RU2723399C1 - Method for cultivation of grapes on high stems in conditions of moscow region - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to viticulture and protection of plants from low temperatures. In the method, after fall cutting of grapes on a yearling vine protective cases are put on. Cases are made in the form of packs of thermo-hydro-isolation material with light-reflecting properties, and yearling vine is placed in them together with the whole fruit link. For the fruit links the high boles are grade parent stock with higher frost resistance. A dome-shaped apron with a transparent coating is installed above the horizontal trellis.EFFECT: method makes it possible to increase crop capacity and quality of fruits of grape plants.3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, viticulture, plant protection from low temperatures. The invention can be used in the middle lane of the European part of Russia for growing grape plants on high boles in order to increase their yield and quality of fruits.

It is recognized that among the many well-known grape bush molds, the most productive are high-stamp molds with the possibility of arranging fruit shoots on a horizontal trellis. Such moldings best contribute to the illumination of plants, their ventilation, prevention of fungal diseases, earlier ripening of berries, and a better set of sugars. High-stem moldings are most convenient for servicing vines. They are widespread in areas of uncultivated viticulture.

In the middle zone of the European part of Russia, high-stamp moldings are not used for the most popular grape varieties due to their insufficient frost resistance. The fruit buds of the vast majority of these varieties do not tolerate temperatures below -26 degrees.

The aim of the present invention is to develop a method for the protection of grape plants when exposed to temperatures below -30 degrees for the cultivation of grapes on high-stamped moldings with the location of fruit shoots on horizontal trellises.

Vine growers know that perennial wood of the aboveground part of the bush has maximum frost resistance of grapes compared to annual wood. According to our observations, this frost resistance of a perennial vine is at least 6 degrees higher than the frost resistance of an annual vine, on which fruit buds are located. When testing for frost resistance, the State Commission is guided by the Methodology for testing crops. (M., Kolos, 1970, issue V, pp. 104-107). Frost resistance is assessed as satisfactory at the lowest temperature, provided that at least 50% of the eyes where the fruit buds are stored without damage are preserved.

But in addition to low temperatures, winter winds are of great importance, which have an additional cooling effect. So, according to the American weather service NWS (National Weather Service) even a wind of 5 m / s, at an air temperature of -20 degrees, has the same cooling effect as frost with a value of -30 degrees in calm weather. With wind amplification up to 10 m / s, this value is equivalent to -34 degrees, and at 15 m / s - 36 degrees (http: ///www.nws.noaa.gov/om/windchill/). Resistance of a grape plant to frost in combination with winter winds is usually called winter hardiness. Winter hardiness is also worsened by winter thaws and moisture, which turns into ice after the return of frost. Protecting the annual vine from winter winds and moisture, you can significantly increase its winter hardiness.

The invention is known A METHOD FOR FORMING A BUSH FOR A SEMI-HEMIDOAL ZONE (USSR patent 938833), where a bush is formed on a high stem and to keep it from freezing, a second reserve heading is formed, which is covered by ground for the winter period. In the event of the death of the main stem from frost, the backup booth acts as the main stem. The method allows to prevent the complete death of the bush, but does not increase the winter hardiness of the main stem and does not fully preserve the yield in the event of the death of one stem.

The invention is known A METHOD FOR PROTECTING AN UNFITABLE STAMPING GRAPES BUSHES FROM LOW TEMPERATURES (patent KZ 31011), where the stems and lateral branches extending from the stalk, which are perennial wood, are wrapped for the winter with strips of thermal insulation material. This can significantly increase the winter hardiness of the boles. The disadvantage of the strips is that at the joints of their turns it is impossible to achieve reliable tightness. Moisture between the turns of the strip can cause heating and necrosis of the wood. The known method can protect the bush from death, in case of lowering the temperature below its frost resistance. But it cannot protect the fruit buds, which are located on the fruit links of the sleeves, which are annual wood. And, therefore, will not give the opportunity to harvest in the upcoming season.

Closest to the proposed is a METHOD FOR PROTECTING GRAPES OF VINES FROM FROST (RF patent 2140732) - prototype. This method involves the use of segments of sunflower stems as covers, which, after pruning the vines, before freezing temperatures, are worn on short annual vines (horns). Segments of sunflower stalks do not protect the places where the annual wood snaps to the sleeves, in the region of the corner buds, which are also less frost-resistant. The known method does not provide 100% preservation of the kidneys at temperatures below -30 ° C. When putting a sunflower case on an annual horn, it is necessary to overcome the resistance of the spongy tissue of the stems. This procedure can damage the horn.

