RU2766695C1 - Sapropel-based biofertiliser and method for production thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in crop cultivation, in arable farming for increasing the soil fertility, and in land reclamation. A sapropel-based biofertiliser including sapropel, poultry manure, effective microorganisms, water and a modifying filler, according to the invention, sapropel and manure are used in the form of extracts taken at a ratio of 1:4 by dry matter, cultures of Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria and Trichoderma viride micromycete are used as effective microorganisms at a ratio of 1:1, wherin a mineral component - zinc sulfate is used as a modifying filler. The method for producing the sapropel-based fertiliser therein including mixing sapropel and manure in a material processing unit, adding a mixture of the modifying filler and introducing effective microorganisms thereto using a dosing apparatus, sapropel and manure are applied in the form of extracts taken at a ratio 1:4 by dry matter, the mixture produced on the basis thereof is used as a substrate for subsequent fermentation, cultures of Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria and Trichoderma viride micromycete are used as effective microorganisms in a ratio of 1:1, wherein the total volume of the working solution of microorganisms constitutes no less than 0.5% of the volume of fermented substrate, the pH of the working medium during fermentation is 5.5 to 6.7, fermentation is executed by the aerobic method wherein the substrate mass is periodically stirred for 15 minutes at an interval of 1 hour and bubbled with pure air in a volume of 120 to 280 m³ per cubic meter of the culture fluid during the entire fermentation period.

EFFECT: creation of a biofertiliser usable in crop cultivation, in arable farming for increasing the soil fertility, and in land reclamation.

2 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in crop production, in agriculture to improve soil fertility, as well as in land reclamation.

Currently, one of the most urgent is the problem of increasing soil fertility. The stabilization of the humus reserve in the soil is determined by the influx of organic substances into it. Under the conditions of agricultural land use, a large role is assigned to organic fertilizers.

Sapropels are bottom sediments of freshwater reservoirs, which are organomineral complexes of substances formed from the remains of plant and animal organisms. The thickness of sediments for lakes of the forest belt is usually 3-10 m. But there are deposits up to 20 and even 40 m thick (V.P. Germanov. Use of sapropel deposits of North Karelia lakes as fertilizers / V.P. Germanov // Soil cultivation and application fertilizers in Karelia, Petrozavodsk, 1988, pp. 49-56).

A huge amount of finely dispersed deposits of sapropel accumulates at the bottom of reservoirs, in particular, only in Russia sapropel reserves are estimated at 50 billion m ³ (Lishtvan I.I. The use of sapropel in the national economy / I.I. Lishtvan, M.Z. Lopatko. - Minsk , 1976). Sapropel extracted from reservoirs is usually used as a fertilizer.

Sapropel contains the necessary elements of plant nutrition: phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, as well as trace elements and some biologically active substances. The group composition of the organic mass of sapropel deposits varies within the following limits (%): humic acids - 11.3-43.3; fulvic acids - 2.1-23.5; hemicellulose - 9.8-52.5; cellulose - 0.4-6.0. Sapropels also contain all the nutrients necessary for plants (%): N 1.2-3.4; CaO 2.3-33.5; P ₂ O ₅ 0.14-0.19; MgO 0.5-1.5; K ₂ O 0.1-0.6; trace elements (Vasilyev V.A. Handbook of organic fertilizers / V.A. Vasilyev, N.V. Filippova. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1988. - S. 124-125).

According to the total nitrogen content (average 2%), sapropel is on a par with chicken manure (1.5-2.5%) and can be considered as a source of nitrogen for plants and microorganisms.

However, organic matter alone is not enough, since it is microorganisms and bacteria that play a direct role in saturating the earth, developing immunities against a number of diseases and pests. The multilateral and effective influence on the improvement of the work of the microorganism Azotobacter chroococcum and the fungus Trichoderma viride has been proven.

