1 and the blades of the devices 18, 19 is made from solar panels, which, generating additional electricity, transfer it to the consumer using the same electrical communications that are made to transmit wave electricity. This feature will allow the wave power plant to generate electricity from the sun during calm. The efficiency of a solar power plant placed in water will increase with increasing efficiency due to its cooling with water.

When using a pulse turbine and a Wales turbine, it is possible to combine the rotor with the turbine design, where the magnetic poles of the generator rotor are simultaneously the blades of a water turbine that create an electromagnetic field that generates electricity due to the stator located inside the nozzle body. This scheme will allow much more electricity to be generated by reducing the mechanisms, the mass of rotating parts and the natural water cooling of the generator rotor, which simultaneously performs the functions of a turbine.

As you know, for any electrical machine, it is necessary to have an electrically conductive medium (conductors) and a magnetic field that can move mutually. When an electric machine is operating in the generator mode, an EMF is induced in a conductor crossing a magnetic field, and a mechanical force acting on a conductor located in a magnetic field is observed when an electric current passes through it. (Katsman M.M. - Electrical machines: a textbook for students. Institutions of medium professional education - 13th ed., ster. - M .: Publishing house “Publishing center “Academy”, 2014, p. 9÷ 10; pp. 106÷107).

The design of an electrical machine consists of a fixed part called the stator. and rotating, called the rotor. The rotor is located in the stator bore and is separated from it by an air gap. One of these parts of the machine is equipped with elements that excite a magnetic field in the machine (for example, an electromagnet or a permanent magnet), and the other has a working winding of the machine.. Both the fixed part of the machine (stator) and the movable part (rotor) have cores made of soft magnetic material and have low magnetic resistance. At a wave power plant, an electric machine operates in the generator mode, where, when the rotor rotates under the action of an accelerated flow of water, the rotating blade of the turbine, where electromagnets are placed in the blades, EMF is induced in the conductors of the working winding and when the consumer is connected, an electric current appears. In this case, the mechanical energy of the accelerated water flow is converted into electrical energy. Thus, the wave power plant inside the nozzle housing places the working winding located on the stator, and the elements that excite the magnetic field are located inside the turbine blades and are the magnets of the generator rotor.

At wave power plants, permanent magnets on the rotor at the ends of the blades are used only in low-power generators. To generate electricity in large quantities, to obtain an exciting magnetic field, an excitation winding located on the generator rotor is used. This winding is connected to a direct current source through sliding contacts made by means of two slip rings located on the shaft and isolated from the shaft and from each other, and two fixed brushes.

.As already noted, the accelerated flow of water drives the turbine with a generator rotor placed inside with a different frequency n ₁ . In this case, the magnetic field of the rotor also rotates with a frequency of n ₁ and induces variable EMF in the three-phase stator winding E _a , E b _, E _c , which, being the same in value and shifted in phase relative to each other by 1/3 of the period (120 el. deg), form a three-phase symmetrical EMF system. With the connection of the load in the phases of the stator winding, currents appear I _A , I _B , I _C. In this case, the three-phase stator winding creates a rotating magnetic field. The frequency of rotation of this field is equal to the time-varying frequency of rotation of the generator rotor (rpm):

.

, где J - момент инерции якоря,

- угловая скорость вращения, рад/сек. В генераторном режиме эти моменты уравновешиваются механическим моментом M _мех ускоренного потока воды:

. Это выражение называют уравнением моментов генератора. Уравнение показывает, что в любой момент времени в генераторном режиме механический момент ускоренного потока воды уравновешивается моментами холостого хода, электромагнитным и динамическим. (Кулик Ю.А. - Электрические машины. - М.: Изд-во «Высшая школа», 1968г., стр. 63÷64).When the armature rotates, even in the case of idling, there is a moment of resistance M ₀ to rotation, which is caused by losses in the generator for friction, eddy currents and hysteresis. This moment is called the idle moment. Under load, as a result of the interaction of the armature current with the magnetic flux of the generator, a braking electromagnetic moment M arises. With any violation of the constancy of the rotation speed, a dynamic moment arises:

, where J is the moment of inertia of the armature,

- angular velocity of rotation, rad/sec . In the generator mode, these moments are balanced by the mechanical moment M _mech of the accelerated water flow:

. This expression is called the generator moment equation. The equation shows that at any time in the generator mode, the mechanical moment of the accelerated water flow is balanced by the idle moments, electromagnetic and dynamic. (Kulik Yu.A. - Electrical machines. - M .: Publishing House "Higher School", 1968, pp. 63÷64).

With electromagnetic excitation, the flux of the poles is created by excitation windings located inside the turbine blades, fed by direct current or in a self-excited generator, the excitation winding is fed by current from the armature of the same machine .

