RU2754926C1 - Structured artificial soil (constructed soil) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: structured artificial soil is a constructed soil containing three layers, and the lower layer includes a natural fibrous material, and one of the other layers includes a nutrient soil-forming mixture, while the lower layer as a natural fibrous material contains distributed sheep wool, the layer including a nutrient soil-forming mixture is the upper one and artificial chernozemic soil containing a mixture of ground natural serpentinite is used as this layer, also containing natural clay and ground brown coal with a grain size of no more than 3 mm and a mass ratio of the first two components with the third, respectively, from 0.6 to 1.5 and from 0.1 to 1.0, granulated serpentinite was used as the middle layer, the granules of which have a size of no more than 2.5 mm and are covered with sheep wool fat, while the following values of the masses per unit area of the components forming the upper, middle and lower layers (kg/m2) are used: 90-110, 20-30, 2-3.EFFECT: invention makes it possible to ensure the versatility of a structured three-layer artificial soil with the possibility of its application both to ordinary soils and to the conditions of semi-desert and sandy desert territories.3 cl, 6 dwg, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to obtain artificial soils intended for growing herbaceous and woody forms of plants in indoor or outdoor conditions, mainly for the development and landscaping of desert areas and increase the fertility of already developed desert soils.

Plant roots, being in close contact with soil particles and sparingly soluble substances, are able to perceive the nutrients they contain, exerting a known dissolving effect on sparingly soluble substances. Unlike ordinary homogeneous soil substrates, structured artificial soils belonging to the class of constructozems (see, for example: Suslenkova M.M. Structural and functional organization of model constructozems of different structures in the conditions of Moscow. ., Moscow State University, biologo-soils. F-t, 2019, 146 p., [1]), allow to rationally distribute in the soil space surrounding the lower and upper parts of the plant root, various organic and inorganic components that ensure moisture retention, supply nutrients, maintaining the vital activity of bacteria, maintaining the acid-base buffer properties of the soil, ensuring the stability of the soil structure, which has the necessary drainage properties, properties associated with the entry of air into the soil. Moreover, such structuring can be provided both vertically and horizontally with respect to the soil surface. This makes it possible to distribute not only in space, but also in time (depending on the distance to different parts of the plant root) the entry into the plant of those ions that are more necessary for the synthesis of organic substances, for the construction of new cells, tissues and organs. In addition, the selective absorption of cations and anions from the components of the created soil by plants determines the optimal physiological acidity or physiological alkalinity.

Structured artificial soils can be created by introducing into a certain layer of natural soil useful additives evenly distributed along the height and horizontally in the form of small or large granules, lumps or other bodies separated by phase boundaries. For example, structured artificial soils can be created using compressed tablets, granules or rollers made from sheep wool waste in accordance with US patent application No. 20170144943, publ. 05/25/2017 [2]. Untreated sheep wool contains wool fat - lanolin, which is a nanoemulsion that is well absorbed by plants, wool with lanolin retains moisture well, in addition, untreated wool contains organic animal waste, which is a good fertilizer. This is an example of a single layer structured artificial soil. In most cases, such single-layer artificial substrates in the form of separate components or whole composite mixtures are simply poured onto the surface of less fertile soil and form a second layer in open ground or a single-layer indoor ground is made from them (to which the concept of "structured" can no longer be applied). At the same time, in open ground conditions, single-layer artificial soil and natural soil form a single combined artificial structured system in which the layers exchange soil water, nutrients, microorganisms, and heat with each other. Many such developments are known in which a single-layer artificial soil is applied to natural soil.

Here are some examples.

In accordance with the invention for RF patent No. 2132122, publ. 06/27/1999 [3], under the arable soil layer (on the lower non-arable part) create a so-called mesh screen of ground zeolite with a thickness of 0.5-1 cm.

