RU2458894C2 - Method of producing biofertiliser - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The method of producing biofertiliser, which involves mixing sapropel and crushed straw, composting and aeration, wherein the sapropel and straw are mixed in ratio 2.5:1, are moistened, the moisture content of the mixture is kept at 60-70% and ambient temperature is kept at 10-30°C.

EFFECT: invention provides crops with the entire system of minerals, facilitates humus accumulation in the soil, improves soil structure and alleviates the negative effect of pesticides.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in crop production, in agriculture to increase soil fertility, as well as in the reclamation of land disturbed during mining operations.

Currently, one of the urgent is the problem of increasing soil fertility. The stabilization of humus in the soil is determined by the entry of organic substances into it. In the conditions of agricultural land use, a large role is given to organic fertilizers. However, the need for them is satisfied only by 30% (Preobrazhensky K.I. Biological utilization of wood on reclaimed lands / K.I. Preobrazhensky. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1988. - P.3). This leads to a significant decrease in soil fertility - there is a loss of agronomically valuable structure, the effectiveness of the applied mineral fertilizers decreases, and erosion processes progress.

In this regard, the use of secondary raw materials and waste, which is potentially an effective substitute for manure and other organic fertilizers, is gaining importance. One of these types of raw materials are sapropels.

Sapropels are bottom sediments of freshwater bodies of water, which are organo-mineral complexes of substances formed from the remains of plant and animal organisms. The thickness of sediments for lakes in the forest strip is usually 3-10 m. But there are deposits with a thickness of up to 20 and even 40 m (Germanov V.P. Application of sapropelic deposits of lakes of North Karelia as fertilizers / V.P. Germanov // Soil cultivation and application fertilizers in Karelia. - Petrozavodsk, 1988. - P.49-56).

A huge amount of finely dispersed sapropel deposits accumulate at the bottom of reservoirs, in particular, only in Russia, sapropel reserves are estimated at 50 billion m ³ (Lishtvan I.I. Use of sapropel in the national economy / I.I. Lishtvan, M.Z. , 1976). Sapropel, extracted from water bodies, is usually used as fertilizer.

Sapropel contains the necessary plant nutrients: phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, as well as trace elements and some biologically active substances. The group composition of the organic mass of sapropelic deposits varies in the following ranges (%): humic acids - 11.3-43.3; fulvic acids - 2.1-23.5; hemicellulose - 9.8-52.5; cellulose - 0.4-6.0. Sapropels also contain all the nutrients necessary for plants (%): N 1.2-3.4; CaO 2.3-33.5; P ₂ O ₅ 0.14-0.19; MgO 0.5-1.5; K ₂ O 0.1-0.6; trace elements (Vasiliev V.A. Handbook of organic fertilizers / V.A. Vasiliev, N.V. Filippova. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1988. - P.124-125).

According to the total nitrogen content (on average 2%), sapropel is on a par with chicken droppings (1.5-2.5%) and can be considered as a source of nitrogen for plants and microorganisms.

Known methods for introducing pure sapropel by flooding the fields (RF patent 2040880, IPC A01C 21/00, A01C 23/00, publ. 08/09/1995. The method of washing the sapropel onto the fields), including the washing with a stream of sapropel pulp, dehydration and subsequent stocking of sapropel fertilizer , while the washing is carried out when changing the consistency of the pulp and the method of washing the sapropel into the fields (RF patent 2021692, IPC A01G 23/00, publ. 10/30/1994), which involves the washing of sapropel in a check on strips of furrows without rollers, cut on previously moistened and compacted soil alternating with the plot E deep loosening of soil.

Also known are methods of using sapropel fertilizers in dried loose and granular form (RF Patent 2041866, IPC C05F 7/00, publ. 08/20/1995; Method for the extraction and production of sapropel fertilizer), which involves drying and mixing of sapropel, cleaning of foreign matter, and then granulating or grinding it; The method of extraction and production of sapropel fertilizer (RF patent 2070550, IPC C05F 7/00, publ. 12/20/1996), including the excavation of sapropel from the lake, transferring it to the filtration site, drying, laying with a layer, additional continuous tedding of the layer. A filler may be added to the drying layer.

Also known is the technology for producing a marketable product from sapropel (sapropek.narod.ru/p21.htm dated 05/29/2010), including the process of dehydration or freezing of primary raw materials.

However, the effect of sapropel on the soil is ambiguous. So, the reclamation of fresh sapropel in the fields causes a deterioration in the water-air regime, the agrophysical properties of the soil (Grishina L.A. Influence of the reclamation of sapropel fertilizers on the agrochemical properties and the humus state of sod-gley soil / L.A. Grishina, N.A. Kurmysheva / / Agrochemistry. - 1990. - No. 6. - S.113-118).

In addition, nitrogen in sapropel is represented by amino acids, proteins and is not absorbed by plants (Popov P.D. Organic fertilizers. Reference book / P.D. Popov, V.I. Khokhlov. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1988. - P. 54- 55).