The proposed wave power plant can operate as a platform rigidly fixed at a certain distance P from the ground. At the same time, the design of the nozzle body is designed in such a way that the power plant generates the maximum amount of energy throughout the year. In order for the station to produce maximum energy relative to the vertical and horizontal flows of surface waves, it is necessary, using the computer program of the automated system, to locate the station at a certain immersion depth, which will vary depending on the change in amplitude and wavelength. When the amplitude and wavelength change, the rotation speed of the turbine will change, while the automatic control system will select the maximum rotation speed at which the position in the space of the wave power plant will be fixed. Unlike previously developed massive wave stations, the proposed station can be made of plastic, thin sheet metal and composite, making the nozzle body light and non-material, which reduces the construction cost and reduces the cost of installing the power plant. Using the mechanism for moving the structure vertically during storms, the station can be submerged under water to a safe depth, protecting it from extreme weather conditions, which gives an advantage over the prototype and analogues, while the generator will generate electricity at a safe depth. To reveal the operation scheme of a group of inventions, we will consider the physics of the surface wave process below.

, которая в невозмущенном состоянии совпадает с плоскостью

. При этом ξ представляет собой отклонение (со своим знаком) свободной поверхности жидкости от плоскости

в точке с координатами х, у в момент времени t. На неподвижном горизонтальном дне должно выполняться условие равенства нулю нормальной составляющей скорости

при

.

- амплитуда волны; θ - фаза волны; k и σ - волновое число и частота, связанные с длиной волны λ и периодом τ соотношениями

. Заметим, что удвоенное значение амплитуды волны

называют высотой волны. (Черкесов Л.В., Иванов В.А., Хартиев С.М. - Введение в гидродинамику и теорию волн. - Санкт-Петербург: Изд-во «Гидрометеоиздат», 1992г., стр. 154÷165).Following the general wave theory in FIG. four consider a liquid layer of constant depth H bounded from above by a free surface

, which in the unperturbed state coincides with the plane

. In this case, ξ is the deviation (with its own sign) of the free surface of the liquid from the plane

at the point with coordinatesX,at at the timet. On a stationary horizontal bottom, the condition of equality to zero of the normal component of the velocity must be satisfied

at

.

- wave amplitude; θ - wave phase;k and σ are the wavenumber and frequency, related to the wavelength λ and period τ by the relations

. Note that the double value of the wave amplitude

called wave height. (Cherkesov L.V., Ivanov V.A., Khartiev S.M. - Introduction to hydrodynamics and wave theory. - St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat Publishing House, 1992, pp. 154÷165).

на фиг. 4 представляет собой косинусоиду с амплитудой

и длиной волны λ. Точки, в которых свободная поверхность пересекает ось х (невозмущенную поверхность), называются узлами (

); точки максимума и минимума свободной поверхности называются соответственно гребнями (

) и подошвами (

) волны. Из

следует, что узловым точкам соответствуют значения фазы волны

Отсюда

, где

- координата n-й узловой точки. Таким образом,

), и все узловые точки волны перемещаются в положительном направлении оси x с одинаковыми скоростями

, где точка означает производную по времени. Легко видеть, что с такой же скоростью перемещаются гребни, подошвы и вообще любая фиксированная фаза волны

. Поэтому скорость

называют фазовой скоростью волны или скоростью движения волны. Будем обозначать ее v _ф , в отличие от v _x и v _z - составляющих скорости движения частиц жидкости. Так как профиль волны

перемещается, то эту волну называют движущейся или прогрессивной.Free surface profile

in fig. 4 is a cosine wave with amplitude

and wavelength λ. The points at which the free surface intersects the x -axis (the unperturbed surface) are called nodes (

); the points of maximum and minimum of the free surface are called, respectively, ridges (

) and soles (

) waves. From

it follows that the nodal points correspond to the phase values of the wave

From here

, where

- coordinate of the n -th nodal point. In this way,

), and all the nodal points of the wave move in the positive direction of the x -axis with the same velocities

, where the dot denotes the time derivative. It is easy to see that crests, soles and, in general, any fixed wave phase move with the same speed.

. Therefore, the speed

called the phase velocity of the wave or the speed of the wave. We will designate it v _f , in contrast to v _x and v _z - components of the velocity of fluid particles. Since the wave profile

moves, then this wave is called moving or progressive.