From the RF patent No. 2148904 (publ. 20.05.2000 [4]), a composition and a method of manufacturing a soil-replacing peat briquette for growing plants, mainly for a prefabricated lawn, are known. Briquettes are formed from a composition containing, by weight. %: turf from 60 to 98 and peat, crushed to a finely dispersed state - the rest. The resulting soil-replacing ameliorants-briquettes have increased moisture capacity, high rate of water saturation and nutritional properties.

Known inventions, in accordance with which the layer of artificial soil consists of a moisture-absorbing material, which is natural sapropel, and a biologically active substance, which can be carbon black of plant origin (20-40%) (RF patent No. 2301825, publ. 27.06.2007 [ 5]) or peat with additives of glauconite, diatomite and silt sediments of treatment facilities (RF patent No. 2416592, publ. 20.04.2011 [6]).

There is also known artificial soil in the form of a nutritious moisture-accumulating composition (RF patent No. 2557618, publ. 07/27/2015 [7]), which uses: water, moisture-accumulating sorbent, namely, 5-30% of straw and / or grain husking waste, and / or wood sawdust and / or shavings and / or peat subjected to mechanical activation; organic-mineral nutrient filler, namely, 10-40% humus and / or peat and / or biocompost, and / or sapropel, and / or clay, if necessary, balanced in terms of NPK content with mineral fertilizers and microelements, potassium and / or sodium humate ...

Known bio-soil air (RF patent No. 2543805, publ. 03/10/2015 [8]), for the preparation of which mixed animal waste and other organic waste, add peat, marginal soil and other fillers and the resulting mixture is crushed into lumps of different sizes.

Known layer of artificial soil for the so-called mulch coating to improve the condition of natural soil (RF patent No. 2617740, publ. 04.22.2016 [9]). The composition of the mulch coating contains components at the following ratios, parts by weight: lignosulfonate (0.1-0.5), carbamide (0.4-0.8), double superphosphate (3-6), Na-carboxymethylcellulose (0.3 -0.4), sawdust (8-9) and sapropel (16-20).

In addition to the fact that individual developments are relatively expensive, a common disadvantage of developments according to the inventions [2-9] is that for the beneficial use of the surface layer of each of the proposed soil substrates in open ground conditions, it is necessary to have an underlying natural soil, less or more fertile, but involved in agricultural turnover. Therefore, these developments cannot be used in deserts for landscaping and cultivating fertile soils.

The structured two-layer artificial soils described in patent documents [10-13], briefly commented below, have the same general disadvantage.

In accordance with the development according to the USSR author's certificate No. 1794342 (publ. 02.1977 [10]), two layers are created in the arable part of natural soils - a shielding bottom layer of bentonite or bentonite-like clays and an upper layer: manure mixed with glauconite clay rich in potassium. In addition to prolonged potassium addition, the general focus of this invention is to increase the cation exchange capacity of clays in both layers.

In the development under the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2412583 (published on February 27, 2011 [11]), a sod is proposed - a structured two-layer artificial soil, in which there is an underlying layer, which is a hydrolytic lignin with a thickness of 6-8 cm, and an upper nutrient layer based on sewage sludge treatment facilities. These layers are laid on a densely packed layer of natural soil.

In RF patent No. 2477947 (publ. 03/27/2013 [12]), a two-layer artificial soil in the form of a lawn sod is described. The sod composition includes a layer of organic substrate obtained by aerobic fermentation of a mixture of animal waste and litter sawdust, on top of which a layer of nutrient substrate is applied, which is used as expanded vermiculite with granules up to 2 mm in size. The disadvantage of such a substrate is that it has an unstable structure and therefore a short service life. In addition, the substrate is intended for growing turf; it is not suitable for growing cultivated and woody plants.

In RF patent No. 2663576 (publ. 08/07/2018 [13]), a two-layer artificial soil with a more stable structure is described. It consists of two layers, which are a mixed organic substrate - vermiculite, vermiculite and layered aluminosilicate, and the upper layer is distinguished by the fact that it is enriched with light and highly porous volcanic rocks.

