RU2721323C1 - Composite material for protection against external factors and method for production thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to a composite material which can be used in various fields, where it is necessary to provide protection from external factors or there is a risk of ignition, destruction, loss of resistance or functional damage, as well as absorption of electromagnetic waves, for example, in construction, industry, transport, nuclear industry, military, aviation and space fields, and a method for production thereof. Material contains at least three layers, each layer consisting of a base and a filler. Base is pre-treated, for example, by pores opening, perforation. Base is made of materials selected from a group comprising a polymer or a polymer resin, metal, alloy of metals, fiberglass, organic plastic, boron-reinforced resin composite, carbon fibre, a carbon-carbon composite material, cermet, gel, ceramics, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate or fibrous material. Base material of one of the layers differs from the base material of the other layers. Filler contains at least one substance selected from a group comprising rubber, polymer, resin, water solution of alkali metal silicate, as well as curing agent, stabilizer. Filler, if necessary, contains various additives selected from a group comprising a solvent, a fire retardant, a pigment, a modifier, a plasticiser, flexibilizator, microspheres, dispersing additives, impact and heat-resistant additives, additives of metals, alloys of metals, ferromagnetic additives, gas-filled microspheres, special additives.

EFFECT: invention enables to obtain a lightweight material which is resistant to external factors, environmentally friendly and easy-to-manufacture composite material.

47 cl, 21 dwg, 11 ex

Description

The proposed group of inventions relates to composite materials that can be useful in any areas where it is necessary to provide resistance to external factors or there is a risk of ignition, destruction, loss of resistance or functional damage, for example, in construction, industry, transport, nuclear industry, military areas, aviation and space areas. More specifically, this group of inventions relates to a composite material and its production.

GOST 26883-86 and GOST R 58047-2017 give definitions, classification, groups and types of external factors.

External influencing factors (WWF) is a phenomenon, process or environment external to the product or its components, which cause or may cause a limitation or loss of the product’s operational state during operation.

Resistance to WWF is the property of a product to maintain a healthy state during and after exposure to a product of a specific WWF during the entire service life within the specified values. WWF classes include: mechanical, climatic and other natural, biological, radiation, electromagnetic, special environments, thermal.

In the present invention, protection against external factors is considered in the form of: vibration; acoustic noise; mechanical shock; sonic boom; shock wave; mechanical, static and dynamic pressure; tensile, bending, compressive force and torque; pressure and pressure change; temperature and temperature changes; humidity and humidity changes; precipitation and atmospheric precipitation; static and dynamic dust; integral and ultraviolet radiation; alpha and beta radiation; gamma and x-ray radiation; neutron and electronic radiation; electric and magnetic fields; low-frequency and high-frequency fields; microwave field and laser radiation; electromagnetic pulse; test medium, working medium, filling medium and working fluid; heat stroke and light radiation explosion; radiation, electric and ultrasonic heating; aerodynamic heating and friction heating; heat flux heating; flame.

Known fire-resistant composite material containing a base and a filler (RU 2545284, "Fire-resistant composite material and method for its preparation", IPC C09K 21/00, C08J 9/00, published March 27, 2015, Bull. No. 9). A method of obtaining a composite material includes the operation of introducing a filler into the base. In this case, the basis of the material is made of perforated mineral fibrous material, and the filler contains at least one rubber, or polymer, or liquid glass, as well as a hardener, stabilizer, and, if necessary, a solvent, pigments, flame retardants, modifier, dispersing additives, microspheres. The surface of the material can be coated with a polymer film, a metal film, a metal-polymer decorative protective film, fiberglass (D1).

Known heat-resistant composite material containing a base and a filler (RU 2573468, "Heat-resistant composite material and method for its preparation", IPC С09K 21/14, В32В 1/06, В32В 21/08, С04В 111/28 published on 01/20/2016, Bull. No. 2). A method of obtaining a heat-resistant composite material, includes the operation of introducing a filler into the base. The base contains at least one perforated natural fibrous material or chemical fibrous material, and the filler contains at least one rubber, or polymer, or liquid glass, hardener, stabilizer, and, if necessary, a solvent, pigments, flame retardants, dispersing additives, microspheres, impact-resistant additives, metal additives, modifier, plasticizer, flexibilizer (D2).

Known heat-resistant foamed polymer composite material containing a base and a filler (RU 2545287, "Heat-resistant foamed polymer composite material, a method of manufacturing the basis for it and a method for producing the material", IPC C09K 21/14, published 03/27/2015, Bull. No. 9 ) A method for producing a heat-resistant foamed polymer composite material and a method for manufacturing a base for it include the step of introducing a filler into the base. In this case, the base material contains at least one perforated foam rubber or foam polymer, and the filler contains at least one rubber, or polymer, or liquid glass, hardener, stabilizer, and, if necessary, a solvent, pigments, flame retardants, dispersants additives, microspheres, impact-resistant additives, metal additives, modifier, plasticizer, flexibilizer (D3).

This decision was made as a prototype.

Known solutions D1, D2, D3 have several disadvantages:

In D1, the base contains only mineral fiber material, that is, the choice of base is limited to silica fiber material;

In D2, the base contains only natural fibrous material or chemical fibrous material, that is, the choice of base is limited to fibrous materials;

In D3, the base contains only foamed rubber or foamed polymers, that is, the choice of base is limited to foamed rubber or foamed polymer;

In D1, D2, D3, the area of the perforated surface in the horizontal section is up to 75%, i.e. at least 25% of the surface of the base has closed pores, inaccessible for penetration of the filler, which characterizes the insufficient reliability of adhesion of the filler to the base and the insufficient distribution of the filler in the matrix of the base;

In D1, D2, D3, the following are not used as a basis: rubbers, polymers, synthetic resins, foamed synthetic resins, metals and alloys, foamed metals and alloys, fiberglass, organoplastics, boroplastics, carbon plastics, carbon-carbon composite materials, cermets, porous cermets , gel, ceramics, foamed ceramics, ceramic, ceramic foam, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate;

In D1, D2, D3, a very wide class of synthetic resins selected from the group is not used as filler: polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, polyamide resin, ether cyanate resin, phthalonitrile resin, or various combinations thereof;

In D1, D2, D3, additives of alloys of several metals are not used to improve the protective properties of materials;

In D1, D2, D3, there is no property of absorption of radio waves and laser radiation by the structure of the material, and, accordingly, there is no possibility of reducing visibility in radar, infrared and other areas of the detection spectrum of various objects and technical devices;

In D1, D2, D3 there is no radiation protection;

In D1, D2, D3, ferromagnetic additives, gas-filled microspheres and special additives are not used.

The proposed solution is aimed at expanding the arsenal of composite materials, and eliminating these disadvantages of the prototype.

The proposed composite material has a high resistance to external factors, and also has the ability to absorb electromagnetic waves by the structure of the material, provides protection from destruction or functional damage, is technologically simple to manufacture, has strength, microhardness and wear resistance, is universal in the range of components used and operational characteristics, which allows you to significantly expand the scope.

The stated technical problem is achieved by the claimed group of the invention, which includes a multilayer composite material and a method for producing a multilayer composite material.

So, the stated technical task and the technical result are achieved by a multilayer composite material for protection against external factors, characterized in that it contains at least three layers, each of which consists of a base and a filler, the base is pretreated, at least one method from: opening pores, perforating, treating the surface with chemicals or mechanical means to remove any residual material, the base being made of materials selected from the group including polymer or polymer resin, foamed polymer, metal, metal alloy, fibrous material, fiberglass, carbon fiber, organoplastics, boroplastics, carbon-carbon composite, gel, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate, ceramics, cermets, and the filler contains at least one substance selected from the group consisting of rubber, polymer, resin, which are resistant to external factors in the temperature range ur from minus 100 to plus 2900 ° С, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate, as well as a hardener and stabilizer and, if necessary, various additives selected from the group including solvent, flame retardant, pigment, modifier, plasticizer, flexibilizer, microspheres, dispersing additives, impact resistant and heat-resistant additives, additives of metals, alloys, ferromagnetic additives, gas-filled microspheres, additives to protect against external factors, as well as to absorb electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance, while the filler filled the free volumes of fibrous materials, perforation volumes, volumes open pores and surfaces of the joined layers.

The stated technical problem and the technical result are also achieved by the method of obtaining a multilayer composite material, which is one of the invention of the claimed group, including the introduction of filler into the base, while the base is pretreated with at least one method from, including opening the pores, perforation, processing with chemicals or by mechanical means with the removal of material residues, while the composite material contains at least three layers, where each of the layers consists of a base and a filler, the base is pretreated with at least one method from the group including opening of pores, perforation, processing surfaces with chemicals or mechanical means with the removal of residual material, the base made of materials selected from the group including polymer or polymer resin, foamed polymer, metal, metal alloy, fibrous material, fiberglass, carbon fiber, organoplastics, boroplast IR, carbon-carbon composite material, gel, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate, ceramics, cermets, and the filler contains at least one substance selected from the group consisting of rubber, polymer, resin, which are resistant to external factors in the temperature range from minus 100 to plus 2900 ° С, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate, as well as a hardener and stabilizer and, if necessary, various additives selected from the group including solvent, flame retardant, pigment, modifier, plasticizer, flexibilizer, microspheres, dispersing additives, shockproof and heat-resistant additives, additives of metals, alloys, ferromagnetic additives, gas-filled microspheres, additives to protect against external factors, as well as to absorb electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance, while the filler is filled with free volumes of fibrous materials, perforation volumes, open pore volumes and surfaces connect Wash layers can withstand 15-28 hours until a single whole is formed after complete curing of the filler.

The area of the perforated surface in the horizontal section is increased to 85%, and if necessary, pores are opened on the non-perforated part of the surface, in the absence of pores in the base material, part of the base material is processed or removed to obtain a rough surface, in order to ensure maximum adhesion of the base material and filler . The surface roughness is a combination of surface irregularities with relatively small steps on the base length. The surface roughness has roughness parameters that determine the provision of the required surface roughness for maximum adhesion of the base material with the filler.

The term “pre-processed” is intended to mean any violation of the integrity of the surface of the base, which facilitates the penetration of the liquid filler into the surface layer of the base, fixing and retaining the cured filler on the surface. Preliminary processing of the base material is carried out by methods selected from the group: opening of pores, perforation, surface treatment with chemicals or mechanical means with the removal of residual material. Preliminary processing of the surface of the base can be carried out by mechanical, thermomechanical, chemical-mechanical or chemical methods.

Removing material from the surface of the base, as well as opening the pores, can be carried out mechanically using mills, cutters, blades, chains, strings, various cutting saws, cutting and grinding devices based on abrasive materials, and so on. Removing material from the surface of the substrate and opening the pores can also be carried out by the thermomechanical method using a working tool warmed up to a certain temperature, followed by mechanical perforation of the substrate.

The removal of material from the surface and the opening of the pores of the base can be carried out by gas-water-jet methods. These methods are sandblasting or waterblasting the surface of the base material. Sandblasting can be carried out by dynamically applying a sand-air mixture to the surface of the material. During water-jet processing, the dynamic impact on the surface of the material is carried out by supplying water with high pressure and flow rate, through hydraulic nozzles, providing a high speed pressure of the water jet.

Perforation can be produced by various methods, including those indicated in the prototype.

Perforation can also be carried out by drilling, stamping, extruding, punching, cutting, burning with a laser or plasma device blind or through channels in the base material. Perforation can be carried out both at right angles to the surface of the material, and at an angle.

Processing can be carried out by creating on the surface of the base a special roughness, varying both in depth and in the shape of the roughness itself. In addition, the processing can be carried out by applying various notches, milling, cutting, grooving grooves in the longitudinal, perpendicular and inclined versions. In the chemical-mechanical method, the base is treated with chemicals, and then mechanical perforation or mechanical treatment is performed.

In the chemical method, the surface of the base is treated with chemicals, for example acids, solvents, ammonia, which react with the surface material of the base, dissolving it to a shallow depth and opening voids in the material or fibers of the base material, creating a surface roughness. The chemical method can be carried out by applying a filler or adhesive containing a solvent to the surface of the base, which also dissolves the base and opens the pores and voids in the material, followed by filling them with filler or glue.

After removal of the material from the surface, dusty residues of the base material can be cleaned of free volumes of fibrous materials, perforation volumes, open pore volumes and rough surfaces. Cleaning can be carried out by blowing these volumes with compressed gases, through special cylindrical, conical or slit-like air nozzles that create high-speed air pressure. In addition, the purification of perforation volumes, free volumes, and open pore volumes from dusty material residues can also be carried out due to their suction by the air flow by units that create artificial discharge of air (vacuum cleaner). Cleaning can be carried out by washing or by the method of water-jet processing of the surface of the base material.

The listed options for pre-treatment of the surface of the base are preferred, but do not limit the possibilities of the invention.

The base polymer or resin is selected from the group: polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, foamed polyethylene, foamed polystyrene, foamed polyurethane, foamed polyisocyanurate, foamed polypropylene, foamed polyvinyl chloride or different.

The polymer resin of the base is a synthetic resin, mainly an epoxy resin, but such polymer resins as, for example, phenol-formaldehyde resin can be used as a base.

As phenol-formaldehyde resin, for example, novolac-type phenol-formaldehyde resin, rezol-type phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin, modified phenol-formaldehyde resin or various epoxy resins may be useful, for example at least Dianova resin of various brands. In particular, epoxies of the type ED-6, ED-6M, ED-16, ED-20, ED-22, E-40, E-41 and their various modifications.

As phenol-formaldehyde resins, vischomlite, IM-44, catalin, bakelite, trolon or their modifications can be selected.

The base metal, the base metal alloy contains, for example, predominantly one or more metals selected from the group consisting of steel, stainless steel, cast iron, titanium alloy with aluminum of type VT, aluminum-magnesium alloy of type AMG, as well as others, such as nickel, copper , aluminum, magnesium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, chromium, beryllium, titanium, vanadium, scandium, iron, tantalum, bismuth niobium, antimony, zinc, lead, tin, molybdenum, zirconium, or various combinations thereof.

Brass and bronze are also used as metal alloys.

Fiberglass can be used as a base. Fiberglass is a type of composite material consisting of silica (glass) fiber or silica (glass) fabric and a binder in the form of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers.

Organoplastics can be used as the basis.

Organoplastic is a type of composite material consisting of synthetic organic fiber or synthetic organic tissue and a binder in the form of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers, for example, synthetic polyamide, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide, metaphenylene diaminisophthalamide, polyamide benzimidazole terephthalamide fibers or fabrics.

Boroplastics can be used as a base.

Boroplastic is a type of composite material consisting of boron fiber and a binder in the form of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers.

As a basis, carbon fiber can be used.

Carbon fiber is a type of composite material consisting of carbon fiber or carbon fabric and a binder in the form of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers.

As the basis can be used carbon-carbon composite material (CCCM).

Carbon-carbon composite material (CCCM) is a promising composite material with a volume-isotropic semicrystalline carbon matrix reinforced with carbon fiber.

The metal-ceramic base, and in particular the porous metal-ceramic base, contains metals selected from the group: chromium, nickel, aluminum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, beryllium, iron, titanium, vanadium, scandium, iron, tantalum, bismuth niobium, antimony, lead, tin, zinc, zirconium, as well as chemical compounds selected from the group: oxide, dioxide, boride, silicide, nitride, carbon, or various combinations thereof.

As the oxide, at least one alumina, chromia, silica, iron oxide, nickel oxide, tungsten oxide, cobalt oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, molybdenum oxide, beryllium oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide can be useful or their various combinations, at least one silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, tin dioxide or their various combinations, at least one chromium boride, titanium boride, zirconium boride may be useful as dioxide or their various combinations, at least one molybdenum silicide, manganese silicide, chromium silicide, iron silicide, magnesium silicide, zinc silicide or various combinations thereof may be useful as a silicide, at least one nitride may be useful titanium, aluminum nitride, zinc nitride, or various combinations thereof.

Cermets are a heterogeneous composition of metals or their alloys with non-metals, such as oxides, borides, silicides, nitrides and carbon. The content of ceramics can be from 12 ... 89% by volume in the total composition of cermets. Cermets are usually obtained using powder metallurgy by pressing and sintering powders, so they produce solid cermet materials. By the method of thermal spraying of powder particles, a high-strength cermet coating is obtained to protect against wear, corrosion and erosion of the material. Thin-film cermets are obtained by thermal evaporation of metals or their alloys in vacuum and their deposition to the surface, for example, of a dielectric in the form of silicon oxide.

Porous cermets are obtained by sintering a mixture of iron and graphite. Porous cermets are also obtained by introducing powdered or fibrous components into the initial composition, which are smelted or burned from the finished cermet product to form open pores.

The base gel is selected from the group consisting of airgel, cryogel, xerogel, ambigel, for the manufacture of which a substance or a complex substance selected from the group is used: carbon, fullerene, graphite, graphene, astralen, nanotubes, or various combinations thereof.

The gel is obtained on the basis of sol-gel processes (technologies).

In sol-gel technology, the processes of removing the liquid phase (solvent) from the gel play a particularly important role. The process of removing solvent from the gel is also called drying. Depending on the methods of drying, various synthesis products can be obtained, such as: airgel; cryogel; xerogel; amiguel.

Airgel is the name of a class of materials that are gel, in which the liquid phase is completely replaced by a gaseous one. By structure, aerogels are a tree-like network of clusters of nanoparticles 3 ... 6 nm in size and pores up to 90 ... 110 nm in size.

Airgel is the common name for all gels with a low solids content, the pores of which are filled with air, and supercritical drying is used to obtain them.

Cryogel is obtained using freeze-drying. Xerogel is prepared using convection subcritical drying. Ambigel is a product of drying an aqueous or organic gel at atmospheric pressure, which is characterized by low density values, in comparison with xerogels and approaching the density of carbon nanofoam airgel.

The base ceramics, in particular foamed base ceramics, are selected from the group of quartz glass, silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, alumino-silicate glass, neodymium glass, pyralspit, urgandite, ruby, corundum, yttrium-aluminum garnet, galium gallad scandium-yttrium-aluminum garnet or their various combinations.