. Учитывая

, получаем

или

. Отсюда видно, что скорость распространения прогрессивной волны в глубоком бассейне пропорциональна корню квадратному из ее длины (

). Волны, фазовая скорость которых зависит от длины волны, называются дисперсионными, а соотношение, связывающее частоту, σ и волновое число k, называется дисперсионным. Таким, образом, рассматриваемые волны

являются дисперсионными, а соотношение

- дисперсионным соотношением.Phase velocity of waves in a basin of infinite depth

. Considering

, we get

or

. This shows that the propagation velocity of a progressive wave in a deep basin is proportional to the square root of its length (

). Waves whose phase velocity depends on the wavelength are called dispersive, and the relation relating the frequency, σ and wave numberk, is called dispersive. Thus, the considered waves

are dispersive, and the relation

- dispersion relation.

,

и

запишем выражения для составляющих скорости движения частиц жидкости в волновом процессе:

. Следовательно, амплитуды волновых скоростей затухают с удалением от свободной поверхности (

) по экспоненциальному закону [

] и на глубине, равной длине волны (

), в

(пятьсот) раз меньше, чем на свободной поверхности. С высокой степенью точности можно считать, что волновые возмущения при

не проникают на глубины, большие длины волны, и жидкость на этих глубинах (

) находится в покое. Так, для прогрессивной волны, амплитуда которой 50 см, а длина 60 м, (τ = 6,3 с), максимальные значения

и

на свободной поверхности равны 50 см/с, а на глубине 60 м - меньше 1 мм/с.Using

,

and

Let us write down the expressions for the components of the velocity of motion of fluid particles in the wave process:

. Consequently, the amplitudes of wave velocities decay with distance from the free surface (

) according to the exponential law [

] and at a depth equal to the wavelength (

), in

(five hundred) times less than on the free surface. With a high degree of accuracy, we can assume that wave perturbations at

do not penetrate to depths, large wavelengths, and liquid at these depths (

) is at rest. So, for a progressive wave with an amplitude of 50 cm and a length of 60 m, (τ = 6.3 s), maximum values

and

on the free surface are 50 cm/s, and at a depth of 60 m - less than 1 mm/s.

,

. Поэтому динамическое давление на глубине, равной длине волны в 500 раз меньше, чем на свободной поверхности. Это позволяет пренебрегать в области

волновым давлением по сравнению с гидростатическим. Следовательно, максимальная выработка электроэнергии за счет предлагаемой группы изобретений будет при расположении критического сечения корпуса сопла в плоскости невозмущенной поверхности (на среднем уровне волны) или когда центр турбины располагается по центру высоты волны, между гребнем и подошвой.As can be seen, the dynamic or wave pressure p ₂ decays with depth (moving away from the free surface) according to the same law as the wave velocities

,

. Therefore, the dynamic pressure at a depth equal to the wavelength is 500 times less than on the free surface. This makes it possible to neglect in the region

wave pressure compared to hydrostatic pressure. Therefore, the maximum power generation due to the proposed group of inventions will be when the critical section of the nozzle body is located in the plane of the undisturbed surface (at the average wave level) or when the turbine center is located at the center of the wave height, between the crest and the sole.

, положению гребня соответствует значение

, и, следовательно,

. Из

находим, что при этом

,

, т. е. частицы жидкости в гребне движутся горизонтально в направлении распространения волны. Подошве волны отвечают значения

,

, при этом

,

, т. е. частицы жидкости в подошве движутся тоже горизонтально, но в направлении, противоположном распространению волны. Узлу волны соответствует значение

, при этом

. В первом случае (

,

; узел первого рода) частицы жидкости движутся вертикально вверх (

,

), во втором случае (

;

; узел второго рода) частицы движутся вертикально вниз (

,

). Так как значения фазы θ вдоль волны меняются непрерывно, то узлы первого и второго рода чередуются. As seen from

, the position of the ridge corresponds to the value

, and hence

. From

we find that while

,

, i.e., fluid particles in the crest move horizontally in the direction of wave propagation. The bottom of the wave corresponds to the values

,

, wherein

,

, i.e., the fluid particles in the sole also move horizontally, but in the opposite direction to the wave propagation. The node of the wave corresponds to the value

, wherein

. In the first case (

,

; knot of the first kind) liquid particles move vertically upwards (

,

), in the second case (

;

; node of the second kind) the particles move vertically downwards (

,

). Since the values of the phase θ along the wave change continuously, the nodes of the first and second kind alternate.

) движутся по окружности вокруг своего положения равновесия. При этом радиусы окружностей (амплитуды колебаний) убывают с глубиной погружения частицы (

) по экспоненциальному закону [

]. Отметим, что амплитуды колебаний частиц жидкости, лежащих на Свободной поверхности (

), равны амплитуде волны, а находящихся на глубине, равной длине волны (

), составляют 0,2 % амплитуды волны. In FIG. 4 shows the velocity vectors of particle motion at characteristic points of a wave propagating in the positive direction of the x axis. As can be seen, liquid particles in a short progressive wave (

) move in a circle around their equilibrium position. In this case, the radii of the circles (oscillation amplitudes) decrease with the particle immersion depth (

) according to the exponential law [

] . Note that the oscillation amplitudes of fluid particles lying on the free surface (

), are equal to the wave amplitude, and located at a depth equal to the wavelength (

) make up 0.2% of the wave amplitude.