International patent application PCT / PL2020 / 000021 (publication WO 2021006751 dated January 14, 2021 [14]) is devoted to the creation of a two-layer structured artificial soil that can be used for the reclamation of unproductive degraded, desert and semi-arid areas, including the application directly to the natural soil of a protective lower layer , ensuring its stabilization and providing support for the surface layer applied to the specified bottom layer. In this case, waste fibrous materials are used as the bottom layer, for example, wet used sanitary towels, napkins and / or diapers soaked in chlorinated water, and as a surface layer - a multicomponent composition in the form of a balanced mixture of crushed components of waste fiber and additional absorbent substances that retain water and seeds of various types of grasses and other plants, as well as fertilizers and / or mineral additives, a mixture of which provides favorable conditions for the accumulation of moisture, as well as for the growth and development of vegetation. The disadvantage of this development is the need to collect distributed textile waste on a large scale.

Particularly noteworthy are the various structures of structured three-layer types of soil substrates.

A three-layer biomat according to the RF patent for a useful model No. 116739 (publ. 06/10/2012 [15]) includes a filler layer in the form of a nutrient mixture, placed between two layers and fastened to them, containing plant seeds. The top layer is made in the form of woven or non-woven fabrics or fine nets with a mesh size of 3-5 mm from decaying natural cotton, or jute, or coconut, or linen, or other fibers of vegetable origin, or combinations thereof, and a permeable layer is used as the bottom layer. paper, under which a carrier biodegradable mesh is located. The disadvantage of this three-layer system is that it cannot be applied in sandy deserts.

Known inventions according to patent documents [16-17] related to three-layer structured artificial soils, adapted for sandy desert areas.

The development according to the patent application of the Russian Federation No. 2006141611 (published on June 10, 2008 [16]) is a device for landscaping sandy deserts, containing three technical coating layers. The first layer is made of adhesive film, the second layer is made of fertile soil, the third is made of a fine mesh. The disadvantage of this development is the need to use natural fertile soil.

In US patent No. 10772265 (published on September 15, 2020 [17]), a structured three-layer artificial soil is proposed. Its lower layer is the so-called superhydrophobic sand, in which the sand particles are coated with a copolymer of polystyrene-polymethyl methacrylate and divinylbenzene (PS-PMMA / DVB), the middle layer is the so-called superhydrophilic sand, in which the sand particles are coated with an aqueous gel of cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAM) , and the top layer is clean sand covering the entire system. In this development, the bottom layer, as a hydrophobic screen, prevents water loss associated with its escape into deep sand layers. The middle layer is a water-retaining component. The main disadvantage of this development is the lack of versatility in the use of such constructose, which is not suitable for ordinary soils, since it blocks water exchange. Associated with this are the limitations between the outer and deep soil layers. Another disadvantage is the high cost of such a development.

The technical solution closest to the proposed one is a structured three-layer artificial soil according to RF patent No. 2321982 (published on 20.04.2008 [18]) in the form of a biomat, which allows the possibility of restoring damaged areas of soil and vegetation on them.

This three-layer structure includes two layers of a canvas containing artificial fibers of chemical origin, and placed between them and attached to them, a middle layer containing plant seeds. Natural fibers are added to the canvas to form a mixture of natural and synthetic fibers, containing by weight 15-50% of synthetic fibers and 50-85% of natural fibers from materials that, upon biodegradation, form a nutrient medium for plants. The middle layer, in addition to plant seeds, additionally contains a nutrient mixture consisting of fertilizers, plant growth stimulants and soil-forming additives, and natural or artificial sorbing substances are added to it. The structure can be deployed on any soil surface, performs the function of an artificial soil layer with a high water-holding capacity, and protects the soil surface from erosion processes.

However, the design according to the patent [18] does not have universality, it contains elements adapted to restore or increase the fertility of ordinary soils, and it, like a number of those mentioned above, is not intended for sandy deserts. In addition, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the nutrient layer with soil-forming additives is not clearly defined.

The proposed invention is aimed at achieving a technical result, which consists in ensuring the versatility of a structured three-layer artificial soil with the possibility of its application both to ordinary soils and to the conditions of semi-desert and sandy desert territories. Another type of achieved technical result is the use in the proposed constructosem of an unambiguously defined and smaller number of components.