Reinforced concrete, concrete, or combinations thereof may be selected as the base material. Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel. Concrete is a building material consisting of cement, sand and water. As the base material can be used gas silicate, which is a mixture of lime, ground fine sand and water with gas-forming additives based on aluminum powder. As the base material, foam concrete can be selected, which is a mixture of cement, sand and a foaming agent.

The fibrous base material is selected from the group comprising mineral fiber material, natural fiber material, artificial fiber material, or various combinations thereof, without a binder and using a binder. The binder, in particular, is selected from the group consisting of rubber, polymer, resin.

Organic binders are selected from the group consisting of starch; carboxymethyl cellulose; dextrin; resin of coniferous trees; diggers; shellac; rosin; natural bitumen; petroleum bitumen; alsfaten; asphaltic acid and its anhydride; hydrocarbon resin; tar. Inorganic binders are selected from the group consisting of gypsum; lime; cement; colloidal or amorphous silicon dioxide with oxides of aluminum, chromium, iron, zirconium dioxide, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, molybdenum, antimony, tin; silicate of sodium, potassium, lithium; aluminum silicate of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium, lithium; phosphate cement; phosphate binder from the group: aluminophosphate, alumochromophosphate, magnesium phosphate, chromophosphate, nickel phosphate, or various combinations thereof.

As the rubber, the binder contains at least one synthetic rubber selected from the group comprising silicone rubber, organosilicon rubber, chloroprene rubber, synthetic rubber fluoride, or mixtures thereof. As a polymer, the binder contains, for example, at least one organosilicon polymer, such as polyorganosiloxane, polyelementorganosiloxane, or mixtures thereof.

As a resin, the binder contains at least one synthetic resin selected from the group consisting of polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, or mixtures thereof.

Starch is synthesized by plants in chloroplasts, under the influence of light during photosynthesis, and is a polysaccharide of amylose and amylopectin, the monomer of which is alpha-glucose.

Carboxymethyl cellulose is a cellulose derivative in which the carboxymethyl group combines with the hydroxyl groups of glucose monomers.

Dextrin is a polysaccharide obtained by heat treatment of potato or corn starch.

Resin of coniferous trees is a resin of pine, spruce, and fir. Kopal is a composition of resin acids contained in plants of the family Araucariaceae (agatis), Caesalisian (hymen) and others.

Shellac is a composition of aliphatic and aromatic hydroxy acids, as well as their lactones and lactides. Obtained by cleaning the resin, which produces the insect varnish worm.

Rosin is a mixture of resin acids (mainly abetinic). Obtained from the resin of coniferous trees by distillation of turpentine from it.

Natural bitumen is a solid, viscoplastic and liquid products, both in pure form and in bituminous rocks formed in the earth's crust during the oxidation and polymerization of oil. Petroleum bitumen is a solid, viscoplastic or liquid oil refining product.

Hydrocarbon resins are visco-plastic products of petroleum refining, consisting mainly of neutral oxygen heterocyclic compounds. Alsfatenes and their modifications (carbenes and carbides) are solid non-melting substances with a density of more than one and a molecular weight of 1000 ... 5000 or more.

Tar is a product of dry (without access to air) distillation of coal, shale, peat, wood and other organic substances. Gypsum is a material from the class of sulfates, in composition calcium sulfate hydrate (CaSO ₄ 2H ₂ O). It has a variety in the form of fibers (selenite) and in the form of grains (alabaster).

Lime is a material obtained by calcining carbonate rocks (limestone, chalk) consisting mainly of CaO and MgO. Cement is an artificial inorganic hydraulic binder, which when combined with water, aqueous solutions of salts and other liquids form a plastic mass with its further hardening and turning into a stone-like body. Colloidal silicon dioxide (pyrogenic silicon dioxide) is a highly dispersed, odorless and tasteless silica, can be produced under the brand name, for example, Aerosil.

The alkali metal silicate is an alkaline solution of sodium silicate Na ₂ O (SiO ₂ ) _n , potassium silicate K ₂ O (SiO ₂ ) _n , lithium silicate Li ₂ O (SiO ₂ ) _n, or a mixture thereof. Aqueous alkaline solutions of silicates are also called liquid glass.

Fire-resistant silicate is obtained on the basis of potassium and sodium silicates with the addition of boron, barium and calcium carbonates, vanadium pentoxide and phosphorus.

Aluminosilicate is a natural or synthetic silicate, the complex anions of which contain silicon and aluminum, and Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ba, Li can act as cations.

Phosphate cement is obtained on the basis of phosphoric acid and its derivatives.

A phosphate binder is a phosphate acid salt. Salts of phosphate acid are used, mainly acidic and especially monosubstituted due to the polycondensation reaction, are converted into substances exhibiting high adhesion to various substrates. Phosphate binder has heat resistance in the temperature range of 1000 ... 2000 ° C. The phosphate binder can be selected from the group: aluminophosphate, alumochromophosphate, magnesium phosphate, chromophosphate, nickel phosphate.

Aluminosilicate is a natural or synthetic silicate, the complex anions of which contain silicon and aluminum, and Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ba, Li can act as cations.

The mineral fibrous base material is mineral wool. Mineral wool containing metal oxides is mullite-siliceous wool. Metal oxides can be selected from the group: aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide, zirconia, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, bismuth oxide, molybdenum oxide, antimony oxide, tin oxide, or various combinations thereof.

In this invention, the concept of "mineral wool" (GOST 31309-2005) is a heat-insulating material having a loose structure made from molten rocks, slags (industrial silicate waste), their mixture or glass. Mineral wool combines all types of inorganic fibrous materials with and without a binder, for example, slag, glass wool, mullite-siliceous wool, basalt (stone) wool, quartz wool, basalt superthin wool, quartz superthin cotton, basalt ultrafine cotton wool. Superthin cotton wool consists of highly elastic and long fibers with a diameter of 1 ... 3 microns and a length of 50 ... 1000 mm, this allows you to create a high-strength weave of fibers due to the forces of natural adhesion and thereby not to use a binder. Ultrathin cotton wool consists of highly elastic and long fibers with a diameter of 0.5 ... 1 μm and a length of 50 ... 500 mm.

Natural fibrous material is selected from the group: plant fiber material, animal fiber material, natural inorganic fibrous material, algae fibrous material, or various combinations thereof.

At least one seed fibrous material, bast fiber material, straw fibrous material, wood fiber material, tensile fibrous material, coconut fiber material, grass fiber material or various combinations thereof may be useful as plant fiber material. at least one wool fiber material, silk fiber material, or various combinations thereof, asbestos may be useful as a natural inorganic fiber material, or at least one seaweed fiber material may be useful; , fibrous material of freshwater algae or their various combinations. At least one fibrous material of cotton, cotton fluff, kapok, coir, poplar fluff or various combinations thereof can be useful as seed fibrous material, at least one fibrous material of bamboo, jute, can be useful as bast fiber material. at least one fibrous material of sisal, kenaf, manila hemp, or various combinations thereof, as a straw fibrous material may be useful as flax material, flax, scherechim, hemp, stinging nettle, rami Chinese nettle, or various combinations thereof. contains at least one fibrous material of dry stalks of cereal crops, leguminous grain structures or their various combinations, at least one fibrous material of coniferous, deciduous tree, or various combinations thereof can be useful as wood fibrous material.

Wood fiber material can be modified by thermomechanical, chemical-mechanical, thermochemical, radiation-chemical or chemical treatment.

Wood fiber material can be selected from the group of: wood fiber board, particle board, particle board, oriented particle board, wood laminate, molded products, plywood, plywood boards, pressed wood pulp, cardboard or various combinations thereof.

At least one viscose, triacetate, acetate, polyamide, polyester, polyurethane, polyacrylonetrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, carbon, silica, alumina, silicon carbide, boron, or various boron carbide materials may be useful as artificial fibrous material. combinations.

To increase the mechanical and impact strength, as well as to improve operational characteristics, fibrous materials can be stitched with various types of polymer, natural, mineral, artificial threads, which are reinforcing elements. As rubber, the filler contains at least one synthetic rubber, such as silicone rubber, organosilicon rubber, chloroprene rubber, synthetic rubber fluoride, or mixtures thereof.

As organosilicon rubber, at least one synthetic rubber heat-resistant low molecular weight, synthetic low molecular weight silicone rubber Styrosil, siloxane rubber or mixtures thereof may be useful, at least one fluorosiloxane rubber or synthetic rubber may be useful as silicone rubber mixtures thereof, as chloroprene rubber, at least one polychloroprene, nairite, neoprene, biprene can be useful, or mixtures thereof, as synthetic fluoride rubber, at least one synthetic fluorine rubber based on copolymers of trifluorochlorethylene with vinylidene fluoride, synthetic rubber fluoride based on copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with hexafluoropropylene or a mixture thereof.

As a polymer, the filler contains at least one organosilicon polymer, such as polyorganosiloxane, polyelementorganosiloxane, or mixtures thereof.

As polyorganosiloxane may be useful, at least one polymethylphenylsiloxane, polydimethyl phenyl siloxane, polymethylsiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane polyphenylsiloxanes, polietilfenilsiloksan, polidietilfenilsiloksan, polimetilhlorfenilsiloksan, poliftorfenilsiloksan, polifenoksifenilsiloksan or mixtures thereof, as well as polielementoorganosiloksana may be useful, at least one polialyumofenilsiloksan, polititanofenilsiloksan, polibororganosiloksan , polyaluminorganosiloxane, polytitanium organosiloxane or mixtures thereof.

The filler resin is a synthetic resin and contains at least, for example, one polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, or mixtures thereof.

At least one modified polyester resin, orthophthalic resin, isophthalic resin, vinyl ether resin or mixtures thereof can be useful as a polyester resin, for example, polymethyl methacrylate can be used, or they can be useful as phenol-formaldehyde resin, at least, for example, novolac-type phenol-formaldehyde resin, resol-type phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, urea-formalin-formaldehyde resin, modified phenol-formaldehyde resin or mixtures thereof, at least one epoxy resin can be used as an epoxy resin, at least one diane resin or mixtures thereof.

As an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate, the filler contains at least one aqueous solution of sodium silicate, an aqueous solution of potassium silicate, an aqueous solution of lithium silicate, or a mixture thereof. For the curing of the components of the filler and reliable fixation of it in the basis using groups of substances selected from the following groups. The first group of hardeners is methyltriethoxysilane, tetramethyldisiloxane, tetraacetoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, diethylamine, aminosilane, hexamethylenediamine, amine, polyamine, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoisopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoisopropyltriethoxysilane, The second group of hardeners is polyorganosilazanes, polyelementoorganosilazanes, organophosphorus compounds, alkoxysilanes, solutions of organotin compounds in esters of orthosilicic acid, amino organotriethoxysilane with tetrabutoxy titanium, amino organoalkoxysilanes or mixtures thereof. The third group of hardeners is diethylene triamine, polyethylene polyamine, triethylene tetramine, polisebacic anhydride, tetraethylene pentamine or mixtures thereof.

A fourth group of hardeners is boric anhydride, diethylene benzosulfonic acid, hexamethylenetetramine or mixtures thereof.

The fifth group of hardeners is polyethylene polyamine, dibenzoyl peroxide, aluminum hydroxide or mixtures thereof.

The sixth group of hardeners is methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, or a mixture thereof.

The seventh group of hardeners is sodium silicofluoride, barium chloride, silicofluoric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, calcium chloride, sodium aluminate, ethylene glycol diacetate, ethylene glycol monoacetate, or mixtures thereof. The eighth group of hardeners is 4.4 diaminodiphenylsulfone, isomethylhydrophthalic anhydride, 1,3-bis- (4-aminophenoxy) benzene. A specific hardener or a mixture of hardeners is selected depending on the properties of the main active component of the filler selected from the group: rubber, polymer, resin, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate.

Hardeners are used to improve the technological and physico-chemical properties of fillers. They are used to reduce temperature and cure time and stabilize the filler. Complex hardeners based on organophosphorus compounds, silazanes (compounds with alternating silicon and nitrogen atoms) and eletosilazanes are used as hardeners. The introduction of these compounds significantly contributes to the increase of heat resistance of polymers due to the introduction of heteroatoms or their groups into the polymer chain, as well as to the increase of thermo-oxidative stability due to the introduction of groups that carry antioxidant properties. The introduction of a silazane bond into polymers allowed us to solve the problem of curing in vivo. The positive effect of the introduction of such hardeners is also expressed in the fact that the filler increases its strength: it does not crack when heated, it does not undergo thermal oxidative degradation. Such fillers are stable at temperature extremes from -50 to + 350 ° C. The first group of hardeners may be useful in curing predominantly synthetic rubbers.

The second group of hardeners may be useful in curing predominantly organosilicon polymers.

A third group of hardeners may be useful in curing predominantly epoxy resins.

A fourth group of hardeners may be useful in curing predominantly phenol-formaldehyde resins.

A fifth group of hardeners may be useful in curing predominantly acrylic resins.

A sixth group of hardeners may be useful in curing predominantly polyester resins.

A seventh group of hardeners may be useful in curing predominantly aqueous solutions of alkali metal silicates.

The eighth group of hardeners may be useful in curing the cyanate ester and phthalonitrile resin.

It should be noted that the use in groups can be preferable, but not obligatory, that is, hardeners from one group can be used in another group, for example, hardener polyethylene polyamine from the third group, can also be successfully used as a hardener in the first, second and fifth groups . To ensure the required quality of the material, a stabilizer is introduced into the filler composition, which ensures uniform colloidal distribution of additives in the filler mass, which leads to the stability of the resulting dispersion. In particular, the stabilizer prevents the deposition of pigments and flame retardants and increases the physical and mechanical properties of the filler.

Compounds such as alkylaryl phosphoric esters, salicylic acid esters, aromatic amines, zinc salts, calcium and lead salts, colloidal silicon dioxide, substituted phenols, secondary aromatic amines or mixtures thereof can be useful as stabilizers.

According to the chemical structure, phenolic stabilizers can be divided into derivatives of mononuclear phenols, bisphenols and trisphenols. An important representative of mononuclear phenols is 4-methyl-2,6-ditretbulphenol. The most important stabilizer in the bisphenol group is 2,2-methylene bis. In the trisphenol group, 2,4,6-tris (3,5-ditrebutylene-4-hydroxybenzyl) mesitylene is an important stabilizer. Mononuclear phenols, bisphenols and trisphenols can be used as stabilizers separately or in mixtures. Secondary aromatic amines can be represented, for example, as phenyl-2-naphthalamine.

The stabilizer further reduces the aging rate of the filler, thereby increasing the durability of the heat-resistant composite material.

To increase fire retardant properties, the filler may additionally contain a flame retardant selected from the group: ammonium phosphate disubstituted, paraform, urea, graphite bisulfate, urea-formaldehyde resin, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin, melamine, ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, intercalated graphite graphite, graphite nitrous graphite, intercalated graphite nitite, graphite nitrate graphite acid oxidized graphite, neutralized intercalated graphite, borax, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, boric acid, magnesium oxide hydrate, zinc oxide, aluminum phosphate, silicon phosphate, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, hydrate , natural graphite, aluminosilicates, chloroparaffin, antimony trioxide, phosphorus-containing compounds, chlorinated polyethylenes, tetrabromoparaxylene, hexabromocyclododecane, decabromodiphenyl oxide or mixtures thereof. By “intercalated graphite” is meant a wide range of chemical compounds — products of the introduction of graphite matrix systems at the atomic or molecular level that are capable of intuition (expansion) —a multiple increase in volume upon heating due to thermal dispersion of graphite particles to nanoscale sizes. The heat-resistant effect of thermally expanding flame retardants is based on the heat-insulating effect of the foam foamed during heat exposure, which prevents the penetration of the heat flux into the material. Under high-temperature heat exposure, phase transitions occur in the filler containing flame retardants, associated with heat absorption and the release of gaseous products, which form a porous structure with a low coefficient of thermal conductivity and, accordingly, high thermal insulation and heat-insulating properties. In addition, exothermic processes of transformation or transformation of various chemical products that impede the process of ignition and combustion occur in the material. For example, a mixture of intercalated graphite and melamine leads to thermal foaming, while the physical properties of the foam change only slightly, and the ability to withstand intense heat flux increases significantly. Melamine, spending heat on its own exothermic conversion process, slows down the exothermic pyrolysis reaction of intercalated graphite, up to the end of pyrolysis.

As an example of a mixed flame retardant, graphite aluminosilicate flame retardant containing natural graphite (carbon) and aluminosilicate in the following ratio of components, in wt. %: natural graphite (carbon) - 5-30, aluminosilicate - 70-95. To obtain graphite aluminosilicate flame retardant aluminosilicate selected from the group: kaolin; glauconite; halloysite or mixtures thereof, and natural graphite is selected from the group: colloidal graphite; shungite or mixtures thereof.

The filler may further contain pigments, which may be useful iron titanate, copper titanate, iron oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt aluminate, lead molybdate crown, cadmium sulfide, aluminum powder, titanium oxide, red iron oxide, red cadmium, chromium or cobalt compounds, zinc dust, zinc crown, cobalt titanate or mixtures thereof.

In addition, a modifier selected from the following groups can be added to the filler.

The first group of modifiers are polyorganosilazanes, acrylic resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, alkyd resins, epoxies, aliphatic epoxies, polyester resins, cellulose ethers, acrylic acid esters or mixtures thereof.

The second group of modifiers are organosilicon polymers, nitrile butadiene rubber with carboxyl groups, liquid polysulfide polymers, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resins, or mixtures thereof.

The third group of modifiers is polychloroprene, chloroprene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, nitrile rubber, siloxane rubber, or mixtures thereof.

The fourth group of modifiers is composed of nanoparticles of aluminum, iron, magnesium, zinc, titanium, nanoparticles of silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, or a mixture thereof.

The fifth group of modifiers are vegetable oils, castor oil, free fatty acids, resin acids, or mixtures thereof. The sixth group of modifiers are ethylene urea, pyrrolidine, morphopine, piperidine, isopropylamine, dimethylamine, ethanolamine, or mixtures thereof.

The first group of modifiers may be useful in modifying mainly organosilicon polymers.

The second group of modifiers may be useful in modifying predominantly epoxy resins.

A third group of modifiers may be useful in modifying predominantly phenol-formaldehyde resins.

The fourth group of modifiers may be useful in the modification of predominantly polyester resins, ether cyanate, phthalonitrile resins.