, где D _M - максимальное смещение (амплитуда колебаний) частицы от положения равновесия либо в продольном, либо в поперечном направлении [формула

, где мы заменили А на D _M ]. С помощью (

) можно выразить k через частоту:

. Таким образом,

. Масса т=pV, где р - плотность среды, а V - ее объем. Кроме того, V=Al, где A - площадь поперечного сечения, через которое проходит волна, а l - расстояние, которое волна проходит за время t: l=vt (здесь v - скорость волны). Таким образом,

иIn a sinusoidal wave with a frequency f , the particles of the medium perform harmonic oscillations, so that each particle has an energy

, where D _M is the maximum displacement (oscillation amplitude) of the particle from the equilibrium position either in the longitudinal or in the transverse direction [formula

, where we have replaced A with D _M ]. By using (

) can be expressed in terms of frequency:

. In this way,

. Mass m = pV, where p is the density of the medium, and V is its volume. In addition, V=Al, where A is the cross-sectional area through which the wave passes, and l is the distance that the wave travels in time t: l=vt (here v is the speed of the wave). In this way,

and

.(1)

.(one)

:If we consider the leading edge of a sinusoidal wave, approaching the region where there was no wave motion, it becomes clear thatE in formula (1) corresponds to the average energy that is transferred by the wave through the boundary of the region under consideration during the timet. Formula (1) is an important result that the energy carried by a wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude. The energy carried by a wave per unit of time is the average power

:

. (2)

. (2)

Finally, the intensity wavesI is defined as the average power transferred through a unit area of the surface perpendicular to the direction of energy flow:

. (3)

. (3)

We see that the intensity of the wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude. (Giancoli D. - Physics: In 2 vols. T. 1: Translated from English - M .: Mir, 1989, pp. 437-439).

As is known, the power per unit area of the flow cross section, i.e. specific flow power is equal to:

P/F=pv ³ /2,

where F is the flow area, m ² ;

p is the density of the flow substance, kg/m ³ ;

v - flow velocity, m/s;

P - power, W.

For a simplified calculation, it can be assumed that power can be removed from one square meter covered by the turbine due to the wind flow: P \u003d 0.22 v ³ , due to the fact that the water density exceeds the average air density by 775 times, from one square meter blocked by the turbine, due to the water flow, you can remove the power: P = 162 v ³ , since the flow of air or water accelerates a special device - a nozzle consisting of a confuser and a diffuser, it is necessary to calculate its parameters in such a way that it has a minimum surface area at the maximum possible efficiency per one or another diameter of the turbine installed in the critical section of the nozzle (the narrowest section of the nozzle). (Under the editorship of D. de Renzo. Translation from English by Ph.D. Zubarev V.V., Frankfurt M.O. - Wind power. Section - Wind characteristics, - M .: Energoatomizdat Publishing House, 1982 .).

The cross section of the concentrator (confuser) can be square, rectangular, round or have an arbitrary shape. In the confuser, there is a continuous increase in the speed of water to the highest speed at the turbine inlet.

When using a nozzle body in the proposed group of inventions, the captured water flow, reflected from the body plane, is accelerated several times before entering the turbine. After passing through the turbine, the water flow exits through the same planes, but already representing a diffuser, since the space between these planes begins to expand in its cross section.

As you know, the force of resistance to water flow depends on the shape of the body, where the body in the form of a plate creates a sufficiently high resistance to the water flow, since behind it a whole area of chaotic vortex movement of water is formed, since the pressure drops greatly. The resistance of confusers can be significantly reduced by making a smooth transition from a larger section to a smaller one, using curvilinear generatrices (along a circular arc or other curve), as well as rounding the straight walls of the confusers at the exit to the critical section where the turbine is installed. (Idelchik I.E. - Handbook of hydraulic resistance. - 3rd ed., revised and before. - M.: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1992. P. 672).