In the structured artificial soil-constructose according to the invention, as well as in the closest one known from the patent [18], containing three layers, the lower layer includes natural fibrous material, and one of the other layers includes a nutrient soil-forming mixture.

To achieve the specified technical result in artificial soil-constructose according to the proposed technical solution, in contrast to the closest known one, the lower layer contains distributed sheep's wool as a natural fibrous material. The layer containing the nutrient soil-forming mixture is the upper one. As this layer, artificial black earth was used, which is a mixture of crushed natural serpentinite, natural clay and crushed brown coal with a mass ratio of the first two ingredients with the third, respectively, from 0.6 to 1.5 and from 0.1 to 1.0, and the size of their grains is not more than 3 mm. As a middle layer, granular serpentinite is used, the granules of which, having a size of not more than 2.5 mm, are covered with sheep's wool fat. In this case, the following are the values per unit area of mass of the components that form, respectively, the upper, middle and lower layers (kg / m ² ): 90-110; 20-30; 2-3.

Serpentinite, which is part of the upper layer, having ultrabasic (alkaline) properties (see RF patent No. 2316479, publ. 02/10/2008 [19]), neutralizes the acidic properties of brown coal. Therefore, by adjusting the ratio with coal in the above-mentioned ranges (0.6-1.5), it is possible to provide an optimal pH value. Outside of this range, when the serpentinite / coal ratio is less than 0.6, as shown by tests, the mixture becomes completely acidic and unsuitable for acidic soils. With a ratio of more than 1.5, the total content of humic substances decreases (up to 40% compared to the initial content in brown coal), which sharply reduces the agrotechnical efficiency. Possessing anion-exchange capacity (see [19]), serpentinite helps to retain useful anions: phosphates, nitrates and sulfates, preventing their leaching. In addition, serpentinite itself is a proven and used fertilizer containing magnesium, calcium, iron and useful microcomponents.

The clay component is a cation exchanger and, having a moderate cation exchange capacity, allows you to retain useful cationic nutrients, in particular, ammonium and potassium. The use of a ratio of natural clay / ground brown coal exceeding the upper limit of 1.0 of the above interval (0.1-1.0) is impractical, since with a higher clay content, as tests show, even with uniform mixing, it can cake with loss draining properties. When the ratio is less than the lower limit of 0.1 of the specified range, the selective cation exchange capacity of the composition to potassium and ammonium becomes negligible, and the presence of clay becomes useless.

The component brown coal contains humic substances in a bound state and is a source of organic substances. In addition, brown coal, having a low specific gravity, provides a loosened structure and low density of artificial soil. As follows from patents of the Russian Federation No. 2005763 (published on January 15, 1994 [20]), No. 2008302 (published on February 28, 1994 [21]), brown coal has been tested as a soil ameliorant.

The interaction of ultrabasic serpentinite and weakly acidic brown coal provides a long-term formation of assimilable humates, regulated by the needs of plants, which are especially useful in the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the upper layer of constructose.

Finally, the combination of the topsheet components is also an effective water-retaining material.

Granular serpentinite with granules coated with woolen fat, forming a middle layer, which sorbed lanolin during its production with the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes with functional groups of the latter, retains lanolin for a long time stably without the formation of individual fatty phases not assimilated by plants. At the same time, it serves as an intermediate medium for intensifying the transfer of lanolin to plant roots. Finally, having weakly alkaline buffer properties, serpentinite, as well as in the composition of the upper layer, contributes to the maintenance of the optimal pH range for most plants = 6-7. With the indicated size of the granules, they have a total surface that allows the sorption of fat containing a sufficient amount of organic carbon in the process of obtaining this material (this process will be briefly explained later).