A fifth group of modifiers may be useful in modifying predominantly polyester resins.

The sixth group of modifiers may be useful in modifying predominantly acrylic resins.

It should be noted that the application in groups can be preferable, but not required, that is, modifiers from one group can be used in another group, for example, the dimethylamine modifier from the sixth group can also be successfully used as a modifier in the first and second group. For example, an epoxy resin from the first group or a phenol-formaldehyde resin from the second group can be used to modify cyanate ester resins. The use of modifiers improves the resistance to external factors, the hardness and strength of materials, as well as simplify their production. Thus, the introduction of a polymer containing aromatic radicals provides higher heat resistance. Additives of acrylic resin or polyorganosilazanes make it possible to obtain a filler that cures even at room temperature. The introduction of urea resin increases the hardness and impact strength of the material. The introduction of a dispersant, for example, polyacrylic acid salts, 2-aminopropanol, acetylenediol, polyurethanes, linear and branched polyacrylates, polycarboxylic acid salts, polyphosphates, fatty alcohol ethoxysilates or mixtures thereof can further improve the quality of the filler due to a finer distribution of components and uniformity composition.

The filler may further comprise a plasticizer and / or flexibilizer (internal plasticizer), which may be useful to improve its elasticity.

A plasticizer is an inert component that is added to the composition of polymeric materials to obtain a mechanical plasticizing effect, namely, improving elasticity, reducing brittleness and increasing impact strength. The plasticizer provides dispersion of the ingredients, reduces the temperature of the technological processing of the compositions. Some plasticizers can increase the heat and flame resistance of polymers.

The plasticizer is selected from the group: esters; phthalic and trimethyl acid esters; phosphoric acid esters; tricresyl phosphates or mixtures thereof. Esters, in turn, are selected from the group: dioctophthalate; dimethyl phthalate; dibutyl phthalate; dibutyl sebacinate; dioctylapdinate; diisobutyl phthalate or mixtures thereof. A flexibilizer (internal plasticizer) is an ingredient that reacts with polymers during curing and provides flexibility by increasing the distance between cross-linking, and, accordingly, increasing the flexibility and mobility of a three-dimensional network. The flexibilizer is selected from the group: low molecular weight silicone rubbers; aliphatic epoxies; polysulfide rubbers; polysulfides; chlorine-containing epoxies or mixtures thereof.

Low molecular weight organosilicon rubbers, in turn, are selected from the group: heat-resistant low molecular weight synthetic rubber (CTCN); Styrosil synthetic low molecular weight silicone rubber (polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer; heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber (SKTF-25) or mixtures thereof.

Aliphatic epoxy resins are a product of the condensation of polyhydric alcohols with epichlorohydrin and, in turn, their groups are selected: aliphatic epoxy resin (DEG-1) - a product of the condensation of diethylene glycol with epichlorohydrin; aliphatic epoxy resin (TEG-1) - a condensation product of triethylene glycol with epichlorohydrin or a mixture thereof.

As a flexibilizer, the use of polysulfide rubbers (thiocols) is possible. To improve the elasticity and heat resistance, it is possible to use chlorine-containing epoxy resin brand Oxilin-5 (A).

The filler may additionally contain microspheres, which may be useful quartz, silicate, borosilicate, glass, neodymium, aluminosilicate, aluminum-borosilicate, aluminum-magnesium silicate, pyralspit, urgandite, ruby, corundum, yttrium-aluminum-garnet garnet, aluminum garnet, carbon, ceramic vacuum, phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyester, urea-formaldehyde, urea-melamine-formaldehyde, or mixtures thereof. Microspheres that are not conductors of electric current can be coated with metal or carbon in order to form closed conductive circuits, which allows protection from microwave radiation. For example, coating microspheres with tungsten, tantalum or lead can provide protection against ionizing radiation. The introduction of microspheres into the filler increases the strength characteristics and reduces thermal conductivity, providing protection from thermal radiation, i.e. improves the operational properties of the material. The microspheres are sitallic, neodymium, aluminosilicate, aluminoborosilicate, borosilicate, alumino-silicate, pyralspit, urgandite, ruby, corundum, yttrium-aluminum garnet, galium-gadolinium-garnet, scandium-yttrium and aluminum can be used to reduce . The filler may additionally contain metals, which may be useful steel, stainless steel, cast iron, nickel, copper, aluminum, magnesium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, chromium, beryllium, titanium, vanadium, scandium, iron, tantalum, bismuth niobium, antimony, zinc, lead, tin, molybdenum, zirconium and / or alloys of several metals, in the form of powders or ultrafine powders, for example dust, or a mixture thereof, which provides protection against ionizing radiation, microwave radiation and laser radiation.

The filler may further comprise impact resistant and heat resistant additives.

To increase the strength characteristics, impact-resistant organic additives, such as core-shell, on an acrylic, styrene or butadiene base or a mixture thereof can also be introduced into the filler. For example, an acrylic-based additive consists of a polymethylmethacrylate shell and an elastomeric core of butyl acrylate copolymer, or an elastomeric core of polybutadiene, and a shell of polymethacrylate or polystyrene. As impact resistant additives, it is also possible to use chlorinated polyolefins and mixtures thereof. Inorganic additives such as calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, titanium carbide, silicon carbide boron, boron nitride, boron carbide, lonsdaleite, fullerenes, fullerites, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, or mixtures thereof can also be introduced. or a mixture of high impact additives.

Lonsdaleit is a hexagonal polymorphic modification of diamond.

Fullerenes are a molecular compound belonging to the class of allotropic forms of carbon, and the condensed system, consisting of fullerene molecules, is fullerite. A synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance is carbon in the form of ultrafine diamond nuclei surrounded by a shell containing X-ray amorphous carbon and having surface functional groups containing oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen on a particle surface, with a core mass ratio selected from a range of 55 to 93 wt. % by weight of the shell selected from the range from 7 to 45 wt. % and having an elemental composition by weight: carbon 85.6-95%, hydrogen 1.3-1.5%, nitrogen 1.5-3.0%, oxygen 1.9-9.0%, non-combustible impurities 0, 3-0.9%. One way to increase the strength of polymeric materials is to mix polymers with additives that increase their strength, for example, carbon nanotubes and particles of reduced graphene oxide.

The strength of the filler of the composite material is determined by the fact that hydrogen bonds are formed between the reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. The use of these additives in the filler will significantly increase the toughness of the heat-resistant layer in the proposed material.

The filler may contain impact resistant fiber selected from the group: polyamide, polyester, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide, polyamide benzimidazole terephthalamide, field olefin, polyacrylonetrile, polyvinyl alcohol or mixtures thereof. The filler may contain a heat-resistant fiber selected from the group: glass, silica, quartz, basalt, carbon, polyoxadiazole, meta-aramid, polyimide, borosilicate, alumino-borosilicate, aluminosilicate, alumina, silicon carbide, boron, boron acetate, viscose, viscose or mixtures thereof.

The filler may contain ferromagnetic additives, which may be useful iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, iron oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, cobalt oxide, yttrium oxide, titanium dioxide, cadmium oxide, ferrite, ferrospinel, ferrogarnet , nickel-zinc ferrite, carbonyl iron, carbonyl nickel, permalloy, iron-nickel-cobalt alloy, manganese-copper-aluminum alloy, neodymium-iron-boron alloy, iron-silicon-niobium-copper-boron-gadolinium alloy, cobalt alloy - iron-nickel-silicon-copper-niobium-boron-dysprosium, cobalt-iron-nickel-silicon-copper-niobium-boron-terbium alloy, barium hexaferrite, barium hexagonal ferrite doped with scandium ions, cobalt hexaferrite or mixtures thereof.

Soft magnetic materials have high magnetic conductivity and are iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, or alloys of these metals, for example, an alloy of iron with nickel is called permalloy.

Ferromagnetic materials also include alloys of soft magnetic metals with niobium, silicon, boron, copper, for example, cobalt-iron alloy nickel-silicon-copper-niobium-boron-dysprosium.

Ferromagnetic materials include ferrites, which are obtained by ceramic methods by pressing and firing a mixture of fine powders of oxides and dioxides of magnetically soft materials. Soft magnetic materials, alloys of soft magnetic materials, iron and nickel carbonates, barium ferrites and hexaferrites have radar absorbing properties and are currently widely used to reduce the visibility in the radar detection range of various objects or technical devices.

The filler may contain gas-filled microspheres, which may be useful quartz, silicate, borosilicate, aluminoborosilicate, aluminum-magnesium silicate, ceramic, neodymium, aluminosilicate, pyralspit, urgandite, ruby, corundum, yttrium-garnite-granite-granite-garnet-granite-granite-granite-granite-garnet aluminum garnet, carbon, ceramic vacuum, phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyester, urea-formaldehyde, urea-melamine-formaldehyde or mixtures thereof.

The microspheres can be filled with gas, which can be useful nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, or mixtures thereof, for example, a helium-neon mixture or a helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture. As mentioned above, the microspheres are sitallic, neodymium, aluminosilicate, borosilicate, aluminoborosilicate, alumino-magnesium silicate, pyralspit, urgandite, ruby, yttrium-aluminum garnet, galium-gadolinium-garnet, and scandium-yttrium-radiant carbon-aluminum already possess properties.

Neodymium glass, pyralspite, urgandite, ruby, yttrium-aluminum garnet, galium-gadolinium garnet, scandium-yttrium-aluminum garnet are widely used as working bodies of solid-state lasers, that is, these materials have the property of absorbing electromagnetic radiation energy with a further transition to thermal energy . In gas lasers, gases or a mixture of various gases can be used as an active medium. The most widely used mixture is helium-neon and a mixture of helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide. These active media also have the property of absorbing the energy of electromagnetic radiation with a further transition to thermal energy.

Helium (He ₂ ) - has a high thermal conductivity, which allows you to quickly remove heat.

Nitrogen (N ₂ ) - is simply excited under the influence of electromagnetic radiation, creating vibrational energy, which is transmitted to carbon dioxide molecules.

Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) - actively generates infrared radiation. When filling the microspheres with a mixture of gases, we get: 1 - absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the material of the microsphere and 2 - absorption of the mixture of gases inside the microsphere. As a result of this, gas-filled microspheres can be more effectively used to absorb electromagnetic radiation and, accordingly, reduce the radar visibility of objects and technical devices. The filler may contain additives to protect against external factors, the absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance in the form of dispersed particles, powders, microspheres selected from the groups.

The first group of additives is graphite, pyrographite, graphene, fullerene, astralen, fullerite, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotubes treated with sulfuric and nitric acid, reduced graphene oxide, or mixtures thereof. Astralen is a fulleroid compound, which is a multilayer polyhedral structure of carbon atoms with a size of 80 ... 150 nm. The multifaceted structure of astralen particles is flat defect-free graphite surfaces connected by edge defect regions of a predominantly pentagonal structure. The surface is composed of 20 ... 50 flat graphene sheets with a sheet spacing of 0.3 ... 0.4 nm. The average size of flat surfaces is approximately 15 nm.

The second group of additives is piralspit, urgandite, ruby, corundum, spinel, glass, neodymium glass, yttrium-aluminum garnet, yttrium-aluminum garnet doped with thulium, yttrium-aluminum garnet doped with ytterbium, yttrium-aluminum garnet doped with holmium, gallium-gadolinium yttrium-gadolinium garnet, scandium-yttrium-aluminum garnet, or mixtures thereof.

The third group of additives is lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, beryllium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, or mixtures thereof. The fourth group of additives is barium oxide, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, tungsten anhydride, tungsten diphosphide, tungsten carbide, bismuth (III) oxide, bismuth carbonate, lead (I) oxide, lead (II) orthoplumbonate, lead (II) oxide, metaplumbonate lead (III), lead (V) oxide, lead carbonate, antimony (III) oxide, antimony (V) oxide, lanthanum (III) oxide, cerium (III) oxide, praseodymium (III) oxide, neodymium (III) oxide, gadolinium (III) oxide, terbium (III) oxide, dysprosium (III) oxide, or mixtures thereof, or a mixture of additives.

The fifth group of additives is boron, boron-10, borosilicates, borates, boron nitride, boron carbide.

The first group of additives can be useful for protection against thermal, electromagnetic and ionizing radiation, as well as for the absorption of electromagnetic waves.

The second group of additives can be useful for protection against electromagnetic, laser and thermal radiation, as well as for the absorption of electromagnetic waves.

The third group of additives can be useful for protection against electromagnetic waves, as well as for the absorption of electromagnetic waves.

A fourth group of additives may be useful for protection against ionizing radiation.

The fifth group of additives may be useful for protection against neutron and ionizing radiation.

It should be noted that the use in groups can be preferable, but not required, that is, additives from one group can be used in another group, for example, carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide, astralen, a synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance from the first group, can also successfully applied as an additive in any of the groups.

To improve operational characteristics, increase resistance to external factors, as well as increase mechanical strength and impact resistance, the bases of the layers of the composite material and the filler can be made identical or different in composition, and on the surface of the material and / or between the layers can have a lining selected from the group: a polymer film, a metal film, for example, a foil, a metal-polymer film, paper, a paper-polymer film, a decorative protective film, a siloxane film, a metal, polymer or metal-polymer network, or from the group comprising a membrane, for example, a vapor-permeable membrane, a perforated membrane, a porous membrane, a diffusion membrane, a superdiffusion membrane, a vapor barrier film, a waterproofing film, a bituminous cladding, a bitumen-polymer cladding, or from the group consisting of fiberglass, silica fabric, quartz fabric, basalt fabric, carbon fabric, polyoxadiazole fabric, or from a group of fabrics, such as synthetic polyamide fabric, polyimide fabric, borosilicate fabric, aluminoborosilicate fabric, alumino-silicate fabric, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide fabric, metaphenylene diaminisophthalamide fabric, polyamide benzimidazole terephthalamide fabric, or various combinations thereof. Moreover, coatings selected from the group: metal, metal alloy, polymer, rubber, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, ferromagnetic and additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, can be applied to fabrics, film and lining, sprayed, deposited, sprayed. strength, microhardness and wear resistance. Application can be carried out by painting, wetting, or by dipping in a liquid solution and so on. When implementing the method of spraying onto the surface of a substrate, liquid mixtures of polymers, rubbers, resins, aqueous solutions of alkali metal silicates, dispersed particles, powders, metal powders, alloys of several metals, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substances, ferromagnetic and special additives are used. Precipitation of various substances can be carried out by the vacuum method. Spraying can be carried out using hot gases, or by plasma spraying.

Facing is a functional or decorative material that covers the product on one or two sides (for example, paper, film, foil, metal mesh, etc.) and performs protective functions or serves to impart special properties to the product. The foundations of the layers and the lining can be connected to each other and to the substrate using heat welding or glue selected from the group: phenol-formaldehyde, phenol-acetate, epoxy, polyurethane, carbamide, organosilicon, polyester, acrylate, polyimide, or from the group: polyacrylic, polyamide, polyvinyl acetate , polyolefin, polyester, or from the group: sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium silicate, fire-resistant silicate, phosphate, ceramic, metal. Synthetic adhesives (fillers) can be made on the basis of synthetic monomers, oligomers, polymers or mixtures thereof. May contain hardeners, flame retardants, solvents, stabilizers, plasticizers, flexibilizers, modifiers and various types of additives. The modification improves the properties of the adhesive, for example, adhesion, viscosity, curing rate, viability, strength, stiffness, resistance to external factors and so on. Synthetic adhesives can be liquid (solution, emulsion, suspension, paste) or solid (films, granules, powders).

Synthetic adhesives can be reactive (thermoset) and thermoplastic. When bonded with thermosetting glue, the chemical structure changes with the transition from a plastic state to a glassy or elastic one as a result of a polymerization, polycondensation or polyaddition chemical reaction. When gluing with thermoplastic glue, the chemical structure does not change during gluing, but they harden as a result of evaporation or volatilization of the solvent (adhesive solution) or solidification of the melt (hot melt adhesive, hot-melt adhesive).

Reactive adhesives can be selected from the group: phenol-formaldehyde, phenol-acetate epoxy, polyurethane, urea, organosilicon, polyester, acrylate, polyimide. Phenol-formaldehyde glue is obtained on the basis of resole phenol-formaldehyde resins. Glues are acetone, alcohol or aqueous solutions of unmodified resins. Resorcinol and alkyresorcinol glues also belong to the group of phenol-formaldehyde glues.

Phenol-acetate adhesive is obtained on the basis of phenol-formaldehyde resin of a resole type modified with polyvinyl acetals. Epoxy glue is obtained on the basis of epoxy resins and products of their modification. They have high adhesion and good strength characteristics in the cured state.

Polyurethane adhesive is obtained on the basis of isocinates and hydroxyl-containing compounds that react with the formation of polyurethanes.

Urea glue is obtained on the basis of urea and / or melamine-formaldehyde resins. Glue is prepared by dissolving powdered resins in water and mixing their aqueous solutions with other ingredients.

Silicone glue is obtained on the basis of silicone rubbers and / or silicone polymers.

Polyester adhesive is prepared from unsaturated polyesters, for example, oligoester acrylate and / or polyethylene glycol maleate, oligocarbonate acrylate.

Acrylate glue is obtained on the basis of monomers, for example acrylates, cinacrylates, and less often their prepolymers and polymers.

Polyimide glue is obtained on the basis of polyamido acids, oligoimido acids, oligoimides, or the starting compounds of synthesis, which are converted into polyimides upon curing.

Thermoplastic adhesives can be selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic, polyamide, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, polyester. Polyacrylic adhesive is obtained on the basis of polymers of acrylates, methacrylates and their copolymers.

Polyamide glue is obtained on the basis of polyamide resins, which are the product of polycondensation of amides of polybasic acids with aldehydes, polycondensation of higher amino acids or diamines with dicarboxylic acids, condensation of caprolactam and salts of diamines of dicarboxylic acids. They are produced in the form of liquids or solid materials (powders, films, granules). May contain solvents in the form of alcohols, water, phenols.

Polyvinyl acetal adhesive is prepared on the basis of polyvinyl acetals.

Polyvinyl acetate adhesive is a 25 ... 70% solution of polyvinyl acetate in alcohols, ketones, esters, methylene chloride, and its aqueous dispersions (35 ... 60% polymer). They are produced in the form of viscous liquids or pastes.