It is preferable to use sapropel in the form of composts, which eliminates the negative impact on the soil of fresh sapropel and translates the nutrients contained in it into mineral forms accessible to plants.

A known method of producing organic fertilizer, adopted as a prototype (ed. Certificate 1742277, M. Cl. C05F 3/00, publ. 06/23/1992), including composting, while as an organic component use earthen sludge or sapropel, straw section and grass of weeds, and superphosphate and bleach as mineral components, and composting is carried out for 1.5-2 months with aeration, which is carried out by slitting the composted mass to the entire depth of the stack 10-15 days after the composting begins , but ATEM after 20-30 days after the first slotting.

Its disadvantages are as follows.

This method is complicated in execution, requires the use of many components, the use of weed plants for composting is undesirable, since the seeds of weeds are quite resistant to adverse factors, retain viability for a long time and can germinate when compost is used as fertilizer. The use of superphosphate - an artificial mineral fertilizer leads to a violation of the natural cycle of substances, leaching from the soil into water bodies, which causes eutrophication of water bodies. The use of bleach for disinfection leads to the destruction of beneficial bacteria in the fertilizer, it is dangerous for humans, since chlorine compounds, when reacted with organic substances, turn into dioxins - extremely toxic substances that are stable in the environment. Therefore, we can conclude that the use of the proposed structure is environmentally dangerous and unacceptable.

The technical result of the claimed invention is to improve the provision of cultivated plants with the whole complex of mineral substances, to ensure the accumulation of humus in the soil, to improve the structure of the soil, to mitigate the negative effects of pesticides.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of producing biofertilizer, including mixing sapropel and chopped straw, composting and aeration, according to the invention, sapropel and straw are mixed in a ratio of 2.5: 1, moisten, maintain the moisture value of the mixture in the range of 60-70%, and ambient temperature within 10-30 ° C.

A method of obtaining biofertilizer is as follows.

The straw is pre-crushed into segments of 3-5 cm. The crushed straw provides a more loose laying and a homogeneous structure of the composted mass, which is convenient with further mixing and contributes to better aeration of the mass.

Sapropel and straw are mixed in a ratio of 2.5: 1 (2.5 parts of sapropel and 1 part of straw). When composting sapropel with straw, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen C: N = 25: 1, optimal for the activity of microorganisms, is achieved. Sapropel acts as a source of nitrogen, and straw as a source of carbon. In addition to straw from cereals, any other straw can be used. Cereal straw was selected as the least suitable for use as fertilizer without prior composting, as the C: N ratio in it is 80: 1 - 100: 1 (Beadleston A.J. Composting and biodegradation of straw / A.J. Beadleston, K.R. Gray // Ecological biotechnology. Edited by K.F. Foster and D.A. Visa. - L .: Chemistry, 1990.- S.228-230, S.242-243). The ratio of components of 2.5: 1 was established experimentally and is optimal. In this case, the finished compost is well structured, the loss of organic mass in the composting process is small.

The resulting mixture is moistened, aerated by regular stirring, maintain the humidity of the mixture 60-70%. Water is necessary in the composting process, as the nutrients for microorganisms must be dissolved in water before they become available for consumption by them. At low humidity (less than 30%), the rate of biological processes drops sharply; at too high humidity, voids in the compost structure are filled with water, which limits the access of oxygen to microorganisms. Aeration is necessary to enhance the metabolism of aerobic microorganisms involved in composting. In addition, the air stream removes carbon dioxide formed during the life of microorganisms.

For favorable microbiological processes, the ambient temperature is maintained in the range of 10-30 ° C.

Composting time is 1.5-2 months. During this time, complete decomposition of the straw is achieved. Studies have shown the highest activity of microbiological processes, which gradually fades after 2 months of composting. In the case of an increase in composting time over 2 months, nitrogen is lost from compost (volatilization in the form of ammonia).

In studies, composting was carried out in galvanized baths with a capacity of 80 l.

In the claimed technical solution, sapropel with straw of cereal crops (hereinafter straw) was composted.

Straw is a massive agricultural waste. The composition of the chemical elements of straw is very different, but, on average, straw contains: 0.5% nitrogen, 0.25% phosphorus, 0.8% potassium, 35-40% carbon in the form of organic compounds (Mineev V.G. Agrochemistry / V.G. Mineev. - M.: Moscow State University, 1990. - S.151, S.290-291). Straw is characterized by a high content of nitrogen-free substances (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and a low content of nitrogen and mineral elements.

In the degradation of straw, carbohydrates, hemicellulose, protein compounds, and then cellulose and lignin are decomposed first.

The main reasons for the insufficient use of straw as a fertilizer: long-term transformation of straw in the soil due to the high percentage of hardly decomposable components (cellulose, lignin); phytotoxic effect (Beadleston A.J. Composting and biodegradation of straw / A.J. Beadleston, K.R. Gray // Ecological biotechnology. Edited by K.F. Foster and D.A. Vise. - L .: Chemistry, 1990. - S.228-230, S.242-243; Sidorenko O.D. Toxic compounds of straw / O.D.Sidorenko, L.K. Nitse // Using straw as an organic fertilizer. - M .: Nauka, 1980 . - S.55-57); immobilization of soil nitrogen and, as a consequence, a decrease in crop yields (Mishustin E.N. Microbiology / E.N. Mishustin, V.T. Emtsev. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1987. - P.238-240, P.301) .