и

определенной величины, где

- радиус перехода в критическое сечение сопла, а

- радиус перехода между образующими согласно данных (Идельчик И.Е. - Справочник по гидравлическим сопротивлениям. - 3-е изд, перераб. и до. - М.: Изд-во «Машиностроение», 1992г., стр. 250-251). Например, при величине радиуса r_b, достигающем 0,2 в отношении r _b /Д ₀ сопротивление можно снизить более чем в 5 раз. При дальнейшем увеличении радиуса r, трение снижается незначительно. Для дополнительного снижения трения необходимо делать скругление по радиусу

, например, при величине радиуса

достигающим 0,1 в отношении r _H /Д ₀ , сопротивление можно снизить более чем в четыре раза.To reduce losses, the nozzle body shown in FIG. 1, where D _H is the outer diameter of the nozzle body, is made with curvilinear generatrices R _b and R _H , where R _b is the inner, and R _H is the outer generatrix of the nozzle and with rounded radii

and

a certain value, where

is the radius of transition to the critical section of the nozzle, and

- the radius of transition between the generators according to the data (Idelchik I.E. - Handbook of hydraulic resistance. - 3rd ed., revised and before. - M .: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1992, pp. 250-251) . For example, with a radius r _b reaching 0.2 in relation to r _b /D ₀ , the resistance can be reduced by more than 5 times. With a further increase in the radius r, the friction decreases slightly. To further reduce friction, it is necessary to make a rounding along the radius

, for example, with a radius

reaching 0.1 in relation to r _H /D ₀ , the resistance can be reduced by more than four times.

где

- площадь на входе в сопло,

- площадь сечения водного потока в критической части сопла и относительной длины l _g /Д ₀ и l _k /Д ₀ , где l _g - длина диффузора, l _k - длина конфузора.Determine the exact resistance to water flow through the confuser and diffuser is quite problematic, since it is very difficult to calculate the losses for swirl, compression (expansion), heat transfer and other unaccounted for factors. (Idelchik I.E. - Handbook of hydraulic resistance. - 3rd ed., revised and before. - M .: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1992. P. 672). However, according to experimental and theoretical data, it is known that the speed of water entering the turbine will depend on the contraction-expansion angle β, the degree of contraction-expansion

where

- area at the entrance to the nozzle,

- cross-sectional area of the water flow in the critical part of the nozzle and relative lengthl _g /D ₀ andl _k /D ₀ , wherel _g - diffuser length,l _k - confuser length.

For example, with a significant increase in the degree of narrowing of the confuser more than 20, the flow of water passing through the confuser begins to decrease, that is, it becomes inefficient to make the degree of narrowing too large. According to the data, for conical diffusers, which include the design of the nozzle body, the optimal expansion ratio is in the range of 6÷10. For a wave station, the ratio l ₀ /D ₀ , where l ₀ is the length of the critical part of the nozzle, can be considered equal to zero, therefore ζ _d - the drag coefficient of the diffuser will be insignificant. (Idelchik I.E. - Handbook of hydraulic resistance. - 3rd ed., revised and before. - M .: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1992, p. 209, tables 5-1)

When selecting the degree of constriction of the confuser and expansion of the diffuser, it is necessary to use experimental data, according to which, taking into account the maximum capture of the area of the water flow, the optimal degree of constriction and expansion according to the upper value is taken equal to ten. Taking into account the fact that this value was obtained for ideal conditions of the experiment and the flow of a stream moving along the axis of the nozzle, then, as applied to a surface wave moving along a circle, this value can be increased by two to three times. Thus, the optimal degree of narrowing - expansion for a wave station will be in the range from 10 to 30.

Flow conditions in short diffusers (with large expansion angles) can be significantly improved and resistance reduced if flow separation is prevented in them or vortex formation is weakened. The main measures that contribute to the improvement of the flow in confuser-diffusers include: blowing off the boundary layer; installation of guide vanes (deflectors) and dividing walls. To reduce the resistance to flow at the wave power plant, in addition to the use of fillets, stationary blades of the guide and straightening apparatus are provided, which perform the function of a structure that holds the turbine with a generator and at the same time the function of water flow stabilizers.

According to the data, the optimal angle for the confuser, formed between the planes of the guide vanes, is in the range from 5 to 40°, while for the diffuser it is in the range from 4 to 14°. Taking into account the fact that in this case, when changing the direction of the water, the diffuser changes to the confuser and vice versa, it is advisable to choose the overall angle based on the overlapping range from 5 to 14°. Therefore, the number of blades of the guide and straightening stationary apparatus will be in the range from 25 to 72 blades on each side of the nozzle. (Idelchik I.E. - Handbook of hydraulic resistance. - 3rd ed., revised and before. - M .: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1992).

Taking into account the optimization of the design from an economic point of view, namely, the reduction of material consumption for the construction of the nozzle body, it is necessary to strive for the largest possible angle β shown in Fig. 1. To do this, you need to know the real ratio of the wave height to its length. The acceptable degree of constriction of the confuser can be in the range from 10 to 30, the optimal degree of constriction is 20. maximum power. For strong water flows, it is also advantageous to use the largest degree of constriction, since this regulates the flow. Too strongly tapering confuser, with strong waves, will not allow a large flow of water to pass through itself, thereby protecting the turbine from destruction. That there is an alignment of the rotation of the turbine, despite significant fluctuations in the speed of water flows.