Polyvinyl chloride adhesive is prepared on the basis of polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride or copolymers of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate and other monomers. They are produced in the form of solutions in ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters or dispersions in plasticizers (plastisol adhesives). The concentration of adhesive solutions is 10 ... 30%, plastisol adhesives not less than 90%.

Polyolefin glue is obtained on the basis of homo- and copolymers of ethylene or polyisobutylene. They are produced in the form of granules, films, ribbons, cords, powder, fibers. Polyisobutylene glue is produced in the form of solutions in gasoline. Polyethylene adhesives are connected by the melt method at a temperature of 200 ... 215 ° C. Polyisobutylene adhesives are connected by contact method. The most widely used adhesives based on copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate, bonding is carried out at a temperature. 100 ... 145 ° C in 12 ... 15 seconds.

Polyester glue is obtained on the basis of saturated polyesters, for example, the interaction of ethylene glycol and butylene glycol with terephthalic, sebacic, orthophthalic acids. Bonding is carried out by the melt method.

Inorganic adhesives can be selected from the group: sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium silicate, fire-resistant silicate, phosphate, ceramic, metal.

The silicate adhesive is an alkaline solution of sodium silicate Na ₂ O (SiO ₂ ) _n , potassium silicate K ₂ O (SiO ₂ ) _n , lithium silicate Li ₂ O (SiO ₂ ) _n, or a mixture thereof. Aqueous alkaline solutions of silicates are also called liquid glass.

Silicate fire-resistant adhesive is obtained on the basis of potassium and sodium silicates with the addition of boron, barium carbonates and calcium, vanadium pentoxide and phosphorus.

Phosphate glue is obtained on the basis of phosphate binders, for example, salts of phosphate acid. Salts of phosphate acid are used, mainly acidic and especially monosubstituted due to the polycondensation reaction, are converted into substances exhibiting high adhesion to various substrates. Phosphate adhesive has heat resistance in the temperature range of 1000 ... 2000 ° C. Bonding can also be carried out using phosphate cement, which is obtained on the basis of phosphoric acid and its derivatives. Phosphate adhesive can be aluminophosphate, aluminochromophosphate, magnesium phosphate, chromophosphate, nickel phosphate.

Ceramic glue is obtained on the basis of high-melting oxides of magnesium, aluminum, silicon and alkali metal oxides with the addition of nitrate, boric acid, and to increase the heat resistance and metal additives. The basis of ceramic glue can also be frits, which are obtained as a result of rapid cooling of molten glass. Typically, the frits consist of several components of a mixture of nitrates, carbonates, fluorides and some other oxides and a mixture of oxides, in which silicon oxide is the main component.

Metal glue is fireproof and is a mixture of liquid metals selected from the group: mercury, gallium, cesium with refractory metal powders selected from the group: tungsten, molybdenum, iridium, tantalum. As the liquid component, gallium melts with other metals are used, the melting point of which is lower than that of gallium, for example cesium.

To improve the heat-reflecting and insulating properties, the vapor barrier film, waterproofing film, bitumen lining, bitumen-polymer lining can be additionally coated with a metal film (foil), metal-polymer film. A metal-polymer film is a polymer film on the surface of which the deposition, deposition or vacuum deposition of metals has been performed.

The superdiffusion membrane is a three-layer polymer material, the two outer layers are non-woven polymer textiles, and the inner polymer diffusion layer provides waterproofing and superdiffusion protection. The diffusion membrane has two layers, one non-woven layer, and a second polymer diffusion layer.

The diffusion membrane operates on the basis of diffusion in capillary-porous materials. The outer (woven or fleecy) layer collects moisture and transfers it to perforation. Through microscopic holes, moisture seeps onto the back of the web. The second layer (smooth) is made of perforated polymer, on which moisture is collected.

A perforated membrane is a film or a reinforced film with holes through which water vapor passes.

A porous membrane is a material with a large number of interfiber pores through which water vapor passes.

To increase the resistance and strength of the material as a whole, reinforcing elements, for example, rods, plates, nets, mineral fibers, mullite-siliceous fibers, natural fibers, artificial fibers, piercing threads, mesh can be placed on the surface of the composite material and / or base, or between the layers shells, shells, honeycomb structures, half-open or open cells of various shapes and sizes of cells, which can be made of metal, alloy of metals, polymer, rubber, resin, cermets, ceramics, glass, polymer composite material and are filled, for example, with synthetic filler carbon diamond-containing substance, ferromagnetic additives, or, for example, gas-filled microspheres.

To increase the mechanical and impact strength, as well as to improve operational characteristics, fibrous materials can be stitched with various types of polymer, natural, mineral, artificial threads, which are reinforcing elements.

Composite material obtained in accordance with any of the disclosed embodiments provides the achievement of the specified result equally.

The problem to be solved within the framework of the proposed method is the creation of a technologically simple and realizable for a short time sequence of operations that do not require the use of sophisticated equipment necessary to obtain a composite material with increased resistance to external factors and a wide base of components used, which allows expand the scope.

When gluing with thermoplastic glue, the chemical structure does not change during gluing, but they harden as a result of evaporation or volatilization of the solvent (glue solution) or hardening of hot-melt adhesive (hot melt adhesive, hot-melt adhesive).

Facing. For example, from metaaramide tissue (nomex) and polyoxadiazole tissue (arselon) it is able to work for a long time at a temperature of 260-360 ° C and withstand short-term exposure to a temperature of 550-750 ° C.

The base of the layers and the lining can be connected to each other and to the base using thermal welding or glue.

Increasing the impact strength of the material is possible with the use of such linings as polyamide fabric, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide fabric (Kevlar, Twaron), polyamide benzimidazole terephthalamide fabric (CBM, Armos). The fibers from which these fabrics are made are characterized by high mechanical strength. The tensile strength of the fiber is in the range of 280-550 kg / mm ² , and in steel only 50-150 kg / mm ² . This high strength is combined with a relatively low density of 1.4-1.5 g / cm ³ .

To fix such a cladding on the surface of the material, through perforation is carried out up to 15% of its area, then a coating is applied on top of the filler, filling the free volumes, volumes of perforations, volumes of open pores and joined surfaces of the layers of the base material, forcing the liquid filler through the holes in the coating, and then withstand before curing the filler.

The increase in mechanical and impact strength is achieved by the fact that on the surface of the composite material and / or base, or between the layers, reinforcing elements can be placed, for example, rods, plates, nets, mineral fibers, natural fibers, artificial fibers, piercing threads, mesh shells, shells, honeycomb structures, half-open or open cells of various shapes and sizes of cells, which can be made of metal, alloy of metals, polymer, rubber, resin, ceramics, cermets, glass, polymer composite materials and are filled, for example, with a filler with synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, ferromagnetic additives, or, for example, gas-filled microspheres. Reinforcing elements have high mechanical strength and resistance to external factors, therefore, their introduction leads to an increase in the strength and resistance of the material as a whole. The use of honeycomb structures or half-open honeycombs, in particular, prevents the destruction of the material under the action of an oncoming high-speed air flow.

To increase the mechanical and impact strength, as well as to improve operational characteristics, fibrous materials can be stitched with various types of polymer, natural, mineral, artificial threads, which are reinforcing elements.

Upon receipt of the material I use, for example, a filler of the following composition (in wt.%):

synthetic rubber 20-92 hardener 5-10 stabilizer 2-6 pigments 0-6 flame retardants 0-50 dispersant additives 0-2 microspheres 0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives 0-15 metal and / or alloy additives  0-20. ferromagnetic additives 0-30 gas-filled microspheres 0-25 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance 0-40

As synthetic rubber, at least one silicone rubber, organosilicon rubber, chloroprene rubber, synthetic fluoride rubber or mixtures thereof can be used.

As organosilicon rubber, at least one heat-resistant low molecular weight synthetic rubber, siloxane rubber or mixtures thereof may be useful, as organosilicon rubber, at least one fluorosiloxane rubber, heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber, or mixtures thereof, as chloroprene may be useful. at least one polychloroprene, nairite, neoprene, bipren or mixtures thereof can be useful, and at least one synthetic fluorine rubber based on trifluorochloroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymers, a synthetic rubber based on vinylidene fluoride copolymers, can be useful with hexafluoropropylene or mixtures thereof.

The hardener may be selected from: methyltriethoxysilane, tetramethyldisiloxane, tetraatsetoksisilan, methyltriacetoxysilane, diethylamine, aminosilane, hexamethylene diamine, amine, polyamine, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoizopropiltrietoksisilan, aminoorganotrietoksisilan, tetraethoxysilane, tin diethyldicaprylate, dietilakrilat tin, tin dibutilakrilat or mixtures thereof.

To facilitate the application of the filler on the base, a solvent, such as aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof with ethers and esters, ketones or alcohols in an amount of up to 30 wt. % The aromatic hydrocarbons may be benzene, methylbenzene, vinylbenzene or mixtures thereof. Ethers and esters are selected from the group: diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methyl formate, diethyl sulfate, or mixtures thereof. Ketones selected from the group: propanone, butanone, benzophenone. Alcohols selected from the group: methanol, ethanol, propanol.

Upon receipt of the material using a filler of the following composition (in wt.%):

organosilicon polymer 20-85 hardener 5-10 stabilizer 2-6 pigments 0-6 flame retardants 0-55 dispersant additives 0-2 microspheres 0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives 0-15 metal and / or alloy additives 0-20 ferromagnetic additives 0-30 gas-filled microspheres 0-25 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves, increasing strength,  microhardness and wear resistance 0-40

As the organosilicon polymer, at least one polyorganosiloxane can be used, which may be useful polymethylphenylsiloxane, polymethylsiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, polyphenylsiloxane, polyethyl phenylsiloxane, polydiethyl phenylsiloxy phenyl phenylsiloxyl phenylsiloxy phenyl silken phenyl silken phenyl silken phenyl silken phenyl silken phenyl silken phenyl silan which may be useful are polyaluminophenylsiloxane, polytitanophenylsiloxane, polybororganosiloxane, polyaluminorganosiloxane, polytitanorganosiloxane, or mixtures thereof.

As the hardener, polyorganosilazanes, polyelementorganosilazanes, organophosphorus compounds, alkoxysilanes, solutions of organotin compounds in esters of orthosilicic acid, amino organotriethoxysilane with tetrabutoxy titanium, amino organoalkoxysilanes or mixtures thereof can be useful.

The filler may contain a modifier in an amount of up to 50 wt. % selected from the group: polyorganosilazanes, acrylic resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, alkyd resins, epoxies, aliphatic epoxies, polyester resins, cellulose ethers, acrylic acid esters or mixtures thereof.

The filler may contain a plasticizer in an amount of up to 20 wt. % selected from the group: esters such as dioctophthalate; dimethyl phthalate; dibutyl phthalate; dibutyl sebacinate; dioctylapdinate; diisobutyl phthalate or mixtures thereof.

The filler may contain a flexibilizer in an amount of up to 5 wt. % selected from the group: aliphatic epoxies, polysulfide rubbers, polysulfides, chlorine-containing epoxies or mixtures thereof. As aliphatic epoxy resins, an aliphatic epoxy resin of the DEG-1 brand may be useful; TEG-1 aliphatic epoxy resin or mixtures thereof.

The filler may contain a solvent: aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof with ethers and esters, ketones, alcohols in an amount of 5-30 wt. % As solvents, it is possible to use aromatic hydrocarbons selected from the group: ethylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, nitrobenzene; and mixtures thereof with ethers and esters selected from the group: dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl acetate, dimethylformamide or mixtures thereof; ketones selected from the group: acetophenone, acetylacetone, diethyl ketone, dimethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone; or alcohols selected from the group: methanol, ethanol, propanol. These solvent groups can be used individually or in a mixture.

To obtain the material, a filler of the following composition is used (in wt.%):

synthetic resin 20-85 hardener 5-10 stabilizer 2-6 pigments 0-6 flame retardants 0-55 dispersant additives 0-2 microspheres 0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives 0-15 metal and / or alloy additives 0-20 ferromagnetic additives 0-30 gas-filled microspheres 0-25 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance 0-40

At least one polyester resin selected from the group is used as a synthetic resin: modified polyester resin, orthophthalic resin, isophthalic resin, vinyl ester resin or mixtures thereof, and / or at least one acrylic resin selected from the group: methyl methacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate or a mixture thereof, and / or at least one phenol-formaldehyde resin selected from the group: novolac type phenol-formaldehyde resin, resol type phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde resin or urea-formaldehyde resin or at least one epoxy resin selected from the group: various brands of epoxy resin, modified epoxy resin, or mixtures thereof.

The hardener may be selected from the group: diethylene triamine, polyethylene polyamine, triethylenetetramine, polisebacic anhydride, tetraethylene pentamine or mixtures thereof, or from the group: boric anhydride, diethylene benzosulfonic acid, hexamethylene tetramine or mixtures thereof, or from the group: polyethylene polyamine, aluminum or dibenzo from the group: methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide or a mixture thereof.

The filler may contain a modifier in an amount of up to 50 wt. % selected from the group: organosilicon polymers, nitrile rubber with carboxyl groups, liquid polysulfide polymers, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-amine-formaldehyde resins or mixtures thereof, or from the group: polychloroprene, chloroprene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, nitrile rubber or nitrile rubber groups: nanoparticles of oxides of aluminum, iron, magnesium, zinc, titanium, nanoparticles of silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide or mixtures thereof, or from the group: vegetable oils, castor oil, free fatty acids, resin acids or mixtures thereof, or from the group: or from groups: ethylene urea, pyrrolidine, morphopine, piperidine, isopropylamine, dimethylamine, ethanolamine or mixtures thereof.

The filler may contain a plasticizer in an amount of up to 20 wt. % selected from the group: esters such as dioctophthalate, dimethyl phthalate; dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacinate, dioctylapinate, diisobutyl phthalate; phthalic and trimethyl acid esters; phosphoric acid esters; tricresyl phosphates or mixtures thereof.

The filler may contain a flexibilizer in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, selected from the group: synthetic rubber, heat-resistant low molecular weight; synthetic low molecular weight silicone rubber with styrene end groups; synthetic rubber heat-resistant fluorine-containing, aliphatic epoxy resins, polysulfide rubbers, polysulfides, chlorine-containing epoxy resins or mixtures thereof.

The filler may contain a solvent in the form of aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof with simple and complex esters, ketones, alcohols in an amount of 5-30 wt. %

As solvents, it is possible to use aromatic hydrocarbons selected from the group: benzene, methylbenzene, vinylbenzene and mixtures thereof with ethers and esters selected from the group: diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methyl formate, diethyl sulfate or mixtures thereof; ketones selected from the group: propanone, butanone, benzophenone, or mixtures thereof; or alcohols selected from the group: methanol, ethanol, propanol, or mixtures thereof.

To obtain the material, a filler of the following composition is used (in wt.%):

silicate aqueous solution 20-96 alkali metal hardener 1-15 stabilizer 2-6 pigments 0-6 flame retardants 0-60 dispersant additives 0-2 microspheres 0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives 0-15 metal and / or alloy additives 0-20 ferromagnetic additives 0-30 gas-filled microspheres 0-30 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance 0-45

The alkali metal silicate aqueous solution may be selected from the group: aqueous sodium silicate solution, aqueous potassium silicate solution, aqueous lithium silicate solution, or mixtures thereof.

The hardener can be selected from the group: sodium silicofluoride, barium chloride, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, calcium chloride, sodium aluminate, ethylene glycol diacetate, ethylene glycol monoacetate, or mixtures thereof.

The stabilizer can be selected from the group: colloidal silicon dioxide, zinc salts, calcium salts.

The filler may contain a solvent in an amount of up to 30 wt. %, which is used as water.

Examples that implement the claimed invention

Example No. 1. Composite material for protection against WWF in the form of heat shock, heat flux, heat flux heating, electric and magnetic fields, low-frequency and high-frequency fields, laser radiation, working medium, working fluid, as well as absorption of electromagnetic waves and consisting of several layers.

The first layer is polystyrene foam; The second layer is mullite-siliceous fibrous material; The third layer is polystyrene foam. The outer surface of 1 layer is perforated to a depth of 5 mm, and the inner surface to a depth of 2.5 mm. The outer and inner surfaces of 2 layers are perforated to a depth of 2.5 mm. The outer surface of 3 layers is perforated to a depth of 2.5 mm. as a result, the total thickness of the perforated layers when connecting the material into a single whole will be 5 mm. Between the first and third layers are installed reinforcing rods made on the basis of silica fibers and / or silica fabrics and epoxy resin with a hardener. If necessary, pores were opened on the remaining non-perforated surface, with further purification of free, perforation volumes, open pore volumes and connected surfaces, filling the resulting volumes with a filler of various compositions, masses. %

The first filler is Synthetic rubber - 27; Hardener - 7; Stabilizer - 2; Fire retardant - 35; Dispersing additives - 1; Gas-filled microspheres - 25; Solvent - 3.

The second filler is Synthetic rubber - 24; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 2; Fire retardant - 8; Dispersing additives - 1; Gas-filled microspheres - 9; Ferromagnetic additives - 20; Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance - 25; Solvent - 3.

The third filler is Synthetic rubber - 26; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 2; Dispersing additives - 1; Ferromagnetic additives - 30; Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance - 30; Solvent - 3.

The first filler is used to fill the outer surface of 1 layer. A second filler is used to fill volumes between 1 and 2 layers. A third filler is used to fill volumes between the 2nd and 3rd layer.

Synthetic rubber is a mixture: polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer (Styrosil) - 60 wt. %, heat-resistant low molecular weight synthetic rubber (SKTN) - 15 wt. %, synthetic rubber fluoride based on copolymers of trifluorochloroethylene with vinylidene fluoride (SKF-32) - 15 wt. %, heat-resistant synthetic rubber fluorine-containing (SKTF-25) - 10 wt. %

The hardener is a mixture: aminoorganotriethoxysilane - 30 wt. %, tetraethoxysilane - 30 wt. % ethyl silicate - 30 wt. %, tin dibutyl acrylate - 10 wt. %

The stabilizer is phenyl-2-naphthalamine (Neozone D)

Fire retardant is a mixture: intercalated graphite - 70 wt. %, melamine - 30 wt. %

Dispersing additives are a mixture of: salts of polyacrylic acid - 60 wt. %, polycarboxylic acid salts - 40 wt. %

Gas-filled microspheres are a mixture: neodymium - 30 wt. %, pyralspit - 30 wt. %, ruby - 20 wt. %, yttrium-aluminum garnet - 20 wt. % The microspheres are filled with a mixture of helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide gases.