The bottom layer - wool is a moisture-retaining component, which at the same time does not allow moisture to go into the deep layers of sand when using the system in arid conditions. At the same time, this layer is able to accumulate moisture from the deep layers when using constructose in the conditions of ordinary soils. In addition, wool contains and maintains a stable state for a long time, lanolin - a nanoemulsion of organic components well assimilated by plants. Finally, a weakly acidic environment with pH = 4-5 is maintained in the wool layer, which does not harm the lower parts of plant roots, but allows you to combat the aggregation of accumulating impurities, for example, iron, aluminum hydroxides, etc., while maintaining drainage properties and the possibility of air exchange.

The presented information on the properties of the materials that form the layers of the proposed constructose and their mutual influence when using this constructose indicate the breadth of the possible scope of its use, including the use both to increase the fertility of the used depleted lands and for the development of desert territories.

The above ratios per unit area of mass of the components forming, respectively, the upper, middle and lower layers, kg / m ² (90-110; 20-30; 2-3), which are in not very wide intervals, as was established in the course of the tests carried out, the results of one of which are described below, are the most appropriate. With ratios outside these intervals, the green mass of the grown grass decreases, all other things being equal.

The effectiveness of the proposed artificial constructose soil from the point of view of its fertility can be further increased by using in the lower layer untreated natural sheep wool containing organic residues.

Food waste of animal origin can be added to the top layer in an amount of up to 45% of the total mass of the components of this layer. The three-component environment of the top layer is favorable for the biocomposting of such waste, which occurs with the formation of useful nitrogen- and sulfur-containing components. With more than 45% food waste, odors may occur, including ammonia lost in the environment and amines.

Together, both of the above measures give constructose additional properties of organic fertilizers.

The ingredients used in the upper and lower layers of the proposed constructose are, respectively, natural materials (in particular, in combination with food waste) and industrial waste. The grain size of the top layer material should not exceed 3 mm to ensure the greatest agrotechnical efficiency. As for the middle layer, the granular serpentinite used in it, the granules of which are covered with sheep's wool fat, is the product of a special, albeit simple technology. The latter can be combined, in particular, with wool-washing production. In this case, obtaining serpentinite, the granules of which have the specified coating, is possible, for example, by washing the crushed serpentinite with freshly formed waste water of such production. The sizes of serpentinite granules, acceptable both for its subsequent use in the middle layer of the proposed artificial soil-constructose, and from the point of view of the efficiency of the sorbed water-solanoline fat emulsion, depending on the total surface of the particles, is up to 2.5 mm.

The invention is illustrated in figures 1-6 and the example below.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the proposed structured three-layer artificial soil:

1 - wool;

2 - granular serpentinite, the granules of which are covered with sheep wool fat;

3 - artificial black soil.

FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the proposed structured three-layer artificial soil after growing green mass on it:

4 is a schematically represented grass;

5 - schematically depicted the remains of roots forming a sewn (not carried by winds) sod;

6 - schematically depicted more rare root "stitching" of the entire structure;

7 is a sectional view of a tube for artificial drip irrigation or fertigation.

Example

The proposed artificial soil-consructose was used in the experimental cultivation of grass "Universal lawn". The cultivation was carried out in a container with the proposed artificial soil-constructose.

The container in which the cultivation was carried out had a cross-sectional area at the level corresponding to the middle of the height of the middle layer, equal to 560 cm2. The values of the masses of materials per unit area in the upper, middle and lower layers were, respectively (kg / m ² ): 101, 27 and 2.4. The composition of the soil-forming mixture of the upper layer included crushed natural serpentinite, natural clay, and crushed brown coal with a mass ratio of the first two components to the third, 1 and 0.5, respectively, and a particle size of up to 3 mm. These three components accounted for 80% of the top layer weight, the remaining 20% was waste in the form of unused animal products purchased from the Magnit retail chain. In the middle layer, serpentinite with a granule size of less than 2.5 mm was used, processed to obtain a fatty coating with waste wool-washing water in the way described above.