The significance and functionalization of Azotobacter chroococcum in the cycle of all living things is as follows - it is a binder for plants that lack atmospheric nitrogen, therefore it is able to release it as a necessary soil component - the ammonium ion. In practice, it is difficult to meet this type of bacterium in its pure form, but as a component of natural-based nitrogen fertilizers, this is a common practice, especially since Azotobacter is a direct producer of a number of biopolymers.

The fungus Trichoderma viride plays a significant role in improving the organoleptic properties of soils. This is a common soil fungus that has been used in agriculture for more than 70 years. Developing on the surface of the roots of any plants, it increases their absorption capacity, creates a natural barrier for phytopathogenic flora and enhances immunity. In addition, in the process of nutrition, Trichoderma decomposes polysaccharides, converting the nutrients available in the soil into a form that is easily digestible by plants. Its main advantage is that the ridges treated with Trichoderma are almost never affected by fungal diseases.

Zinc sulfate (zinc sulphate) is a universal mineral microfertilizer used for all types of agricultural crops. Zinc sulfate is used to improve soil fertility as a fertilizer containing zinc and sulfur. Zinc in plants activates the action of enzymes, is part of the enzymatic systems involved in respiration, the synthesis of proteins and auxins, increases the heat, drought and cold resistance of plants, and plays an important role in regulating growth processes.

It has been proven that the use of fresh sapropel by alluvium on the fields causes a deterioration in the water-air regime of the soil, as well as the agrophysical properties of the soil (Grishina L.A. Effect of alluvium sapropel fertilizers on the agrochemical properties and humus state of soddy-gley soil / L.A. Grishina , N.A. Kurmysheva // Agrochemistry. - 1990. - No. 6. - P. 113-118). It is known that nitrogen in sapropel is represented by amino acids, proteins and is not absorbed by plants (Popov P.D. Organic fertilizers. Reference book / P.D. Popov, V.I. Khokhlov. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1988. - P. 54- 55). In connection with these facts, sapropel is used in the form of composts and extracts, since during composting, inaccessible forms of nutrients are transferred into mineral forms accessible to plants.

Known, taken as an analog, is a method for producing fertilizer from sapropel (patent RU 2245309 C02, C05F 7/00, publ. 01/27/2005), including pre-drying in a horizontal drum-type rotary kiln, separating foreign inclusions on a sorting machine, grinding, adding additives , mixing and granulating in a press extruder.

The disadvantages of the known method are the loss in the technological process of part of the nutritional properties of natural sapropel and the lack of dimensional stability of the resulting granules, which makes it difficult to accurately dose when applied to the soil, and the associated excessive consumption of fertilizer.

The closest technical solution taken as a prototype is a method for obtaining fertilizer from sapropel (patent RU 2 619 472 C05F 7/00, publ. 16.05.2017), including the extraction of sapropel from the lake, drying with of the filler, litter is used in an amount of at least 10%, sapropel and filler are subjected to joint mixing with a bactericidal preparation, dispersion and disinfection at a material processing plant in a flow mode, then a suspension of effective microorganisms is introduced into the disinfected mass using a dispenser.

At the same time, the biofertilizer obtained by this method contains sapropel, with the addition of at least 10% litter and effective microorganisms as part of the well-known Vostok EM-1 formulation, which includes drinking water, sugar, molasses, a complex of lactic acid bacteria, yeast and their metabolic products in the following concentration: 1 cm _{3 of} the preparation contains at least 1*10 ₃ CFU of lactic acid bacteria and 1*10 ₂ CFU of yeast.

Biofertilizer based on sapropel, including sapropel, bird droppings, effective microorganisms, water and a modifying filler, according to the invention, sapropel and droppings are used in the form of extracts, taken in a ratio of 1:4 by dry matter, cultures of bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and micromycete Trichoderma are used as effective microorganisms viride in a ratio of 1:1, while the mineral component, zinc sulfate, is used as a modifying filler.

The disadvantage of the prototype is the insufficiently effective accumulation of soil-forming microorganisms in biofertilizer, the loss in the technological process of part of the nutritional properties of natural sapropel, as well as bird droppings.