Taking into account that water particles move in a circle in a surface wave, it is necessary to tilt the nozzle body relative to the horizon towards the wave propagation by an angle γ, which is shown in Fig. 4, where the inclination of the body of the nozzle 1 allows more efficient capture of the flow of water particles moving in a circle. Water particles in the crest gaining maximum speed in a horizontal direction in a larger volume will be captured by the upper plane of the nozzle body inclined to the flow at an angle γ, and water particles in the bottom of the wave will more effectively enter the lower part of the nozzle body, the plane of which will also be inclined to this stream.

The undulating movement of the liquid surface, where the particles move in a circle, should be used to maximize the capture of accelerated particles by the nozzle body, to direct the accelerated flow to the turbine blades. In FIG. 3 shows the location of the nozzle body 1 on the ground 2, due to the rods 3, which, by changing the length, allow you to set any value of the angle γ in any direction along the plane.

The largest sizes of surface waves in the open ocean are found in the southern hemisphere, where a continuous water ring covers the land, and where the land does not constrain the waves. Waves up to 400 m long and up to 12 m high were observed in this area, with periods up to 18 sec. And propagation speed up to 15 m per second. The average indicators of ocean waves can be considered a length of 90 m, a speed of 13.5 m / s, a height of 3.5 m and a period of 7 seconds. In practice, due to the intersection of different waves in the directions, the total wavelength decreases, therefore, the calculation of the station dimensions and the angle β must be made taking into account real waves. The average wavelength, for example, in the Black Sea is 18 m, where the average wave height reaches 1.25 m, a period of 4 seconds with a propagation speed of 4.5 m/s. Therefore, the diameter of the body of the nozzle of a wave power station cannot exceed half the wavelength, that is, a diameter of 9 m, since the station, operating on vertical waves, should not capture waves that go vertically in opposition to each other. In height, the nozzle body cannot exceed a wave height of 1.25 m, since with an increase in the body dimensions in height, the depth of its immersion increases, where the particle velocity decreases. On the contrary, if the high-sized body is not deeply immersed, then the upper horizontally accelerated layers of water will not be captured. Therefore, with a station diameter of 9 m and a nozzle body height of 1.25 m, the contraction-expansion angle β will be equal to 165°. Taking into account the fact that shorter wavelengths can be formed more often by the average annual number of days, we will take the station diameter to be 4.5 m, height 1.25 m, where β is 149°. A kunfuzor-diffuser nozzle of this diameter will capture an area of water equal to 16 m ² . With a contraction-expansion coefficient of 10, the cross-sectional area in the critical part of the nozzle where the turbine is installed will be 1.6 m ² , that is, the diameter of the critical part of the nozzle will be 1.43 m, where, taking into account the area occupied by the turbine, the contraction-expansion coefficient will be equal to 20 In the narrow part of the nozzle, with a wave height of 1.25 m, the flow reaches a speed of 10 m / s, due to this, the generated power from one square meter will be:

W=162×V ³ = 1162×10 ³ = 1162 kW.

Therefore, with a water flow area of 0.8 m ² , the turbine will theoretically generate 130 kW. For the Wales turbine, where the efficiency is 55%, the actual output will be 72 kW, for the I.A. Babentsov turbine, where the efficiency is 87%, the output will be 113 kW.

As you know, the Black Sea is inland, so it cannot produce higher waves. For waves produced in the oceans of the southern hemisphere, the averages are in the range where the wavelength is 36 m, the wave height is 3.5 m, the period is 6 sec, and the propagation velocity is 6 m/s. The vertical height of the nozzle housing for this station can be up to 3.5 m. The diameter of the nozzle for the southern hemisphere wave station can be made within 18 m, while water will be captured from an area of 250 m ² .

With a contraction-expansion ratio of 10, the area of the narrowest part of the nozzle will be 25 m ² , with a diameter of 5.6 m. A wave 3.5 m high with a period of 6 seconds will move vertically with a maximum speed of 1.2 m / s. The maximum speed of the water flow in the narrow part of the nozzle with a contraction-expansion ratio of 20 will be 24 m/s. From one square meter in the narrow part of the nozzle, the station will generate power equal to:

W=162×V ³ = 162×24 ³ = 2240 kW

The area for the passage of water in the narrow part of the nozzle, where the turbine is installed, is 12.5 m ² , therefore, theoretically, the plant will generate a power equal to 28 MW, but with an efficiency of 55% it will be 15 MW, and with an efficiency of 87% it will be 24 MW.