Figures 3-6 show photographs of individual stages of three consecutive cycles of growing green mass of grass "Universal Lawn":

- in Fig. 3 - seedlings on the 3rd day in the first cycle;

- in Fig. 4 - grass on the 10th day in the first cycle;

- in Fig. 5 - grass on the 10th day in the second cycle (after preliminary shearing before the start of this cycle);

- in Fig. 6 - Fixed sod after shearing at the end of the third 10-day cycle (top view).

The results of experimental use of the proposed constructose presented in the photo indicate that it successfully fulfills its function. The grown grass showed amicable shoots, fast growth: the average grass height was 120 mm on the 10th day. The properties of the grass "Universal Lawn" are well known, such a rapid growth has not been observed before on any type of indoor or open ground. At the same time, there is good repeatability in the cycles with the preservation of the density and the formation of a durable sod.

As an artificial soil, the proposed constructose can be applied in a wide variety of conditions, regardless of the nature of the original soil. It can equally be used to increase the fertility of low-yielding soils, reclamation of depleted lands, as well as for the development and planting of greenery in desert areas.

When using the proposed constructose, especially in the last of the above cases, it is advisable to use drip irrigation or drip fertigation - irrigation together with the economical application of very small amounts of soluble fertilizers, including in modes controlled by appropriate computer programs for agricultural technology and modern crop production.

The industrial preparation of the proposed constructose can be carried out by sequential application to arbitrary initial soils using appropriate agricultural and industrial equipment, for example, the second and third layers can be applied using distributing and forming devices similar to asphalt pavers.

Sources of information

1. Suslenkova M.M. Structural and functional organization of model constructozems of different structures in the conditions of Moscow. Diss, Cand. biol. nauk, M., Moscow State University, biologo-soils, f-t, 2019, 146 p.

2. US patent application No. 20170144943, publ. 05/25/2017.

3. RF patent №2132122, publ. June 27, 1999.

4. RF patent No. 2148904, publ. 05/20/2000.

5. RF patent №2301825, publ. 27.06.2007.

6. RF patent No. 2416592, publ. 04/20/2011.

7. RF patent №2557618, publ. 07/27/2015.

8. RF patent No. 2543805, publ. 10.03.2015.

9. RF patent No. 2617740, publ. 04/22/2016.

10. USSR author's certificate No. 1794342, publ. 02.1977.

11. RF patent No. 2412583, publ. 02/27/2011.

12. RF patent No. 2477947, publ. 03/27/2013.

13. RF patent No. 2663576, publ. 07.08.2018.

14. International patent application PCT / PL2020 / 000021, publication WO 2021006751 dated January 14, 2021.

15. RF patent for useful model No. 116739, publ. 10.06.2012.

16. Patent application of the Russian Federation No. 2006141611, publ. 10.06.2008.

17. US patent No. 10772265, publ. 09/15/2020.

18. RF patent №2321982, publ. 04/20/2008.

19. RF patent No. 2316479, publ. 10.02.2008.

20. RF patent No. 2005763, publ. 01/15/1994.

21. RF patent No. 2008302, publ. 28.02.1994.

Claims (3)

1. Structured artificial soil-constructose, containing three layers, and the lower layer includes a natural fibrous material, and one of the other layers includes a nutrient soil-forming mixture, characterized in that the lower layer as a natural fibrous material contains distributed sheep wool, a layer including nutritious the soil-forming mixture is the upper one and artificial black soil is used as this layer, containing a mixture of ground natural serpentinite, natural clay and ground brown coal with a grain size of not more than 3 mm and a mass ratio of the first two components with the third, respectively, from 0.6 to 1, 5 and from 0.1 to 1.0, granular serpentinite is used as the middle layer, the granules of which have a size of not more than 2.5 mm and are covered with sheep's wool fat, while the following values of the components per unit area mass of the components that form, respectively, take place top, middle and bottom layers (kg / m ² ): 90-110, 2 0-30, 2-3. 2. Constructose according to claim 1, characterized in that untreated natural sheep wool containing organic residues is used in the lower layer. 3. Constructose according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the artificial black soil forming the upper layer additionally contains food waste of animal origin in an amount of up to 45% of the total mass of the components of the upper layer.

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