Due to the poverty of straw with nitrogen, the fixation of available soil nitrogen by microorganisms continues until the carbon: nitrogen ratio C: N decreases to 20-25. If nitrogen (mineral or organic fertilizers) is not additionally added to the soil together with straw, signs of nitrogen starvation may appear in cultivated plants. Therefore, straw is plowed into the soil with nitrogen fertilizers or with liquid manure (at least 3-5 tons per 1 ton of straw).

With a ratio of C: N = 25: 1, the straw decomposes vigorously and creates favorable conditions for plant nutrition.

Since the decomposition of straw in the soil is inhibited due to the low content of the nitrogen source available for microorganisms, preliminary composting the straw with nitrogen sources (for example, sapropel) before introducing it into the soil increases the rate of its transformation.

Due to the rigid structure, straw in the compost provides the mixture structure necessary for aeration.

An example of a specific application of the method.

Example 1. Mix sapropel with chopped straw in a ratio of 3: 1. The mixture is moistened and composted with regular stirring and a moisture content of 60-70% for 1.5 months. Ready compost is a mass of dark gray, quite dense consistency.

An increase in the proportion of sapropel in compost is undesirable, since it leads to a deterioration in the structure of the compost, loss of friability, and, as a consequence, deterioration in aeration.

Example 2. Mix sapropel with chopped straw in a ratio of 2.5: 1. The mixture is moistened and composted with regular stirring and a moisture content of 60-70% for 1.5 months. Ready compost is a mass of dark gray-brown color, with a loose structure.

Example 3. Mix sapropel with chopped straw in a ratio of 1.5: 1. The mixture is moistened and composted with regular stirring and a moisture content of 60-70% for 1.5 months. Ready compost is a mass of dark gray-brown color, loose structure, greatly reduced in volume.

In example 3, with a low sapropel content, a large decrease in organic material (more than 40%) occurs due to the activity of microflora, which mineralizes organic compounds into carbon dioxide and water. Such losses are undesirable since the task of composting is to obtain organic fertilizer.

In the process of composting, plant debris (straw) underwent complete destruction. The rate of destruction of straw, on average, was 18 times higher than the speed of the same process when plowing straw into the soil. It is noted that straw contributes to the loose laying of sapropel, improving compost aeration.

Due to the intensified activity of the community of microorganisms of various groups, the organic substrate undergoes transformations with the formation of a stable final humified product. Microorganisms, excreting extracellular enzymes, break down high molecular weight compounds, such as cellulose, lignin, proteins and amino acids, turning them into mineral substances (ammonium compounds, nitrates, carbon dioxide, water, etc.).

The number of microorganisms in the finished compost was 1.5 × 10 ⁹ microorganisms / g, which indicates a high biological activity of the substrate.

Plant residues stimulate the propagation of cellulose-destroying microorganisms, the number of which grows during composting. When determining the cellulolytic activity of microorganisms in the decomposition of flaxseed (the method of "applications" by E.N. Mishustin, I.S. Vostrov and A.N. Petrova) (Methods of soil microbiology and biochemistry / edited by D.G. Zvyagintsev. - M .: Moscow State University, 1991. - P.277) it was found that after 6 weeks from the beginning of composting, the degree of decomposition of fiber was 83.2%, while in the control experiment (pure sapropel) - 47.3%.

The results of agrochemical analysis showed that in the experimental sample, as compared to the control, the content of mobile forms of nutrients (K ₂ O, P ₂ O ₅ ) increased, the ash content decreased due to an increase in the organic part. During composting, organic nitrogen is mineralized into an ammonia form, readily available to plants (table).

Agrochemical analysis of samples (exposure time 1.5 months)

Sample K ₂ O, mg / 100 g P ₂ O ₅ , mg / 100 g NO ₃ mg / 100 g N total.,% N ammonia, mg / 100 Ash Straw + sapropel 91 96 9.3 1.68 358.5 40.1 Sapropel 40 62 16.6 1.94 22.4 56.7

Conducted microbiological studies showed a higher number of microorganisms of various taxonomic and physiological groups, their activity, species richness in the experimental version compared to the control at all stages of biofertilizer preparation. The resulting biofertilizer is enriched with microflora, mobile forms of nutrients, organic matter, has a loose structure and is suitable for application to the soil. The optimal ratio of biofertilizer components is 2.5: 1 (2.5 parts of sapropel and 1 part of straw).

Claims (1)

A method of producing biofertilizer, including mixing sapropel and chopped straw, composting and aeration, characterized in that sapropel and straw are mixed in a ratio of 2.5: 1, moisten, maintain the humidity value of the mixture within 60-70%, and the ambient temperature in between 10-30 ° C.