Ferromagnetic additives are a mixture of: iron oxide - 20 wt. %, nickel oxide - 20 wt. %, titanium dioxide - 20 wt. %, ferrogranate - 20 wt. %, cobalt-iron-nickel-silicon-copper-niobium-boron-terbium alloy — 20 wt. %

Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres: reduced graphene oxide - 20 wt. %, Urgandite - 20 wt. %, spinel - 20 wt. %, lithium carbonate - 20 wt. %, beryllium carbonate - 20 wt. %

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

Example No. 2. Composite material for protection against WWF classes (thermal, mechanical, special environments, electromagnetic, climatic and natural), with increased impact strength and containing several layers.

The first layer is polypropylene; The second layer is polyacrylonetrile fibrous material; The third layer is carbon fiber. The outer surface of 1 layer is perforated to a depth of 5 mm, and the inner surface to a depth of 2.5 mm. The outer surface of the 2 layer is perforated to a depth of 2.5 mm, and the inner surface of the 2 layer is perforated to a depth of 4.5 mm. The outer surface of 3 layers is perforated to a depth of 0.5 mm. Between the first and third layers are installed reinforcing rods made on the basis of carbon fibers and / or carbon fabrics and epoxy resin with a hardener. If necessary, pores were opened on the remaining non-perforated surface, with further purification of free, perforation volumes, open pore volumes and connected surfaces, filling the resulting volumes with a filler of various compositions, masses. %

The first filler is an Organosilicon polymer - 36; Hardener - 7; Stabilizer 4; Pigment - 3; Fire retardant - 10; Dispersing additives - 1; Microspheres - 5; Modifier - 10; Plasticizer - 5; Flexibilizer - 1; Solvent - 3; Shockproof additives - 15.

The second filler is an organosilicon polymer - 39; Hardener - 5; Stabilizer 3; Pigment - 2; Fire retardant - 8; Dispersing additives - 1; Microspheres - 5; Modifier - 10; Plasticizer - 5; Flexibilizer - 1; Solvent - 3; Shock-resistant additives - 10, Additives of metals and alloys - 8.

The third filler is Synthetic rubber - 32; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 3; Fire retardant - 6; Dispersing additives - 1; Microspheres - 10; Solvent - 3; Shockproof additives - 15; Additives of metals and alloys - 12; Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance - 10.

The first filler is used to fill the outer surface of 1 layer. A second filler is used to fill volumes between 1 and 2 layers. A third filler is used to fill volumes between the 2nd and 3rd layer.

Synthetic rubber is a mixture: polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer (Styrosil) - 50 wt. %, heat-resistant low molecular weight synthetic rubber (SKTN) - 15 wt. %, synthetic rubber fluoride based on copolymers of trifluorochloroethylene with vinylidene fluoride (SKF-32) - 15 wt. %, heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber (SKTF-25) - 20 wt. %

The hardener for synthetic rubber is a mixture: aminoorganotriethoxysilane - 30 wt. %, tetraethoxysilane - 30 wt. % ethyl silicate - 30 wt. %, tin dibutyl acrylate - 10 wt. %

The stabilizer for synthetic rubber is phenyl-2-naphthalamine (Neozone D)

The flame retardant for synthetic rubber is a mixture: intercalated graphite - 70 wt. %, melamine - 30 wt. %

Dispersing additives for synthetic rubber are a mixture of: salts of polyacrylic acid - 60 wt. %, polycarboxylic acid salts - 40 wt. %

The organosilicon polymer is a mixture: polymethylsiloxane - 35 wt. %, polyphenylsiloxane - 35 wt. % polyaluminophenylsiloxane - 30 wt. %

The hardener for the organosilicon polymer is a mixture of aminoorganotriethoxysilane - 60 wt. %, tetrabutoxy titanium - 40 wt. %

The stabilizer for an organosilicon polymer is a mixture of: 4-methyl-2,6-ditretbulphenol - 60 wt. %, 2,2-methylene bis - 40 wt. % The pigment is a mixture: aluminum powder - 30 wt. %, zinc dust - 20 wt. % iron titanate - 30 wt. %, iron oxide - 20 wt. %

Fire retardant is a mixture of: magnesium oxide hydrate - 20 wt. %, zinc oxide - 20 am. %, aluminum phosphate - 20 wt. %, colloidal graphite - 20 wt. %, kaolin - 10 wt. %, glauconite - 10 wt. %

Dispersing additives are a mixture of: polyphosphates - 60 wt. %, ethoxysilates of fatty alcohols - 20 wt. %, salts of polycarboxylic acids - 20 wt. %

Shockproof additives are a mixture of: calcium carbonate - 50 wt. %, titanium dioxide - 42 wt. %, fullerenes - 2 wt. %, fullerites - 2 wt. %, reduced graphene oxide - 2 wt. %, carbon nanotubes - 2 wt. %

Microspheres are a mixture of microspheres coated with metal or carbon: quartz - 35 wt. %, silicate - 35 wt. % aluminosilicate - 30 wt. %

Additives of metals or their alloys in the form of powder or ultrafine powders are a mixture of: iron - 20 wt. %, stainless steel - 20 wt. %, nickel - 20 wt. %, copper - 20 wt. %, aluminum - 20 wt. %

Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres: reduced graphene oxide - 20 wt. %, graphene - 20 wt. %, pyrographite - 20 wt. %, graphite - 20 wt. %, corundum - 20 wt. %

The modifier for the organosilicon polymer is a mixture: epoxy resin - 40 wt. %, phenol-formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. %, melamine formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. %

The plasticizer for an organosilicon polymer is a mixture: dibutyl phthalate - 70 wt. %, dioctophthalate - 30 wt. %

The flexibilizer for an organosilicon polymer is a mixture: aliphatic epoxy resin DEG-1 - 60 wt. %, aliphatic epoxy resin TEG-1 - 40 wt. %

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

Example No. 3. Composite material for protection against WWF in the form of gamma and X-ray radiation, neutron and electron radiation, a microwave field and containing several layers.

The first layer is polyethylene foam; The second layer is polyethylene; The third layer is a carbon-carbon composite. The outer surface of 1 layer is perforated to a depth of 5 mm, and the inner surface to a depth of 2.5 mm. The outer surface of 2 layers is perforated to a depth of 2.5 mm., And the inner surface to a depth of 4.8 mm. The outer surface of the 3 layers is perforated to a depth of 0.2 mm. If necessary, pores were opened on the remaining non-perforated surface, with further purification of free, perforation volumes, open pore volumes and connected surfaces, filling the resulting volumes with a filler of various compositions, masses. %

The first filler is a mixture (melamine-formaldehyde resin - 40 wt.%, Urea-formaldehyde resin - 30 wt.%, Urea-melamine formaldehyde resin - 30 wt.%) - 29; Hardener is a mixture (boric anhydride - 20 wt.%, Hexamethylenetetramine - 60 wt.%, Diethylene benzosulfonic acid - 20 wt.%.) - 8; The stabilizer is a mixture (alkylaryl ethers of phosphoric acid - 40 wt.%, Esters of salicylic acid - 30 wt.% „Colloidal silicon dioxide - 30 wt.%) - 3; Pigment is a mixture (lead-molybdate crown - 30 wt.%, Zinc dust - 20 wt.%. Cobalt titanate - 30 wt.%, Chromium oxide - 20 wt.%) - 2; Fire retardant is a mixture (pentaerythritol - 20 wt.%, Oxidized graphite - 20 am.%, Graphite nitrate - 20 wt.%, Colloidal graphite - 20 wt.%, Melamine - 10 wt.%, Intercalated graphite - 10 wt.%) - 5; Dispersing additives is a mixture (polyacrylic acid salts - 40 wt.%, 2-aminopropanol - 30 wt.%, Acetylenediol - 30 wt.%), - 2; Microspheres are a mixture of microspheres: (quartz coated with tungsten - 35 wt.%, Borosilicate coated with tantalum - 35 wt.%, Aluminosilicate coated with carbon - 30 wt.%) - 8; The modifier is a mixture (polychloroprene - 20 wt.%, Chloroprene rubber - 20 wt.%, Polyvinyl chloride - 20 wt.%, Nitrile rubber - 20 wt.%, Siloxane rubber - 20 wt.%) - 8; The plasticizer is a mixture (phthalic acid ester - 45 wt.%, Trimethyl acid ester - 35 wt.%; Orthophosphoric ester - 20 wt.%) - 3; A flexibilizer is a mixture (epoxy resins - 40 wt.%, Polysulfide rubbers - 35 wt.%, Chlorine-containing epoxies - 25 wt.%) - 2; Solvent - 3; Metal and alloy additives this mixture in the form of powder or ultrafine powders (iron - 20 wt.%, Lead - 20 wt.%, Nickel - 20 wt.%, Tungsten - 35 wt.%, Bismuth - 5 wt.%) - 15; Additives to protect against external factors, absorb electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres (barium oxide - 10 wt.%, Barium sulfate - 10 wt.%, Barium carbonate - 10 wt.% , tungsten anhydride - 10 wt.%, tungsten diphosphide - 10 wt.%, tungsten carbide - 10 wt.%, bismuth (III) oxide - 10 wt.%, bismuth carbonate - 10 wt.%, lead oxide (I) - 10 wt.%, Lead (II) orthoplumbonate - 10 wt.%) - 12.

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

The second filler is a Mixture (epoxy resin ED-20 - 40 wt.%, Epoxy resin ED-22 - 30 wt.%, Epoxy resin E-40 - 30 wt.%) - 28; The hardener is a mixture (diethylenetriamine - 20 wt.% „Polyethylene polyamine - 50 wt.%, Triethylenetetramine - 10 wt.%, Polisebacic anhydride - 10 wt.%, Tetraethylene pentamine - 10 wt.%) - 8; The stabilizer is a mixture (alkylaryl ethers of phosphoric acid - 40 wt.%, Esters of salicylic acid - 30 wt.%, Colloidal silicon dioxide - 30 wt.%) - 3; Dispersing additives is a mixture (polyacrylates with a linear and branched structure - 30 wt.%, Polycarboxylic acid salts - 30 wt.%, Polyphosphates - 20 wt.%, Fatty alcohol ethoxysilates - 20 wt.%) - 2; Microspheres are a mixture of microspheres: (quartz coated with tungsten - 35 wt.%, Borosilicate coated with tantalum - 35 wt.%, Aluminosilicate coated with carbon - 30 wt.%) - 10; The modifier is a mixture (butadiene nitrile rubber with carboxyl groups — 25 wt.%, Liquid polysulfide polymers — 25 wt.%, Phenol formaldehyde resin — 25 wt.%, Urea-melamine formaldehyde resin — 25 wt.%) - 8; The plasticizer is a mixture (dimethyl phthalate - 20 wt.%, Dibutyl phthalate - 20 wt.%, Dibutyl sebacinate - 20 wt.%, Dioctylapatinate - 20 wt.%, Diisobutyl phthalate - 20 wt.%) - 3; A flexibilizer is a mixture (heat-resistant low molecular weight synthetic rubber - 30 wt.%; Synthetic low molecular weight silicone rubber with styrene end groups - 50 wt.%; Heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber - 20 wt.%) - 2; Solvent - 3; Metal and alloy additives this mixture in the form of powder or ultrafine powders (iron - 20 wt.%, Lead - 20 wt.%, Nickel - 20 wt.%, Tungsten - 35 wt.%, Bismuth - 5 wt.%) - 15; Additives to protect against external factors, absorb electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres (barium oxide - 10 wt.%, Barium sulfate - 10 wt.%, Barium carbonate - 10 wt.% , tungsten anhydride - 10 wt.%, tungsten diphosphide - 10 wt.%, tungsten carbide - 10 wt.%, bismuth (III) oxide - 10 wt.%, bismuth carbonate - 10 wt.%, lead oxide (I) - 10 wt.%, Lead (II) orthoplumbonate - 10 wt.%) - 18.

The first filler is used to fill the outer surface of 1 layer and fill volumes between 1 and 2 layers. A second filler is used to fill volumes between the 2nd and 3rd layer.

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

Example No. 4. Composite material for protection against WWF in the form of an electric and magnetic field, laser radiation, heat stroke and light radiation, heating by a heat flux, a working medium and a working fluid, climatic and other natural influences, containing several layers

The first layer is an open honeycomb structure made of organoplastics with a filler containing microspheres, gas-filled microspheres and special additives, coated on the outside with a lining of heat-resistant meta-aramide fabric; The second layer is mullite-siliceous fibrous material; The third layer is organoplastics. The outer surface of the 1st layer is made in the form of open cells with a depth of 5 mm, a side wall thickness of 0.5 mm and a bottom wall thickness of 1.25 mm The reverse side of the bottom wall is perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm. to ensure adhesion with the second layer, the inner surface to a depth The outer surface of 2 layers is perforated to a depth of 4.75 mm. The inner surface of 2 layers is perforated to a depth of 4.5 mm. The outer surface of the 3 layers is perforated to a depth of 0.5 mm., As a result of which the total thickness of the perforated layers when connecting the material into a single whole will be 5 mm. Between the first and third layers are installed reinforcing rods made on the basis of silica fibers and / or silica fabrics and epoxy resin with a hardener. On the remaining non-perforated surface, in the absence of pores in the perforated surface of the base, processing or removal of part of the base material on the non-perforated part of the surface is performed to obtain a rough surface, in order to ensure maximum adhesion of the base material and filler, with further cleaning of the perforation volumes and rough surfaces with filling of the formed volumes filler of various composition, mass. %

The first filler is a mixture (an aqueous solution of sodium silicate - 25 wt.%, An aqueous solution of potassium silicate - 25 wt.%, An aqueous solution of lithium silicate - 50 wt.%) - 32; The hardener is a mixture (sodium silicofluoride - 70 wt.%, Silicofluoric acid - 30 wt.%) - 8; The stabilizer is a mixture (colloidal silicon dioxide - 40 wt.%, Zinc salts - 30 wt.%, Calcium salts - 30 wt.%) - 2; The microspheres are a mixture (scandium-yttrium-aluminum garnet - 50 wt.%, Urgandite - 50 wt.%) - 10; Gas-filled microspheres are a mixture (quartz with a helium-neon mixture - 15 wt.%, Silica-alumina with a helium-neon mixture - 10 wt.%, Ceramic with a helium-neon mixture - 15 wt.%, Galium-gadolinium garnet with helium-nitrogen- carbon dioxide with a mixture - 20 wt.%, urgandite with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide with a mixture - 20 wt.%, pyralspite with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide with a mixture - 20 wt.%) - 25, Additives to protect against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance is a mixture (scandium-yttrium-aluminum garnet - 30 wt.%, yttrium-gadolinium garnet - 30 wt.%, galium-gadolinium garnet - 40 wt.%) - 20 Solvent - 3 .

The second filler is a mixture (an aqueous solution of sodium silicate - 35 wt.%, An aqueous solution of potassium silicate - 35 wt.%, An aqueous solution of lithium silicate - 30 wt.%) - 27; Hardener is a mixture (sodium silicofluoride - 60 wt.%, Silicofluoric acid - 40 wt.%) - 8; The stabilizer is a mixture (colloidal silicon dioxide - 50 wt.%, Zinc salts - 30 wt.%, Calcium salts - 20 wt.%) - 2; Gas-filled microspheres are a mixture (gallium-gadolinium garnet with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%, Urgandite with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%, Pyralspite with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt. .%, ruby with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%, yttrium-aluminum garnet with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%) - 15, Additives to protect against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves , increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance is a mixture (scandium-yttrium-aluminum garnet - 20 wt.%, yttrium-gadolinium garnet - 40 wt.%, galium-gadolinium garnet - 40 wt.%) - 15, Ferromagnetic additives this mixture ( zinc oxide - 20 wt.%, yttrium oxide - 20 wt.%, ferrospinel - 20 wt.%, nickel-zinc ferrite - 20 wt.%, permalloy - 20 wt.%) - 30, Solvent - 3.

The third filler is a mixture of synthetic rubbers (polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer (Styrosil) - 40 wt.%, Synthetic rubber, heat-resistant low molecular weight (SKTN) - 40 wt.%, Synthetic rubber heat-resistant fluorine-containing (SKTF-25) - 20 wt.%) - 28; Hardener is a mixture (amino organotriethoxysilane - 50 wt.%, Tetraethoxysilane - 50 wt.%) - 7; The stabilizer is phenyl-2-naphthalamine (Neozone D) - 2; Gas-filled microspheres are a mixture (gallium-gadolinium garnet with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%, Urgandite with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%, Pyralspite with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt. .%, ruby with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%, yttrium-aluminum garnet with helium-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture - 20 wt.%) - 10, Additives to protect against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves , increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance is a mixture (piralspit - 10 wt.%, ruby - 10 wt.%, corundum - 10 wt.%, lanthanum oxide - 10 wt.%, dysprosium oxide - 10 wt.%, scandium-yttrium -aluminium garnet - 10 wt.%, yttrium-gadolinium garnet - 10 wt.%, gallium-gadolinium garnet - 10 wt.%, lithium carbonate - 10 wt.%, calcium carbonate - 10 wt.%) - 20, Ferromagnetic additives this is a mixture (zinc oxide - 10 wt.%, yttrium oxide - 10 wt.%, ferrospinel - 10 wt.%, nickel-zinc ferrite - 10 wt.%, permalloy - 10 wt. %, cobalt oxide - 10 wt. %, titanium dioxide - 10 wt. %, cadmium oxide - 10 wt. %, carbonyl nickel - 10 wt. %, neodymium-iron-boron alloy - 10 wt. %) - 30, Solvent - 3.

The first filler is used to fill the outer surface of 1 layer. A second filler is used to fill volumes between 1 and 2 layers. A third filler is used to fill volumes between the 2nd and 3rd layer.