The technical result of the claimed invention is to eliminate these shortcomings and improve the supply of cultivated plants with the entire complex of mineral substances, ensure the accumulation of humus in the soil, improve soil structure and its suppressiveness.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method for producing sapropel fertilizer, including mixing sapropel and manure at a material processing plant, adding a modifying filler to the mixture and introducing effective microorganisms into it using a dispenser, according to the invention, sapropel and manure are used in the form of extracts taken in the ratio 1:4 by dry matter, the mixture obtained on their basis is used as a substrate for subsequent fermentation, cultures of bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and micromycete Trichoderma viride in a ratio of 1:1 are used as effective microorganisms, while the total volume of the working solution of microorganisms is at least 0, 5% of the volume of the fermented substrate, the pH of the working medium during fermentation is 5.5-6.7, fermentation is carried out in an aerobic manner, in which the mass of the substrate is periodically mixed for 15 minutes with an interval of 1 hour and is bubbled with clean air in a volume of 120 to 280 m ³ for each th cubic meter of culture fluid during the entire fermentation period. In this case, a mineral component, zinc sulfate, is used as a modifying filler.

Comparative analysis of the proposed solution with known methods for obtaining sapropel fertilizer allows us to conclude that it meets the criterion of "NOVELTY", since as a result of the patent information search, the proposed set of essential features of the invention was not found.

Comparison of the claimed technical solution with the known ones made it possible to identify signs that are not obvious to a specialist of average qualification in connection with the technical result achieved by the entire set of essential features. This allows us to conclude that the proposed technical solution complies with the criterion of "INVENTIVE STEP".

The claimed technical solution meets the criterion "INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY", as it can be used in agriculture in the conditions of existing enterprises.

The ratio of the extract of sapropel, extract of bird droppings: 1:4 in terms of dry matter and the introduction of cultural microorganisms in a ratio of 1:1 in an amount of at least 0.5% of the total volume of the working solution of microorganisms from the volume of the fermented substrate.

Technological parameters of cultivation of microorganisms: 18-24 hours at a temperature of 24-28°C, followed by a decrease in temperature to 14-16°C and a duration of subsequent fermentation for 28-36 hours. Maintaining the pH of the medium during fermentation at the level of 5.5-6.7.

The essence of the invention is revealed by an example of a specific implementation based on experience.

The experiment was carried out in the Department of Feeding and Physiology of Farm Animals of the Krasnodar Scientific Center for Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine.

The aim of the research was to study the use of the Sashami biopreparation prepared according to the claimed method, which involves increasing crop yields, improving soil structure, enriching it with organic matter, available nitrogen and, as a result, resistance to anthropogenic factors.

To achieve the intended goal, the following tasks were performed:

1) to determine in laboratory conditions by germination in Petri dishes the germination energy and germination of seed material of four varieties of winter vetch without treatment and with their treatment with biological preparations "Sashami" prepared according to the claimed method;

2) to carry out an agrochemical analysis of the soil before and after the application of the Sashami biological product, prepared according to the claimed method.

Tables 1, 2 present the experimental data of the experiment on the germination of seeds of four varieties of winter vetch in Petri dishes, in which a positive dynamics of germination energy and seed germination was established when they were treated with a solution of the biological product "Sashami" prepared according to the claimed method.

The studies were carried out according to the scheme below (Table 1).

The object of research was the seeds of four varieties of winter vetch (Orlan, Lugovskaya 2, Chernomorskaya, Glinkovskaya) and the biofertilizer "Sashami". The studies were carried out according to the "Methodology of the field experiment" B.A. Dospekhova (M.: Alyans, 2014) and the Methodological Instructions of the V.I. V.R. Williams (Moscow, 1989).

The microfield experiment was laid on October 18, 2019, on the territory of the experimental field of the FGBNU KNTsZV in the village. Znamensky. The predecessor is blue hybrid alfalfa. Repetition of plots three times. The actual area of the plot is 5 m ² , the accounting area is 1 m ² .