The design of the proposed wave station can be made with a massive body and installed on the ground in a given position without height adjustment relative to the ground, for example, if the body and supports are a reinforced concrete structure. Thus, if you do not move the wave station in space, which will be made without additional lifting-tilting mechanisms, it is possible to install it as a support, such as a breakwater, a bridge or a road over water. For example, these stationary structures of wave power plants, made of reinforced concrete and installed in a line, can serve as breakwaters, protecting the coastal line. The hull of one station on the surface, which is heavier than water and is held on the ground by rigid struts without position adjustment, will be connected to the hull of another station, while performing the functions of a bridge and a road along which electric vehicles move. This design of the wave station, which combines the functions of a road bridge, will be especially relevant for the operation of electric vehicles in environmentally friendly areas such as the Black Sea, Caspian or Baltic coasts.

In FIG. 5 shows a variant of a deep-water bridge combined with wave power plants, where the nozzle body 1 is installed in line on rods 3 and hinges 13, which are fixed at the top to the roadbed 20, and at the bottom with a pipeline 21, consisting of sections. Inside the pipeline there is a communication line 22, through which electric cables are carried out for the transmission of electricity. When generating electricity by wave power plants, it is possible to organize the production of desalinated water or hydrogen, which will be transported through communication line 22.

The pipeline 21 serves as a support for the wave stations and the roadbed 20 and is kept afloat due to the buoyant Archimedean force and due to the cables 23 passing through the upper loops 24 and the lower loops 25, fixed on the anchors 26. The inner part of the cavity of the pipeline 21 has a volume filled with air, which is able to keep the entire structure afloat, including wave power plants and the roadbed. The pipeline in the inland seas is located at a depth of 5÷10 m from sea level, where it is not exposed to surface waves, which makes it possible to build sea roads without installing long piles at great depths. The proposed road design can be used, for example, in the Black Sea to connect the Adler airport and the seaport of Sochi, where the straight line is only 20 km. Due to the construction of the sea road, it is possible to significantly unload the land route, reduce the wave load on the coast and clean up the garbage. A 10 m wide sea road, along which a line of wave stations will be located, will generate power on a 2 m high wave, approximately 1 MW per 10 m of length, or 100 MW per 1 km of the road. Therefore, a 20 km long road is capable of generating 2 GW of electricity.

For the passage of ships at the beginning and end of the road with roadbed 20 shown in FIG. 6, the section for the passage of the vessel is opened from two sides, due to the adjustable floating sections 27. Two sections 27 with wave stations and the pipeline diverge in different directions, freeing up space for the passage of ships according to the scheme of the floating drawbridge. The frequency of clearing the roadway will depend on the accumulation of a certain number of ships.

In FIG. 6 shows two roadbeds at once, where one roadbed works for the passage of land transport, and the other is divorced for the passage of sea transport, which, entering between the roads, then passes or exits when one roadway closes and the other opens.

The proposed scheme for the construction of wave power plants with a smooth road can be used, for example, to connect Europe with Africa in the area of the Strait of Gibraltar, where the depth of the strait reaches one kilometer. According to this scheme, it is possible to build a road from the Crimea to Turkey or from Russia to Iran along the Caspian Sea. The construction scheme of wave power plants and road surfaces can simultaneously function as gas, oil and chemical pipelines, which can be placed in a transport line located inside an air pipeline, where energy for pumping organic chemistry is used from wave power plants. The energy generated by the wave power plant is used to pump out and pump air or water to the pipeline holding the roadbed, which allows the entire structure to be lowered to a depth to avoid storm effects on the structure or to free up space for the passage of ships.

Therefore, this group of inventions can be useful for widespread implementation in the national economy.

Claims (9)