The solvent used is water for alkali metal silicates. For synthetic rubbers, aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

It should be noted that the base can be selected from the group: polymer or polymer resin, foamed polymer, metal, metal alloy, fibrous material, fiberglass, organoplastics, boroplastics, carbon fiber, carbon-carbon composite material, cermet, gel, ceramic, reinforced concrete, concrete silicate. The filler contains at least one substance selected from the group: rubber, polymer, resin, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate. It should be noted that the filler may be the same or different in each layer of material.

Example No. 5. Composite material for protection against WWF in the form of heat stroke, heat flux, heat flux heating, electric and magnetic fields, low-frequency, high-frequency and microwave fields, laser radiation, test medium, working medium, working fluid and containing several layers.

Carbon fiber type UP based on piercing carbon web UUT-2 and phenol-formaldehyde resin.

The first layer is a carbon fiber type UP 10 mm thick;

The second layer is a metal alloy aluminum-magnesium type AMG-6 with a thickness of 2.5 mm;

The third layer is an epoxy resin of type ED-20 with a thickness of 5 mm with microspheres and metal powder based on aluminum-magnesium alloys. The inner surface of the first layer is perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm. The outer and inner surfaces of the second layer are perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm.

The first filler is used to fill the volumes between the first and second layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Organosilicon polymer (polymethylsiloxane) - 85, hardener (aminoorganotriethoxysilane) - 10, stabilizer (2.2 methylene bis) - 5.

The second filler is used to fill the internal volumes of perforation of the second layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Resin (epoxy resin type ED-20) - 85, hardener (diethylene triamine) - 10, stabilizer (colloidal silicon dioxide) - 5.

Example No. 6. Composite material for protection against WWF in the form of heat stroke, heat flux, heating by a heat flux of an electric and magnetic field, a low-frequency and high-frequency field, laser radiation, a test medium, a working medium, a working fluid, and containing several layers.

Fiberglass type SP-1 based on silica fabric KTP-TOA and phenol-formaldehyde resin.

The first layer is a fiberglass type SP-1 with a thickness of 10 mm. The second layer is a metal alloy aluminum-magnesium type AMG-6 with a thickness of 2.5 mm.

The third layer is an epoxy resin of type ED-20 with microspheres and a metal powder based on aluminum-magnesium alloys with a thickness of 5 mm. The inner surface of the first layer is perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm. The outer and inner surfaces of the second layer are perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm.

The first filler is used to fill the volumes between the first and second layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Organosilicon polymer (polymethylsiloxane) - 85, hardener (aminoorganotriethoxysilane) - 10, stabilizer (2.2 methylene bis) - 5.

The second filler is used to fill the internal volumes of perforation of the second layer and the formation of the third layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Resin (epoxy resin type ED-20) - 85, hardener (diethylene triamine) - 10, stabilizer (colloidal silicon dioxide) - 5.

Example No. 7. Composite material for protection against WWF in the form of heat stroke, heat flux, heat flux heating, electric and magnetic fields, low-frequency and high-frequency fields, laser radiation, test medium, working medium, working fluid and containing several layers.

Organoplastic type SP-2 based on polyoxadiazole TTA and phenol-formaldehyde resin.

The first layer is an organoplastic type SP-2 with a thickness of 10 mm. The second layer is a metal alloy aluminum-magnesium type AMG-6 with a thickness of 2.5 mm.

The third layer is an epoxy resin of type ED-20 with a thickness of 5 mm with microspheres and metal powder based on aluminum-magnesium alloys. The inner surface of the first layer is perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm. The outer and inner surfaces of the second layer are perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm.

The first filler is used to fill the volumes between the first and second layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Organosilicon polymer (polymethylsiloxane) - 85, hardener (aminoorganotriethoxysilane) - 10, stabilizer (2.2 methylene bis) - 5.

The second filler is used to fill the internal volumes of perforation of the second layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Resin (epoxy resin type ED-20) - 85, hardener (diethylene triamine) - 10, stabilizer (colloidal silicon dioxide) - 5.

Example No. 8. Composite material for protection against WWF in the form of heat stroke, heat flux, heat flux heating, electric and magnetic fields, low-frequency and high-frequency fields, laser radiation, test medium, working medium, working fluid and containing several layers.

Polyurethane foam type PPU-NP obtained by the proposed method. In the manufacture of the sample, the polymer base was perforated to a depth of 5 mm. followed by filling the resulting volumes with synthetic rubber. The amount of polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer of the Styrosil brand introduced was selected based on the calculation of the density of the impregnated layer equal to 0.3-0.35 g / cm ³ .

The first layer is a polyurethane foam type GShU-306 with a thickness of 15 mm.

The second layer is a metal alloy aluminum-magnesium type AMG-6 with a thickness of 2.5 mm.

The third layer is an epoxy resin of type ED-20 with a thickness of 5 mm with microspheres and metal powder based on aluminum-magnesium alloys. The outer surface of the first layer is perforated to a depth of 5 mm and the inner surface of the first layer is perforated to a depth of 0.5 mm. The outer and inner surfaces of the second layer are perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm.

The first filler is used to fill the outer surface of the first layer and is the following composition, mass. %: Synthetic rubber (polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer of the Styrosil brand) - 92, hardener (tetraethoxysilane) - 6, stabilizer (phenyl-2-naphthalamine) - 2.

The second filler is used to fill the volumes between the first and second layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Organosilicon polymer (polymethylsiloxane) - 85, hardener (aminoorganotriethoxysilane) - 10, stabilizer (2.2 methylene bis) - 5.

The third filler is used to fill the internal volumes of the perforation of the second layer and represents the following composition, mass. %: Resin (epoxy resin type ED-20) - 85, hardener (diethylene triamine) - 10, stabilizer (colloidal silicon dioxide) - 5.

In order to confirm the CM resistance to heat shock, heat flux, heat flux heating, flame, electric and magnetic fields, low-frequency and high-frequency fields, laser radiation, test medium, working medium, working fluid, experimental studies were carried out.

For a comparative assessment, we additionally studied polymer composites on a foam basis without perforation and a filler: polyurethane foam type PPU-0. The thickness of the sample is 15 mm, the density is 0.15 ... 0.25 g / cm ³ . As the second layer for these materials, we used a metal alloy AMG-6 with a thickness of 2.5 mm., And as the third layer epoxy resin ED-20 with microspheres and metal powder based on aluminum-magnesium alloys.

The comparison was carried out with materials selected from the group: carbon fiber type UP, fiberglass type SP-1, organoplastics type SP-2, polyurethane foam type PPU-NP. As a second layer for these materials, we used a metal alloy AMG-6 with a thickness of 2.5 mm., And as a third layer epoxy resin ED-20 with microspheres and a metal powder based on aluminum-magnesium alloys.

To tighten the test conditions, pigments, flame retardants and other additives in the filler were not used.

Experimental studies were carried out on the following installations:

The Luch experimental setup based on quartz halogen lamps, the temperature on the surface of the sample was T = 400-600 ° C, the heat flux q = 0.015-0.16 MW / m ² ;

The “Impulse” experimental setup based on an optical quantum generator (OCG) with a pulse of τ = 1 ms, heat flux q = 1.8–200 MW / m ² , wavelength λ = 1.06 μm;

The experimental setup "KIPR-1" based on a continuous laser, heat flux q = 1-150 MW / m ² , wavelength λ = 10.6 μm;

The experimental setup "Plasmatron", where air plasma with a temperature T = 5800 ° C, the frequency of electromagnetic radiation 5.15-5.41 MHz, the diameter of the plasma jet d = 50 mm, the heat flux q = 0.86 is used as a heat flux source -l, 2 MW / m ² and an average integral jet temperature T _s = 1977-2500 ° C;

The Flame-GD experimental installation, where the products of combustion of gases, liquid fuels or solid propellant charges with a combustion temperature of T = 1200-3400 ° C, a diameter of a stream of gas stream d = 25 mm, a heat stream q = 0 were used as sources of heat flow 35-0.5 MW / m ² and the average integral temperature of the jet T _s = 900-1300 ° C;

The experimental installation "Cedar", where a steam-air plasma with a jet temperature T = 7000-8500 ° C, an electromagnetic radiation frequency of 6.1-8.5 MHz, a plasma jet diameter d = 1.3-2 is used as a heat flux source , 5 mm, the heat flux q = 1.1-2.25 MW / m ² and the average integral temperature of the jet T _s = 2200-3700 ° C.

The experimental setup "Plasmatron" is presented in figure 1. Samples of the studied materials were installed in a special heat-resistant cassette and additionally isolated with sheet asbestos and asbestos cloth with a special heat-resistant coating. The figure 2 presents the package with a sample of the composite material before testing.

Measurement and recording of temperature parameters, with checking the reliability of temperatures at control points, was carried out by chromel-alumel thermocouples. One thermocouple was installed at half the thickness of the first layer of the sample (h \ 2), the second in the metal base of the sample.

The conclusions of thermocouples from exposure to electromagnetic fields and high-frequency radiation were shielded with a metal braid; in addition, inductive-capacitive filters were used to protect the measuring channel.

The metal base of the sample was made of aluminum-magnesium alloy type AMG-6

Air was used as a working fluid. The plasma temperature in the jet core was approximately 5800 ° C, the frequency of electromagnetic radiation was 5.15-5.41 MHz, and the plasma lifetime was more than 20 minutes. The appearance of the plasma jet is shown in the photograph of FIG. 3.

During the experiments, a study was made of the temperature field in the plasma jet for a cross section coinciding with the surface of the material sample under study.

When the heat flux q = 0.86-1.2 MW / m ² , the average integral temperature of the jet was T _s = 1977-2500 ° C.

A package with a sample of composite material after the experiment and exposure to a plasma jet is shown in the photograph of FIG. 4.

The photograph in FIG. 5 is an external view of a sample of KM type PPU-NP before testing.

The photograph in FIG. 6 represents the appearance of a sample of KM type PPU-NP after testing.

In FIG. 7 is a photograph of the appearance of a cross section of a sample of KM type PPU-NP after testing.

The results of experimental studies are represented by graphical dependencies of FIG. 8, FIG. 9.

In FIG. Figure 8 shows the graphical dependences of the temperature change at half (h / 2) the thickness of the first layer of samples of the composite material on the time of exposure to the heat flux.

In FIG. Figure 9 shows the graphical dependences of the temperature change of the metal base of the composite material samples on the time of exposure to the heat flux.

The temperature at a point corresponding to half the thickness of the first layer of the sample, after 60 seconds of exposure to heat flux, is 550 ° C for the new PPU-NP material, and 750 ° and 1200 ° C for the SP-1 and UP materials, respectively.

Only, for organoplastics SP-2, which has a significantly higher density, the temperature is 355 ° C.

Convincing results indicating the advantages of the new CM are visible from a consideration of graphical dependencies (Fig. 9), which show changes in the temperature of the metal base of the sample from the time of exposure to heat flux t = f (τ).

From the consideration of the graphs it can be seen that the new PPU-NP material provides maximum thermal protection. The temperature of the metal substrate is only 42 ° C after 60 seconds of exposure to a heat flux of a heat flux of 0.86-1.2 MW / m ² and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation.

A visual cross-sectional analysis of the material shows that the material burned out a little more than half its thickness. The resulting coke is brittle and easily destroyed. However, the coke density of the material is 2 ... 3 times higher than that of foamed polymer composite materials without filler, on which the experiment was carried out.

At a distance of 1.5 ... 2.0 mm from the metal base, the material almost completely retained its structure and color, which indicates that 12 ... 14% of the material can still fully resist the effects of a heat flux of 0.86-1.2 MW / m ² and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation.

When conducting experimental studies at the Flame-GD and Kedr installations, extruded polystyrene foam (PPS) with graphite additives (Technoplex) was widely used as the basis, which is widely used in construction as modern thermal insulation.

The thickness of the base for single-layer samples was δ = 30 mm, and the thickness of the base of each layer for two-layer samples was δ = 15 mm.

In FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13 presents photographs of CM after experimental studies at the Flame-DG installation

In FIG. 10 the basis itself is represented, i.e. conventional extrusion (extruded) PPP after exposure to a gas burner with a temperature T = 1100 ... 1150 ° C.

The result - the burnout time of the base is only T _prg = 12-14 seconds.

Example No. 10. Composite material for protection against classes of WWF (thermal, mechanical, special environments, electromagnetic, radiation, climatic and natural) containing several layers.

The first layer is a carbon-carbon composite.

The second layer is carbon airgel with reinforcing elements made of carbon material.

The third layer is a titanium alloy, for example, type VT. The inner surface of 1 layer, the outer and inner surface of 2 layers, the outer surface of 3 layers are perforated to a depth of 0.1 mm. The connection of these surfaces is carried out using high-temperature glue, for example, type FTK-VK, VK-1500.

The fourth layer is a porous cermet based on iron and graphite. The inner surface of 3 layers, the outer surface of 4 layers are perforated to a depth of 0.1 mm. The filler is a mixture in wt. %: Synthetic rubber - 32; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 3; Fire retardant - 6; Dispersing additives - 1; Microspheres - 10; Solvent - 3; Shockproof additives - 15; Additives of metals and alloys - 12; Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance - 10. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of 3 layers and the outer surface of 4 layers. Synthetic rubber is a mixture: polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer (Styrosil) - 50 wt. %, heat-resistant low molecular weight synthetic rubber (SKTN) - 15 wt. %, synthetic rubber fluoride based on copolymers of trifluorochloroethylene with vinylidene fluoride (SKF-32) - 15 wt. %, heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber (SKTF-25) - 20 wt. %

The hardener for synthetic rubber is a mixture: aminoorganotriethoxysilane - 30 wt. %, tetraethoxysilane - 30 wt. % ethyl silicate - 30 wt. %, tin dibutyl acrylate - 10 wt. %

The stabilizer for synthetic rubber is phenyl-2-naphthalamine (Neozone D)

The flame retardant for synthetic rubber is a mixture: intercalated graphite - 70 wt. %, melamine - 30 wt. %

Dispersing additives for synthetic rubber are a mixture of: salts of polyacrylic acid - 60 wt. %, polycarboxylic acid salts - 40 wt. %

Shock-resistant additives are a mixture of: titanium carbide - 40 wt. %, titanium dioxide - 42 wt. %, boron nitride - 5 wt. %, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance - 5 wt. %, fullerenes - 2 wt. %, fullerites - 2 wt. %, reduced graphene oxide - 2 wt. %, carbon nanotubes - 2 wt. %

The microspheres are a mixture of microspheres coated with metal or carbon: quartz - 25 wt. %, silicate - 25 wt. % aluminosilicate - 25 wt. %, borosilicate - 25 wt. %

Additives of metals or their alloys in the form of powder or ultrafine powders are a mixture of: iron - 20 wt. %, stainless steel 10 wt. %, titanium - 10 wt. %, nickel - 20 wt. %, copper - 20 wt. %, aluminum 20 wt. %

Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres: astralen - 10 wt. %, reduced graphene oxide - 10 wt. %, graphene - 20 wt. %, pyrographite - 20 wt. %, graphite - 20 wt. %, corundum - 20 wt. %

The fifth layer is an organoplastic based on polyoxadiazole tissue, metaphenylenediaminisophthalamide tissue and cyanate ester resin.

The inner surface of 4 layers, the outer surface of 5 layers are perforated to a depth of 0.25 mm.

The filler is a mixture in wt. %: Organosilicon polymer - 39; Hardener - 5; Stabilizer 3; Pigment - 2; Fire retardant - 8; Dispersing additives - 1; Microspheres - 5; Modifier - 10; Plasticizer - 5; Flexibilizer - 1; Solvent - 3; Shock-resistant additives - 10, Additives of metals and alloys - 8. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of 4 layers and the outer and inner surfaces of 5 layers. The organosilicon polymer is a mixture: polymethylsiloxane - 35 wt. %, polyphenylsiloxane - 35 wt. % polyaluminophenylsiloxane - 30 wt. %

The hardener for the organosilicon polymer is a mixture of aminoorganotriethoxysilane - 60 wt. %, tetrabutoxy titanium - 40 wt. %

The stabilizer for an organosilicon polymer is a mixture of: 4-methyl-2,6-ditretbulphenol - 60 wt. %, 2,2-methylene bis - 40 wt. % The pigment is a mixture: aluminum powder - 30 wt. %, zinc dust - 20 wt. % iron titanate - 30 wt. %, iron oxide - 20 wt. %

Fire retardant is a mixture of: magnesium oxide hydrate - 20 wt. %, zinc oxide - 20 wt. %, aluminum phosphate - 20 wt. %, colloidal graphite - 20 wt. %, kaolin - 10 wt. %, glauconite - 10 wt. %

Dispersing additives are a mixture of: polyphosphates - 60 wt. %, ethoxysilates of fatty alcohols - 20 wt. %, salts of polycarboxylic acids - 20 wt. %

Shock-resistant additives are a mixture of: titanium carbide - 40 wt. %, titanium dioxide - 42 wt. %, boron nitride - 5 wt. %, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance - 5 wt. %, fullerenes - 2 wt. %, fullerites - 2 wt. %, reduced graphene oxide - 2 wt. %, carbon nanotubes - 2 wt. %

The microspheres are a mixture of microspheres coated with metal or carbon: quartz - 25 wt. %, silicate - 25 wt. % aluminosilicate - 25 wt. %, borosilicate - 25 wt. %

Additives of metals or their alloys in the form of powder or ultrafine powders are a mixture of: iron - 20 wt. %, stainless steel 10 wt. %, titanium - 10 wt. %, nickel - 20 wt. %, copper - 20 wt. %, aluminum 20 wt. %

Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres: astralen - 10 wt. %, reduced graphene oxide - 10 wt. %, graphene - 20 wt. %, pyrographite - 20 wt. %, graphite - 20 wt. %, corundum - 20 wt. %

The modifier for the organosilicon polymer is a mixture: epoxy resin - 40 wt. %

phenol-formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. %, melamine formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. %

The plasticizer for an organosilicon polymer is a mixture: dibutyl phthalate - 70 wt. %, dioctophthalate - 30 wt. %

The flexibilizer for an organosilicon polymer is a mixture: aliphatic epoxy resin DEG-1-60 wt. %, aliphatic epoxy resin TEG-1-40 wt. %

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

A lining in the form of a metal foil with a thickness of δ = 0.2 mm from an aluminum alloy, for example, alloy 1421, is applied to the inner surface of the fifth layer.