According to table 2, we can judge a significant increase in the energy of seed germination when treated with the biological product "Sashami" prepared according to the claimed method (an average of 20%).

The results of the germination determination were as follows: all results were significant (p<0.001), the germination energy of the Orlan variety was 20.0% higher compared to the control, the Lugovskaya 2 variety was 20.3% higher, and the Chernomorskaya 23.5% higher. , Glinkovskaya by 17.3%.

Determination of seed germination (Table 2) showed high reliability in almost all research options.

An increase in the number of germinating seeds was also observed in the variants with the use of the biological product "Sashami": in the Orlan variety by 11.8%, Lugovskaya 2 - by 10.5%, in the Chernomorskaya - by 12.0%, compared with the control indicators (p <0.001). Seeds of the variety Glinkovskaya showed germination in relation to the control was higher by 8.8% (p<0.01). Based on the data obtained, we can talk about the effectiveness of the use of a biological product prepared according to the claimed method, already at the stage of pre-sowing seed treatment (an average of 11.0%).

The biological product "Sashami" was also used in the field. The studies were carried out in the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory on an experimental plot of the FGBNU KNTsZV, which is characterized by climatic conditions as a zone of unstable moisture. The soils are represented by powerful leached chernozem with a heavy loamy granulometric composition. Under the winter vetch-triticale mixture (winter vetch variety Lugovskaya 2 together with winter triticale variety Svat) in early spring (04/01/2020), top dressing was carried out with biofertilizer "Sashami" at the rate of 5 ml / 10 l of water. Also on April 15, 2020, foliar top dressing (spraying) was carried out, as this is the most effective way to supply the plant with the necessary nutrients. The concentration of the solution is 3 ml / 10 l of water.

Soil agrochemical parameters were taken before the study and after harvesting. The data are presented in table 4.

The effect of the use of biofertilizer "Sashami" was observed, first of all, in terms of the amount of nitrates, which, with the use of fertilizer prepared according to the claimed method, increased in the soil by 3 times, as well as exchangeable ammonium (by 19.0%), mobile potassium (by 5 0%), mobile phosphorus (by 34.8%) and organic matter - humus (by 1.3%). The results of an agrochemical study indicate the feasibility of using the Sashami biopreparation prepared according to the claimed method, its positive effect, first of all, on the nutrient component of the soil.

The biofertilizer obtained by the claimed method is convenient to use, enriched with a mineral component, beneficial microorganisms and micromycetes, mobile forms of nutrients and organic matter, which allows us to conclude that the claimed invention has achieved the technical task.

Claims (2)

1. Biofertilizer based on sapropel, including sapropel, bird droppings, effective microorganisms, water and a modifying filler, characterized in that sapropel and droppings are used as a substrate for subsequent fermentation and are a mixture of extracts taken in a ratio of 1:4 by dry matter , cultures of bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and micromycete Trichoderma viride in a ratio of 1:1 are used as effective microorganisms, while the total volume of the working solution of microorganisms is at least 0.5% of the volume of the fermented substrate, and the mineral component - zinc sulfate is used as a modifying filler . 2. A method for producing sapropel fertilizer, including mixing sapropel and litter at a material processing plant, adding a modifying filler to the mixture and introducing effective microorganisms into it using a dispenser, characterized in that the mineral component is used as a modifying filler - zinc sulfate, sapropel and litter are used in the form of extracts taken in a ratio of 1:4 by dry matter, the mixture obtained on their basis is used as a substrate for subsequent fermentation, cultures of the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and micromycete Trichoderma viride are used as effective microorganisms in a ratio of 1:1, while the total volume the working solution of microorganisms is at least 0.5% of the volume of the fermented substrate, the pH of the working medium during fermentation is 5.5-6.7, fermentation is carried out aerobically, in which the mass of the substrate is periodically mixed for 15 minutes with an interval of 1 hour and bubbling clean air in a volume of 120 to 280 m ³ per cubic meter of culture liquid during the entire fermentation period.