To achieve the goals in this invention, it is proposed, after autumn grape pruning, to completely close the fruit links together with annual wood (horns), putting on them bag cases made of thermal and waterproofing material, for example, of foamed polyethylene or lavsan. Desirable white or coated with reflective foil on the outside. White or reflective material does not allow the temperature to rise too much on sunny days, which protects the kidneys from their premature vegetation. A sufficient thickness of the material is 0.5 cm. The dimensions of the bags correspond to the sizes of the fruit links. Packages are fixed with wire or rope. Perennial wood of boles and side branches, shoulders, while not necessarily closing. The packages protect the fruit buds from winter winds and moisture and increase their winter hardiness. In the spring, in March-April, packages are removed and stored until the next fall. Our observations showed that the proposed method, on root-own bushes of grape varieties Ester, Citron Magaracha, whose frost resistance is up to -26 ° C, allows fruit buds to be completely preserved after winter temperatures -31 ° C. These same varieties, when using such protection, grafted onto high-stock stocks with increased frost resistance of the Valiant variety, retained fruit buds by 75-80% at a temperature of -34.5 ° С.

At the same time, experiments were carried out with our new hybrid forms highly resistant to frost from the parent pair Tayezhny x Somerset sidlis with the working names: Moscow Kishmish, Moscow Rubin and Northern Palmyra. When using the proposed protection, on the root stands, they kept the fruit buds at 100%, at a temperature of -34.5 ° C.

In viticulture, methods are known for protecting grape bushes with visors made of a transparent material, for example, a plastic film or polycarbonate. (Kurdyumov NI The Illustrated Encyclopedia of a Smart Vineyard. M., RIPOL-Classic, 2014, p. 207); https://antei-remont.com/vinograd-pod-navesom-iz-polikarbonata/). Such peaks protect grapes from rains, which allows not to use fungicides from mildew - downy mildew. If the visors are made in the form of domes, a greenhouse effect is formed under them, which allows you to increase the sum of active temperatures (CAT) to 500 degrees per season. The use of dome-shaped visors makes it possible to get a crop at an earlier date and to cultivate grapes in the Moscow region for which CAT is required up to 2600 degrees. Peaks are used in central Russia when fan-shaped or low-stamped grapes are formed, with sleeves bent to the ground and covered for the winter. It is not known the use of visors to increase the winter hardiness of high-standard forms of grapes on a horizontal trellis in conditions of cover zones.

We tested domed visors above horizontal trellises. Used high-pressure moldings of the proposed method. In winter, under the canopies, the proposed protection from bag-cases was also applied. Visors provided additional protection of fruit links from winter winds. All of the above grape varieties and grafts grafted on Veliant cultivars not only preserved fruit buds by 100% at a temperature of -34.5 ° C, but also increased productivity by 2-3 times, compared with vertical trellises, where a fan was used molding. In both cases, the planting pattern was 3 × 2 m. The area of the tapestries horizontal and vertical was also the same - 6 square meters. m. The ripening time of berries on horizontal trellises decreased by 10-12 days.

Sugar content of berries increased by 6-10%. Acidity fell by 20-35%. The latter circumstance made it possible to obtain high-quality wine from the “Moscow Rubin” form, whose berries on the vertical trellis gave a slightly increased acid - up to 12 g / dm ³ .

The present invention is illustrated in figure 1 with the image of a horizontal trellis under the visor and figure 2 with the image of the fruit link under the cover-package, where:

1 - domed visor with a transparent coating; 2 - the stem of a grape plant; 3 - shoulders of the cordon; 4 - sleeves; 5 - annual horn with fruit buds; 6 - a cover package.

Claims (3)

1. A method of cultivating grapes on high boles with the location of fruit shoots on a horizontal trellis, in which, after autumn pruning of grapes, protective covers are put on an annual vine, characterized in that the covers are made in the form of packages of thermo-waterproofing material with reflective properties and placed in them an annual vine along with the whole fruit link. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the high strains are for fruit links rootstock varieties with higher frost resistance. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a domed visor with a transparent coating is installed above the horizontal trellis.

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