The sixth layer is a wool fiber material with reinforcing elements made of aluminum alloy 1421. To increase the efficiency of heat dissipation, the wool fiber material can be saturated with water, ammonia water, alcohol, or a water-alcohol mixture.

The seventh layer is made of aluminum alloy 1421 with a thickness of δ = 1.0 mm. The inner surface 5 of the layer, the reinforcing elements and the outer surface 7 of the layer can be interconnected using heat welding or glue.

Example No. 11. Composite material for protection against WWF classes (radiation, thermal, mechanical, special environments, electromagnetic, climatic and natural), with increased strength, microhardness, wear resistance and containing several layers.

The first layer is a foamed polyisocyanurate. Perforation of the outer surface of the layer is carried out to a depth of 5 mm. Perforation of the inner surface of the layer is carried out to a depth of 2.5 mm. If necessary, pores were opened on the remaining non-perforated surface, with further purification of free, perforation volumes, open pore volumes and connected surfaces, filling the resulting volumes with a filler of various compositions, masses. %

The filler is a mixture in wt. %: Synthetic rubber - 32; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 3; Fire retardant - 6; Dispersing additives - 1; Microspheres - 15; Solvent - 3; Additives of metals and alloys - 12; Special additives - 20.

The filler is used to fill the outer and inner surfaces of 1 layer and the outer surface of 2 layers.

Synthetic rubber is a mixture: polystyrene-polysiloxane copolymer (Styrosil) - 50 wt. %, heat-resistant low molecular weight synthetic rubber (SKTN) - 15 wt. %, synthetic fluoride rubber based on copolymers of trifluorochlorethylene with vinyl idenfluoride (SKF-32) - 15 wt. %, heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber (SKTF-25) - 20 wt. %

The hardener for synthetic rubber is a mixture: aminoorganotriethoxysilane - 30 wt. %, tetraethoxysilane - 30 wt. %, ethyl silicate - 30 wt. %, tin dibutyl acrylate - 10 wt. %

The stabilizer for synthetic rubber is phenyl-2-naphthalamine (Neozone D)

The flame retardant for synthetic rubber is a mixture: intercalated graphite - 70 wt. %, melamine - 30 wt. %

Dispersing additives for synthetic rubber are a mixture of: salts of polyacrylic acid - 60 wt. %, polycarboxylic acid salts - 40 wt. %

The microspheres are a mixture of microspheres: tungsten-coated quartz - 40 wt. % tantalum borosilicate coated - 35 wt. % carbon-coated aluminosilicate - 25 wt. %

Additives of metals or their alloys in the form of powder or ultrafine powders are a mixture of: tungsten - 35 wt. %, tantalum - 35 wt. %, stainless steel - 10 wt. %, nickel - 5 wt. %, iron - 5 wt. %, lead - 5 wt. %, bismuth - 5 wt. %

Additives to protect against external factors, the absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres: boron - 5 wt. %, boron-10 isotope - 2 wt. %, boron carbide - 3 wt. %, barium oxide - 8 wt. %, barium sulfate - 8 wt. %, barium carbonate - 8 wt. %, tungsten anhydride - 10 wt. %, tungsten diphosphide - 10 wt. %, tungsten carbide - 10 wt. %, bismuth (III) oxide - 8 wt. %, bismuth carbonate - 8 wt. %, lead oxide (I) - 10 wt. %, lead (II) orthoplumbonate - 10 wt. %

The second layer is polyethylene with additives: boron - 5 wt. %, boron nitride - 4 wt. %, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance - 3 wt. %, boron-10 isotope - 2 wt. % Perforation of the inner surface of the second layer is carried out to a depth of 4.75 mm.

The filler is a mixture in wt. %: Synthetic resin - 29; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 3; Pigment - 2; Fire retardant - 5; Dispersing additives - 2; Microspheres - 8; Modifier - 8; Flexibilizer - 2; Plasticizer - 3; Solvent - 3; Additives of metals and alloys - 15; Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance - 12. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of 2 layers and the outer surface of 3 layers.

Synthetic resin is a mixture of:

melamine-formaldehyde resin - 40 wt. %, urea-formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. %, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. % The hardener is a mixture: boric anhydride - 20 wt. %, hexamethylenetetramine - 60 wt. %, diethylenebenzenesulfonic acid - 20 wt. % The stabilizer is a mixture: alkylaryl ethers of phosphoric acid - 40 wt. %, salicylic acid esters - 30 wt. % „Colloidal silicon dioxide - 30 wt. %

The pigment is a mixture: lead-molybdate crown - 30 wt. %, zinc dust - 20 wt. %, cobalt titanate - 30 wt. %, chromium oxide - 20 wt. %

Fire retardant is a mixture: pentaerythritol - 20 wt. %, oxidized graphite - 20 wt. %, graphite nitrate - 20 wt. %, colloidal graphite - 20 wt. %, melamine - 10 wt. %, intercalated graphite - 10 wt. %

Dispersing additives are a mixture of: polyacrylic acid salts - 40 wt. %, 2-aminopropanol - 30 wt. %, acetylenediol - 30 wt. % The microspheres are a mixture of microspheres: tungsten-coated quartz - 35 wt. % tantalum borosilicate coated - 35 wt. % carbon-coated aluminosilicate - 30 wt. %

The modifier is a mixture: polychloroprene - 20 wt. %, chloroprene rubber - 20 wt. %, polyvinyl chloride - 20 wt. %, nitrile rubber - 20 wt. %, siloxane rubber - 20 wt. %

The plasticizer is a mixture: phthalic acid ester - 45 wt. %, trimethyl acid ester - 35 wt. %; phosphoric acid ester - 20 wt. %

The flexibilizer is a mixture: epoxy resins - 40 wt. %, polysulfide rubbers - 35 wt. %, chlorine-containing epoxy resins - 25 wt. %).

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

Additives of metals and alloys are a mixture in the form of powder or ultrafine powders :: tungsten - 35 wt. %, tantalum - 35 wt. %, stainless steel - 10 wt. %, nickel - 5 wt. %, iron - 5 wt. %, lead -5 wt. %, bismuth - 5 wt. %

Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres :: boron - 5 wt. %, boron-10 isotope - 2 wt. %, boron carbide - 3 wt. %, barium oxide - 8 wt. %, barium sulfate - 8 wt. %, barium carbonate - 8 wt. %, tungsten anhydride - 10 wt. %, tungsten diphosphide - 10 wt. %, tungsten carbide - 10 wt. %, bismuth (III) oxide - 8 wt. %, bismuth carbonate - 8 wt. %, lead oxide (I) - 10 wt. %, lead (II) orthoplumbonate - 10 wt. %

The third layer is a carbon composite material. Perforation of the outer and inner surfaces of the 3 layers is 0.25 mm deep.

The filler is a mixture in wt. %: Synthetic resin - 31; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 3; Fire retardant - 5; Dispersing additives 2; Microspheres - 8; Modifier - 8; Flexibilizer - 2; Plasticizer 3; Solvent - 3; Additives of metals and alloys - 15; Special additives 12. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of 3 layers and the outer surface of 4 layers.

Synthetic resin is a mixture of epoxy resin ED-20-40 wt. %, epoxy resin ED-22-30 wt. %, epoxy resin E-40-30 wt. %

The hardener is a mixture: diethylenetriamine - 20 wt. % polyethylenepolyamine - 50 wt. %, triethylenetetramine - 10 wt. %, polisebacic anhydride - 10 wt. %, tetraethylene pentamine - 10 wt. %

The stabilizer is a mixture: alkylaryl ethers of phosphoric acid - 40 wt. %, salicylic acid esters - 30 wt. %, colloidal silicon dioxide - 30 wt. %

Dispersing additives are a mixture of: polyacrylates with a linear and branched structure - 30 wt. %, salts of polycarboxylic acids - 30 wt. % polyphosphates - 20 wt. %, ethoxysilates of fatty alcohols - 20 wt. %

Fire retardant is a mixture: pentaerythritol - 20 wt. %, oxidized graphite - 20 wt. %, graphite nitrate - 20 wt. %, colloidal graphite - 20 wt. %, melamine - 10 wt. %, intercalated graphite - 5 wt. %

The microspheres are a mixture of microspheres: tungsten-coated quartz - 35 wt. % tantalum borosilicate coated - 35 wt. % carbon-coated aluminosilicate - 30 wt. %

The modifier is a mixture: nitrile butadiene rubber with carboxyl groups - 25 wt. %, liquid polysulfide polymers - 25 wt. %, phenol-formaldehyde resin - 25 wt. %, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin - 25 wt. %

The plasticizer is a mixture: dimethyl phthalate - 20 wt. %, dibutyl phthalate - 20 wt. %, dibutyl sebacinate - 20 wt. %, dioctylapdinate - 20 wt. %, diisobutyl phthalate - 20 wt.

The flexibilizer is a mixture: synthetic rubber, heat-resistant low molecular weight - 30 wt. %; synthetic low molecular weight organosilicon rubber with styrene end groups - 50 wt. %; heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber - 20 wt. %

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

Additives of metals and alloys are a mixture in the form of powder or ultrafine powders: iron - 10 wt. %, lead - 10 wt. %, nickel - 10 wt. %, tantalum - 30 wt. %, tungsten - 35 wt. %, bismuth - 5 wt. %

Additives to protect against external factors, the absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres: boron - 5 wt. %, boron-10 isotope - 2 wt. %, boron carbide - 3 wt. %, barium oxide - 8 wt. %, barium sulfate - 8 wt. %, barium carbonate - 8 wt. %, tungsten anhydride - 10 wt. %, tungsten diphosphide - 10 wt. %, tungsten carbide - 10 wt. %, bismuth (III) oxide - 8 wt. %, bismuth carbonate - 8 wt. %, lead oxide (I) - 10 wt. %, lead (II) orthoplumbonate - 10 wt. %

The fourth layer is an aluminum-magnesium alloy, for example AMG-6M.

Perforation of the outer surface of the 4 layers is carried out to a depth of 0.25 mm. The mutual connection of 3 and 4 layers is carried out using filler for 3 layers.

Example No. 12. Composite material for protection against WWF classes (radiation, thermal, mechanical, special environments, electromagnetic, climatic and natural), containing several layers.

The filler is used to fill the volume of perforation, the volume of open pores and the surface of the connected layers, starting from the inner surface of the 2 layer and ending with the outer surface of the 6 layer.

Between the layers, reinforcing elements can be placed, for example, rods, plates, nets, mineral fibers, mullite-siliceous fibers, natural fibers, chemical fibers, piercing threads, mesh shells, shells, honeycomb structures, half-open or open honeycombs of various shapes and sizes of cells, which can be made of metal, metal alloy, polymer, resin, ceramics, cermets, polymer composite material.

The filler is a mixture in wt. %: Synthetic resin - 29; Hardener - 8; Stabilizer - 3; Pigment - 2; Fire retardant - 5; Dispersing additives - 2; Microspheres - 8; Modifier - 8; Flexibilizer - 2; Plasticizer - 3; Solvent - 3; Additives of metals and alloys - 15; Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance - 12. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of 2 layers and the outer surface of 3 layers.

Synthetic resin is a mixture of: melamine-formaldehyde resin - 40 wt. %, urea-formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. %, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin - 30 wt. %

The hardener is a mixture: boric anhydride - 20 wt. %, hexamethylenetetramine - 60 wt. %, diethylenebenzenesulfonic acid - 20 wt. % The stabilizer is a mixture: alkylaryl ethers of phosphoric acid - 40 wt. %, salicylic acid esters - 30 wt. % „Colloidal silicon dioxide - 30 wt. %

The pigment is a mixture: lead-molybdate crown - 30 wt. %, zinc dust - 20 wt. %, cobalt titanate - 30 wt. %, chromium oxide - 20 wt. %

Fire retardant is a mixture: pentaerythritol - 20 wt. %, oxidized graphite - 20 wt. %, graphite nitrate - 20 wt. %, colloidal graphite - 20 wt. %, melamine - 10 wt. %, intercalated graphite - 10 wt. %

Dispersing additives are a mixture of: polyacrylic acid salts - 40 wt. %, 2-aminopropanol - 30 wt. %, acetylenediol - 30 wt. % The microspheres are a mixture of microspheres: tungsten-coated quartz - 35 wt. % tantalum borosilicate coated - 35 wt. % carbon-coated aluminosilicate - 30 wt. %

The modifier is a mixture: polychloroprene - 20 wt. %, chloroprene rubber - 20 wt. %, polyvinyl chloride - 20 wt. %, nitrile rubber - 20 wt. %, siloxane rubber - 20 wt. %

The plasticizer is a mixture: phthalic acid ester - 45 wt. %, trimethyl acid ester - 35 wt. %; phosphoric acid ester - 20 wt. %

The flexibilizer is a mixture: epoxy resins - 40 wt. %, polysulfide rubbers - 35 wt. %, chlorine-containing epoxy resins - 25 wt. %).

Aromatic hydrocarbons and their mixtures with ethers and esters are used as solvents.

Additives of metals and alloys are a mixture in the form of powder or ultrafine powders: tungsten - 35 wt. %, tantalum - 35 wt. %, stainless steel - 10 wt. %, nickel - 5 wt. %, iron - 5 wt. %, lead -5 wt. %, bismuth - 5 wt. %

Additives for protection against external factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance are a mixture of dispersed particles or powders or microspheres :: boron - 5 wt. %, boron-10 isotope - 2 wt. %, boron carbide - 3 wt. %, barium oxide - 8 wt. %, barium sulfate - 8 wt. %, barium carbonate - 8 wt. %, tungsten anhydride - 10 wt. %, tungsten diphosphide - 10 wt. %, tungsten carbide - 10 wt. %, bismuth (III) oxide - 8 wt. %, bismuth carbonate - 8 wt. %, lead oxide (I) - 10 wt. %, lead (II) orthoplumbonate - 10 wt. %

The first layer is stainless steel, for example, 12X18H9T. The second layer is cast iron, for example, gray cast iron MF. The inner surface 1 of the layer and the outer surface 2 of the layer can be interconnected by welding or adhesive bonding based on the adhesives described in the description above.

The third layer is reinforced concrete with the addition of cast iron fractions up to 30 wt. % The inner surface of 2 layers is perforated to a depth of 0.5 mm. The outer and inner surfaces of 3 layers are perforated to a depth of 5 mm. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of 2 layers and the outer surface of 3 layers. If necessary, reinforcing elements can be used.

The fourth layer is a foamed urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin. The outer and inner surfaces of the 4 layers are perforated to a depth of 2.5 mm. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of 3 layers and the outer surface of 4 layers. If necessary, reinforcing elements can be used.

The fifth layer is gas silicate. The outer and inner surface of the layer is perforated to a depth of 5 mm. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of the 4 layer and the outer surface of the 5 layer.

The sixth layer is polyethylene with additives: boron - 5 wt. %, boron nitride - 4 wt. %, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance - 3 wt. %, boron-10 isotope - 2 wt. % Perforation of the outer and inner surfaces of the 6th layer is carried out to a depth of 2.5 mm. The filler is used to fill the inner surface of the 5th layer, the outer and inner surface of the 6th layer. As a lining for the inner surface of the 6th layer, carbon fabric, for example VTkU-3, is used.

Experimental studies have convincingly confirmed the fact of successful competition in resistance to external factors of the claimed CM, with traditionally used composite materials. The weight of new materials is 4–25 times lower compared to traditional materials with the same protection against external factors. It was experimentally established that, in comparison with the foamed or fibrous base itself, the resistance of new, containing at least three layers of CM to external factors increases by 7-41 times. Thus, the use of at least one substance selected from the group as fillers: rubber, polymer, resin, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate, allows you to get completely new composite materials to protect against external factors. The combination of low density, low coefficient of thermal conductivity λ = 0.024-0.035 W / m K and high resistance to external factors are one of the main advantages and advantages of the claimed KM containing at least three layers, each of which consists of a base and in this case, the base can be selected from the group of materials: polymer or polymer resin, metal, metal alloy, fibrous material, fiberglass, organoplastics, boroplastics, carbon fiber, carbon-carbon composite material, cermet, gel, ceramics, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate. The filler contains at least one substance selected from the group: rubber, polymer, resin, which is resistant to external factors in the temperature range from minus 100 to plus 2900 ° C, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate.

The results of the studies show the industrial applicability of the claimed composite material containing at least three layers, with each of the layers consisting of a base and a filler.

The claimed composite material is able to withstand colossal heat fluxes of 1-2 million W / m ² , withstand temperatures of the order of 1000-2900 ° C, and provide reliable protection against external factors.

To obtain the material of the claimed composition and structure containing at least three layers, each of the layers consisting of a base and a filler, including the introduction of filler into the base, the base is pretreated with at least one method from: opening pores, perforation, processing chemicals or mechanical means with the removal of residual material, while one or more materials selected from the group are used as the basis: polymer or polymer resin, metal, metal alloy, fibrous material, fiberglass; organoplastics, boroplastics, carbon fiber, carbon-carbon composite material, cermets, gel, ceramics, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate. The filler contains at least one substance selected from the group: rubber, polymer, resin, which is resistant to external factors in the temperature range from minus 100 to plus 2900 ° C, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate, as well as a hardener and stabilizer, and if necessary, various ingredients selected from the group: solvent, flame retardant, pigment, modifier, plasticizer, flexibilizer, microspheres, dispersing additives, impact-resistant and heat-resistant additives, metal additives, alloys of several metals, ferromagnetic additives, gas-filled microspheres, additives for protection against external factors As well as absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase of strength, microhardness and wear resistance, a liquid filler is applied to the surface of the substrate, introduced between the layers, ensuring its penetration into the free volumes of fibrous materials, the volume of perforations, the volumes of open pores and the connected surfaces of the layers, withstand 15-28 hours before the image a single whole after the complete curing of the filler.

The application of the filler on the base can be carried out in any suitable way, for example, by spraying onto the surface, dipping the material into the filler, etc. After curing, a finished composite sheet is obtained.

Thus, the invention is a technologically simple, not requiring the use of sophisticated equipment, method for producing composite materials with high resistance to external factors. Due to the great variability of the components used, their interchangeability and the possibility of including various additives in the main composition, the proposed material can be adapted to specific operating conditions. Thus, the material is a universal product that can find application in conditions of any complexity. Moreover, the material is environmentally friendly.