1. A method for generating electricity by a wave power plant from surface waves, which consists in the fact that the nozzle body is made in the form of a vertical symmetrical flat streamlined ring with narrowing and expanding parts, on which the blades of the guide-straightener are fixed, with one of the parts depending on the direction flow works as a confuser, and the other as a diffuser, the nozzle body is fixed on the ground with racks and set at a certain height from the level of the wave crest, the bladed turbine is installed in the critical part of the nozzle, the kinetic and potential energy of the surface wave is converted into rotation of the bladed turbine and the rotor of the generator that generates electricity, by accelerating the water flow with a confuser and slowing down the flow with a diffuser, characterized in that the turbine is protected by garbage collection nets that are installed on the nozzle body, which is installed at a certain height from the level of the wave crest due to water pumps that provide changing the vertical position of the nozzle body by filling it with water or releasing it from it and at a certain angle of inclination relative to the water plane, directed towards the movement of the wave, due to hinges, while adjusting the position of the nozzle body vertically and the angle of inclination due to a computer program running on feedback regarding the maximum amount of electricity generated by the generator, and to prevent deceleration of the surface wave flow, in which water particles move in a circle, the diameter of the nozzle body is made not exceeding the average annual half of the wavelength, and the height of the nozzle body is not exceeding the average annual wave amplitude. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nozzle body is automatically placed in the surface wave volume with the maximum amount of kinetic and potential energy using a computer program and an automated control system (ACS) to capture the maximum amount of energy during the circular motion of the flow entering the the nozzle body both from above and below, while the bladed turbine installed in the critical part of the nozzle is rotated in one direction, regardless of the direction of water flow, and the resistance to the incoming and outgoing water flow is reduced by twisting the blades of the guide-straightener to the side rotation of the vane turbine and due to the geometry of the nozzle body, in which between the outer and inner planes a smooth transition is made from large sections to smaller ones due to curvilinear generatrices and rounding of the planes of the nozzle body. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that with the help of a computer program and an automated control system, a wave power plant is submerged under water to a safe depth during storms, preventing destruction of the structure, with the possibility of ensuring the operation of the generator, while to change the vertical position, the nozzle body is filled water or freed from it using a water pump, to smooth out pulsations in the generation of electricity, two or more wave power plants are combined into a single electrical circuit with the possibility of using the created structure for collecting debris particles that are caught from above and below by protective grids. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface of the nozzle body and the blades of the guide-straightener is made of solar panels, and the functions of the turbine rotor are combined with the functions of the generator rotor. 5. A device for the production of electricity due to a wave power plant from surface waves, containing a nozzle body, pipelines, a bladed turbine, a generator consisting of a rotor and a stator that generates electricity transmitted to the consumer via an electric cable, while the nozzle body is made in the form of a vertical symmetrical flat streamlined rings with narrowing and expanding parts, on which the blades of the guide-straightener are fixed, while one part, depending on the direction of flow, is made with the ability to work as a confuser, and the other - as a diffuser, the nozzle body is fixed on the ground with racks and installed at a certain height from the crest level waves, the bladed turbine is installed in the critical part of the nozzle, characterized in that the device is equipped with hinges, clamps, water pumps and nets that protect the bladed turbine from debris, installed on the nozzle body, which is installed at a certain height from the level of the wave crest due to water pumps that provide a change in the vertical position of the nozzle body by filling it with water or releasing it from it and at a certain angle of inclination relative to the water plane, directed towards the movement of the wave, due to hinges, while adjusting the vertical position of the nozzle body and the angle of inclination is carried out by computer a program that works on feedback regarding the maximum amount of electricity generated by the generator, and to prevent deceleration of the surface wave flow, in which water particles move in a circle, the diameter of the nozzle body is made not exceeding the average annual half of the wavelength, and the height of the nozzle body is not exceeding the average annual amplitude waves. 6. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the generator is located under water, and the rotor axis is located with the possibility of rotation in the air due to magnetic clutches or lip seals, the bladed turbine is installed in a narrow critical part of the nozzle with the possibility of rotation in one direction outside depending on the direction of movement of the water flow, while the stationary blades of the straightening device, which perform the function of holding the bladed turbine with the generator and at the same time the function of accelerators of the water flow, are placed at an angle in the range from 5 to 14 °, rounded in the form of a spiral in the direction of rotation turbine, and to reduce losses, the nozzle body is made with curvilinear generatrices and rounded transition radius into the critical section of the nozzle

and the transition radius between the generators

within 0.1÷0.2 units. in relation to the radius to the diameter of the critical part of the nozzle, while the outer diameter of the nozzle body is made with curvilinear inner and outer generators R _b and R _H , where R _b does not exceed half of the average annual wave amplitude, and R _H does not exceed the average annual half of the wavelength, and the coefficient contraction-expansion of the nozzle is in the range from 10 to 30 units. 7. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the clamps are designed to fix the nozzle body on the racks after it is raised or lowered, made with the possibility of changing its length, and the debris collection nets are installed above and below the nozzle body. 8. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the generator rotor contains magnetic poles, which are simultaneously turbine blades that create an electromagnetic field that generates electricity due to a stator located inside the nozzle housing containing a working winding, and a working winding that excites a magnetic field , located inside the turbine blades, and to obtain an exciting magnetic field, the excitation winding is located on the generator rotor or connected to a DC source through sliding contacts. 9. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that for a low-power generator, the turbine blades are made with permanent magnets, and the housings of the nozzle and blades of the guide-straightening apparatus are made of solar panels that capture direct and reflected sunlight from the water.

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