All specific substances described above are preferred, but not limiting, the scope of the claimed invention.

Claims (52)

1. A multilayer composite material for protection against external factors, characterized in that it contains at least three layers, each of which consists of a base and a filler, the base is pretreated with at least one method of: opening pores, perforation, surface treatment chemicals or mechanical means with the removal of material residues, the base made of materials selected from the group including polymer or polymer resin, foamed polymer, metal, metal alloy, fibrous material, fiberglass, carbon fiber, organoplastics, boroplastics, carbon-carbon composite material, gel, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate, ceramics, cermets, and the filler contains at least one substance selected from the group: rubber, polymer, resin, which is resistant to external factors, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate, and hardener and stabilizer and, if necessary, various casings selected from the group consisting of solvent, flame retardant, pigment, modifier, plasticizer, flexibilizer, microspheres, dispersants, shockproof and heat-resistant additives, metal additives, alloys, ferromagnetic additives, gas-filled microspheres, additives for protection against external factors, as well as to absorb electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance, while the filler filled the free volume of fibrous materials, the volume of perforations, the volume of open pores and the surface of the connected layers. 2. The material according to claim 1, characterized in that the area of the perforated surface in the horizontal section can be up to 85%, and if necessary, pores are opened on the non-perforated part of the surface, in the absence of pores in the base material, part of the base material is processed or removed to obtain rough surface, in order to ensure maximum adhesion of the base material and filler. 3. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the polymer resin or foamed polymer of the base selected from the group including, for example, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate polypropylene, epoxy resin, foamed polyethylene, foamed polystyrene, foamed polyurethane, foamed polyisocyanurate, foamed polypropylene, foamed urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin. 4. The material according to claim 1, characterized in that, as a metal or metal alloy, the base contains a metal alloy, for example a titanium alloy, an aluminum-magnesium alloy, steel, for example stainless steel, cast iron. 5. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that it contains additional layers, the basis of which is made, for example, of cermets, gas silicate, polymer or foamed polymer, metal alloy, organoplastics, fibrous material. 6. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the gel base is selected, for example, from the group comprising airgel, cryogel, xerogel, ambigel. 7. The material according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibrous base material is selected from the group: mineral fibrous material, natural fibrous material, artificial fibrous material, or various combinations thereof, without a binder and using a binder. 8. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains at least one synthetic rubber selected from the group: silicone rubber, organosilicon rubber, chloroprene rubber, synthetic fluorine rubber, or mixtures thereof, while being organosilicon the rubber contains at least one synthetic rubber, for example, siloxane rubber, organosilicon rubber, fluorosiloxane rubber, chloroprene rubber, for example polychloroprene, nairit neoprene, bipren, a trifluorochlorethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer. 9. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that as a polymer, the filler contains at least one organosilicon polymer. 10. The material according to claim 1, characterized in that the filler resin is a synthetic resin, for example phenol-formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, organosilicon resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin, epoxy diane resin. 11. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that as an aqueous solution of an alkali metal silicate, the filler contains, for example, a sodium silicate solution, an aqueous solution of potassium silicate, an aqueous solution of lithium silicate or a mixture thereof. 12. Material according to Claim. 1, characterized in that the curing agent is selected from the group consisting of methyltriethoxysilane, tetramethyldisiloxane, diethylamine, aminosilane, hexamethylene diamine, amine, polyamine, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoizopropiltrietoksisilan, aminoorganotrietoksisilan, tetraethoxysilane, tin diethyldicaprylate, dietilakrilat tin, tin dibutilakrilat or from the group: alkoxysilanes, amino organotriethoxysilanes with tetrabutoxy titanium, amino-organoalkoxysilanes or mixtures thereof, or from the group: diethylene triamine, polyethylene polyamine, triethylenetetramine, polisebacic anhydride, tetraethylene pentamine or mixtures thereof, of , silicofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, calcium chloride, isomethylhydrophthalic anhydride. 13. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains alkylaryl esters of phosphoric acid, esters of salicylic acid, aromatic amines, zinc salts, calcium and lead salts, colloidal silicon dioxide, substituted phenols, secondary aromatic amines as a stabilizer. 14. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains a flame retardant selected from the group comprising ammonium phosphate disubstituted, urea, urea-formaldehyde resin, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin, melamine, ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, intercalated graphite, graphite nitrate, oxidized graphite, nitrate, graphite, nitrate, graphite, nitrate magnesium, zinc oxide, aluminum phosphate, silicon phosphate, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, alumina hydrate, aluminum phosphate, natural graphite, aluminosilicates, chlorine paraffin, antimony trioxide. 15. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains a pigment selected from the group comprising iron titanate, copper titanate, iron oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt aluminate, lead-molybdate crown, cadmium sulfide, aluminum powder, titanium oxide, red iron oxide, red cadmium, chromium or cobalt compounds, zinc dust, zinc crown, cobalt titanate or mixtures thereof. 16. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains a modifier selected from the group consisting of urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins, aliphatic epoxy resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resins or mixtures thereof, or from the group: polychloroprene, chlorine rubber, polyvinyl chloride, nitrile rubber, siloxane rubber. 17. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains dispersing additives selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid salts, polycarboxylic acid salts, polyphosphates, fatty alcohol ethoxysilates. 18. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains a plasticizer selected from the group comprising esters such as dioctyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate; dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacinate, dioctylapinate, diisobutyl phthalate; phthalic and trimethyl acid esters; phosphoric acid esters; tricresyl phosphates or mixtures thereof. 19. The material according to claim 1, characterized in that the filler contains a flexibilizer selected from the group comprising low molecular weight silicone rubbers, aliphatic epoxy resins, chlorine-containing epoxy resins, or mixtures thereof. 20. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains microspheres selected from the group comprising quartz, silicate, borosilicate, glass, neodymium, aluminosilicate, pyralspit, urgandite, ruby, corundum, yttrium-aluminum garnet, galium-gadolinium , scandium-yttrium-aluminum garnet, carbon, ceramic vacuum, if necessary, microspheres that are not conductors of electric current can be coated with metal or carbon. 21. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains metals selected from the group comprising steel, stainless steel, cast iron, nickel, copper, aluminum, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, iron, tantalum, bismuth, lead, tin, and / or alloys of several metals in the form of powder or ultrafine powders, for example dust, or mixtures thereof. 22. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains inorganic shockproof additives selected from the group comprising calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, titanium carbide, silicon carbide, boron, boron nitride, boron carbide, lonsdaleite, fullerenes, fullerites, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, or mixtures thereof. 23. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains ferromagnetic additives selected from the group comprising iron, nickel, cobalt, iron oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, yttrium oxide, titanium dioxide, cadmium oxide, ferrite, ferrospinel, ferrogarnet, nickel-zinc ferrite, carbonyl iron, carbonyl nickel, permalloy, iron-nickel-cobalt alloy, manganese-copper-aluminum alloy, neodymium-iron-boron alloy, cobalt-iron-nickel-silicon-copper-niobium-boron alloy -terbium. 24. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains gas-filled microspheres selected from the group: quartz, silicate, borosilicate, aluminoborosilicate, alumino-silicate, sitallic, neodymium, aluminosilicate, pyralspit, corundum, scandium-yttrium-aluminum-aluminum ceramic, vacuum. 25. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the filler contains additives in the form of dispersed particles, powders, microspheres, selected from the group including, for example, graphite, pyrographite, graphene, fullerene, astralen, fullerite, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide or mixtures thereof, or from the group consisting of pyralspit, urgandite, ruby, corundum, spinel, yttrium-aluminum garnet, thulium-doped yttrium-aluminum garnet, gallium-gadolinium garnet garnet, yttrium-gadolinium garnet, scandium yttrium aluminum garnet or mixtures thereof, or from the group including lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, beryllium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate or mixtures thereof, or from the group: barium oxide, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, tungsten anhydride, tungsten diphosphide , tungsten carbide, bismuth (III) oxide, lead (I) oxide, or from the group consisting of boron, boron-10, borosilicates, borates, boron nitride, boron carbide, or mixtures thereof. 26. The material according to p. 1, characterized in that the bases of the layers of the composite material and the filler can be made the same or different in composition, and on the surface of the material and / or between the layers can have a lining selected from the group: polymer film, metal film, for example foil, metal-polymer film, paper-polymer film, siloxane film, metal, polymer or metal-polymer mesh, vapor barrier film, waterproofing film, bitumen lining, bitumen-polymer lining, or from the group of: fiberglass, silica fabric, base layers and cladding are interconnected and with the base using thermal welding or glue. 27. The material according to claim 1, characterized in that reinforcing elements, for example rods, plates, nets, mineral fibers, mullite-siliceous fibers, natural fibers, chemical fibers, piercing threads, can be placed on the surface of the composite material and / or the substrate or between the layers , mesh shells, honeycomb structures, half-open or open honeycombs of various shapes and sizes of cells, which can be made of metal, alloy of metals, polymer, rubber, resin, ceramics, cermets, polymer composite material and are filled, for example, with a filler with synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, ferromagnetic additives or, for example, gas-filled microspheres. 28. A method of obtaining a composite material for protection against external factors according to any one of paragraphs. 1-27, including the introduction of a filler into the base, the base being pretreated with at least one method from: opening the pores, perforating, treating with chemicals or mechanical means, removing any residual material, the base being made of materials selected from the group including polymer or polymer resin, foamed polymer, metal, metal alloy, fibrous material, fiberglass, carbon fiber, organoplastics, boroplastics, carbon-carbon composite material, gel, reinforced concrete, concrete, gas silicate, ceramics, and the filler contains at least one substance selected from the group: rubber, polymer, resin, which is resistant to external factors, an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate, as well as a hardener and stabilizer and, if necessary, various additives selected from the group comprising solvent, flame retardant, pigment, modifier, plasticizer, flexibilizer, microspheres, dispersants, impact resistant and therm persistent additives, additives of metals, alloys, ferromagnetic additives, gas-filled microspheres, additives to protect against external factors, as well as to absorb electromagnetic waves, increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance, while the filler filled the free volumes of fibrous materials, volumes of perforations, volumes opened the pores and surfaces of the joined layers can withstand 15-28 hours until a single whole is formed after the filler is completely cured. 29. The method according to p. 28, characterized in that the area of the perforated surface in a horizontal section can be up to 85%, and if necessary, pores are opened on the non-perforated surface, if there are no pores in the base material, part of the base material is processed or removed to obtain a rough surface surface, in order to ensure maximum adhesion of the base material and filler. 30. The method according to p. 29, characterized in that on the surface of the material and / or between the layers there may be a lining selected from the group comprising a polymer film, a metal film, a metal-polymer film, a paper-polymer film, a metal, polymer or metal-polymer mesh, a membrane, for example a vapor-permeable membrane, a vapor barrier film, a waterproof film, a bituminous cladding, a bitumen-polymer cladding, or from the group consisting of fiberglass, silica fabric, wherein the base layers and the cladding can be connected to each other and to the base by heat welding or glue and at the same time, fabrics, films and lining can be applied, sprayed, deposited, sprayed coatings selected from the group: metal, metal alloy, polymer, rubber, synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, ferromagnetic additives and additives to protect against external factors, and also for absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear-resistant awns. 31. The method according to p. 30, characterized in that the lining produce through perforation up to 15% of its area, then impose the lining on top of the filler, filling the free volumes of fibrous materials, the volume of perforations, the volumes of open pores and joined surfaces of the layers, forcing the liquid filler through holes in the lining, and then withstand until the filler has cured. 32. The method according to p. 29, characterized in that on the surface of the composite material and / or base or between the layers can be placed reinforcing elements, for example rods, plates, nets, mineral fibers, natural fibers, artificial fibers, piercing threads, mesh shells , honeycomb structures that can be made of metal, alloy of metals, polymer, rubber, resin, ceramics, cermets, glass, polymer composite material, and are filled, for example, with filler with synthetic carbon diamond-containing substance, ferromagnetic additives, additives to protect against external influencing factors, absorption of electromagnetic waves, increase in strength, microhardness and wear resistance, or, for example, gas-filled microspheres. 33. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 28-32, characterized in that they use a filler of the following composition (wt.%): synthetic rubber                                   20-92 hardener                                                              5-10 stabilizer                                                              2-6 pigments                                                              0-6 flame retardants                                                            0-50 dispersant additives                                      0-2 microspheres                                                            0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives             0-15 metal and / or alloy additives                          0-20 ferromagnetic additives                                     0-30 gas-filled microspheres                         0-25 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves, increasing strength, microhardness and wear resistance                                                0-40 34. The method according to p. 33, characterized in that at least one silicone rubber, silicone fluorine rubber, chloroprene rubber, fluorine synthetic rubber are used as synthetic rubber, for example, polychloroprene, nairite, neoprene, biprene or their rubber are used mixtures, and synthetic fluoride rubber is used, for example, synthetic rubber fluoride based on copolymers of trifluorochloroethylene with vinylidene fluoride, synthetic rubber fluoride based on copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with hexafluoropropylene or mixtures thereof, while the hardener is selected from the group consisting of methyltriethoxytetraethane methane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane methane tetraacetane tetraacetane methane tetraacetane methane tetraacetane tetraacetane methane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane methane tetraacetane methane tetraacetane methane tetraacetane ethane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane ethane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane tetraacetane , diethylamine, aminosilane, hexamethylenediamine, amine, polyamine, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoisopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoorganotriethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tin diethyl dicaprylate, tin diethyl acrylate, dibutyl or acrylate solvent use aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof with simple and complex esters, ketones or alcohols in an amount up to 30 wt.%. 35. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 28-32, characterized in that they use a filler of the following composition (wt.%): organosilicon polymer                20-85 hardener                                                     5-10 stabilizer                                                       2-6 pigments                                                       0-6 flame retardants                                                     0-55 dispersant additives                                0-2 microspheres                                                      0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives       0-15 metal and / or alloy additives                   0-20 ferromagnetic additives                              0-30 gas-filled microspheres                   0-25 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance                                           0-40 36. The method according to p. 35, characterized in that the organosilicon polymer is used, for example, polyorganosiloxane, polyelementorganosiloxane, the hardener is selected from the group consisting of alkoxysilanes, aminoorganotriethoxysilane with tetrabutoxytitanium, aminoorganoalkoxysilanes, or mixtures thereof, in combination mixtures thereof with ethers and esters, ketones or alcohols in an amount of 5-30 wt.%. 37. The method according to p. 35, wherein the filler contains a modifier in an amount of up to 50 wt.%, Selected from the group comprising urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, alkyd epoxies, or mixtures thereof. 38. The method according to p. 35, characterized in that the filler contains a plasticizer in an amount of up to 20 wt.%, Selected from the group comprising esters, such as dioctyl phthalate; dimethyl phthalate; dibutyl phthalate; dibutyl sebacinate; dioctylapdinate; diisobutyl phthalate or mixtures thereof. 39. The method according to p. 35, characterized in that the filler contains a flexibilizer in an amount of up to 5 wt.%, Selected from the group including aliphatic epoxy resins, chlorine-containing epoxy resins or mixtures thereof, while aliphatic epoxy resins are selected from the group: aliphatic epoxy resin brand DEG-1; TEG-1 aliphatic epoxy resin or mixtures thereof. 40. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 28-32, characterized in that they use a filler of the following composition (wt.%): synthetic resin                                          20-85 hardener                                                        5-10 stabilizer                                                          2-6 pigments                                                          0-6 flame retardants                                                        0-55 dispersant additives                                   0-2 microspheres                                                         0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives          0-15 metal and / or alloy additives                      0-20 ferromagnetic additives                                  0-30 gas-filled microspheres                      0-25 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance                                              0-40 41. The method according to p. 40, characterized in that the synthetic resin is selected from the group: phenol-formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin, epoxy diane resin of various grades, while the hardener is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene diamine, diethylene , triethylenetetramine, polisebacic anhydride, tetraethylene pentamine or mixtures thereof, or from the group comprising boric anhydride, hexamethylene tetramine or mixtures thereof, or from the group comprising polyethylene polyamine, dibenzoyl peroxide, aluminum hydroxide or a mixture thereof, aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof with simple and esters, ketones or alcohols in an amount of 5-30 wt.%. 42. The method according to p. 40, characterized in that the filler contains a modifier in an amount of up to 50 wt.%, Selected from the group consisting of silicone polymers, nitrile butadiene rubber with carboxyl groups, liquid polysulfide polymers, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-melamine-formaldehyde resins or mixtures thereof, or from the group consisting of polychloroprene, chloroprene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, nitrile rubber, siloxane rubber, or mixtures thereof. 43. The method according to p. 40, characterized in that the filler contains a plasticizer in an amount of up to 20 wt.%, Selected from the group comprising esters of phthalic and trimethyl acid; phosphoric acid esters; tricresyl phosphate or mixtures thereof. 44. The method according to p. 40, characterized in that the filler contains a flexibilizer in an amount of up to 5 wt.%, Selected from the group comprising heat-resistant synthetic rubber, for example synthetic silicone rubber, heat-resistant fluorine-containing synthetic rubber, or mixtures thereof. 45. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 28-32, characterized in that they use a filler of the following composition (wt.%): silicate aqueous solution                                     20-96 alkali metal hardener                            1-15 stabilizer                                                                 2-6 pigments                                                                 0-6 flame retardants                                                               0-60 dispersant additives                                          0-2 microspheres                                                               0-25 shockproof and heat resistant additives                0-15 metal and / or alloy additives                            0-20 ferromagnetic additives                                        0-30 gas-filled microspheres                             0-30 additives to protect against external influencing factors absorption electromagnetic waves increase strength, microhardness and wear resistance                                                  0-45 46. The method according to p. 45, characterized in that the aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate is selected from the group comprising an aqueous solution of sodium silicate, an aqueous solution of potassium silicate, an aqueous solution of lithium silicate or mixtures thereof, wherein the hardener is selected from the group: sodium silicofluoride, chloride barium, silicofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, calcium chloride, sodium aluminate or mixtures thereof, water is used as a solvent in an amount of up to 30 wt.%. 47. The method according to p. 45, wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group comprising zinc salts, calcium salts, lead salts, colloidal silicon dioxide, or mixtures thereof.

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