RU2715604C1 - Method of producing healthier potato minitubers - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, namely to plant growing, and can be used in elite seed potatoes. Method of producing healthier potato minitubers grown from meristem plants includes simultaneous exposure of potato plants to a flow of red-orange radiation in the extended range of 600–700 nm and blue radiation in range of 420–450 nm. During first 28 days, potato meristem plants are grown in test tubes, planted in an aerohydroponic plant adaptation module for pre-growth, and then placed in the main module. Potatoes are exposed to radiation flux from 44 days of cultivation in the main module of the aerohydroponic plant.

EFFECT: increased number of healthier potato minitubules.

4 cl, 2 dwg, 5 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely to crop production, and can be used in elite potato seed production in the production of healthy potato minicubers using aerohydroponic plants.

A known method of presowing treatment of seeds, RU 2090031, A01C 1/00, publ. 09/20/1997 [1].

The method provides for joint continuous exposure of seeds to radiation fluxes in the red and infrared regions of the spectrum. The radiation flux in the infrared range is formed with a wavelength of 900 to 980 nm (with a maximum intensity of the radiation flux at a wavelength of 940 nm) with a bulk density of 1.0 to 10 W / m ² . And the exposure in the red region is carried out with a wavelength of 600-720 nm (with a maximum intensity of the radiation flux at a wavelength of 600-670 nm) and with the ratio of the density of radiation fluxes in the red and infrared regions, respectively, (5-10): 1 for 60-360 sec. The application of the invention provides increased germination energy, seed germination and growth power of plants while suppressing fungal infection, and also improves efficiency, simplifies and reduces the cost of design while reducing energy consumption during its operation.

A disadvantage of the known invention is the presence of a microbiological preparation in the medium, which complicates the process, since the preparation of a microbiological preparation is a separate high-tech production.

A known method of industrial production of potato minicubers in an artificial climate of a cultivation facility (phytotron) from patent RU 2157064, A01G 1/00, A01G 31/00, publ. 10.10.2000 [2]. The method includes creating a controlled effect on physiological and photosynthetic processes at all stages of potato plant vegetation by separately controlling the microclimate (humidity, temperature and gas composition of the atmosphere) in the stem and root zones of the phytotron, changing the spectral composition of artificial lighting in the stem zone of potato plants during the growing season and changing the composition of the nutrient mineral solution used to feed the plants during the growing season. In this case, a temperature gradient is created in the range from 2 to 16 degrees between the atmosphere of the stem zone and the atmosphere of the root zone of the phytotron, while in the light period of vegetation of plants the gradient is positive in the stem zone and in the dark in the root zone, while the absolute value of the temperature gradient increases the process of plant growth and reaches its maximum during the period of tuberization of potatoes; the atmosphere in the stem zone of the phytotron is constantly and forcibly mixed; in the light period of vegetation of plants in the atmosphere of the stem zone set the carbon dioxide content in the amount of 0.04-0.3%, in the atmosphere of the root zone of potato plants set the carbon dioxide content in the amount of 0.04-0.19%; the supply of a nutrient mineral solution with a pH of 4-7.2 is carried out with repeated, short-term spraying or aerosol irrigation of the entire volume of the root part of plants; the pH of the nutrient mineral solution in the process of potato growth is gradually reduced from 7.2 in the initial period of plant growth to 4.2-4.0 during the period of potato tuberization; spraying or aerosol irrigation of the entire volume of the root part of plants with a nutrient mineral solution is carried out periodically for 3-45 s with intervals between them 1-150 min, atmospheric humidity in the root zone of the phytotron during potato growth decreases from 95-100% in the initial period of plant growth to 65-80% during the period of potato tuberization with active aeration of the entire volume of the root zone; during the growing process of potato plants, the spectral composition of artificial lighting in the stem zone of the phytotron is changed, namely: lamps with a spectrum of 550 - 650 nm are used at the stage of plant growth, and lamps with a spectrum of 365 - 700 nm are used at the stage of potato tuberization; the vegetation process of plants is 80-100 W / m ² . The method allows to use the physiological capabilities of plants with high efficiency; regulate photosynthetic processes; the timing and duration of the various stages of vegetation, to create industrial production of potato minicubers.

A disadvantage of the known invention is the difficulty of maintaining in the atmosphere of the stem zone the carbon dioxide content in the amount of 0.04-0.3%, in the atmosphere of the root zone of potato plants the carbon dioxide content in the amount of 0.04-0.19%.

A known method of processing planting material of potatoes, RU 2283561, A01C 1/00, publ. 09/20/2006 [3]. A method of processing planting material of potatoes includes exposure to a stream of optical radiation in the red region of the spectrum. The exposure is carried out with incoherent light with a ratio of radiation powers of at least 5: 1 in the wavelength range of 550-680 nm and more than 680 nm, respectively, with an irradiation dose of 100-200 J / m ² . Test plants and potato seed tubers are used as planting material. When using test tube potato plants as planting material, irradiation is performed repeatedly during the growing season, at least 3 times, starting from 5-7 days after the cuttings, with an interval of one day. Processing seed potato tubers is carried out 1-3 days before planting. The invention allows to increase the reproduction rate of planting material, increase the productivity of tubers and reduce the reproduction scheme of elite potato seeds by 1 year, as well as increase efficiency, simplify and reduce the cost of the method.

The disadvantage of this method is the additional installation of lamps with a wavelength range of 550-680 nm and more than 680 nm. In addition, repeated irradiation (at least 3 times) requires additional labor costs.

The closest analogue is known CN 105103894, A01G1 / 00; A01H4 / 00, publ. 12/02/2015 [4], which disclosed an effective and energy-efficient method of potato production in vitro. The method involves the cultivation of virus-free potato seedlings in test tubes on an improved nutrient medium Murashige-Skoog with sucrose concentration ranging from 8% to 10%. Cultivation in a liquid medium is carried out sequentially: the first light stage, then the dark stage and the second light stage. The total cultivation time is from 74 days to 75 days, and the time of the first light stage is from 29 days to 30 days, the time of the dark stage is from 25 days to 40 days, and the time of the second stage of lighting ranges from 5 days to 20 days. The method can significantly save energy costs.

The technical problem of the invention is the development of a method for producing healthy potato minicubers.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the number of healed minitubers of potatoes when they are grown in an aerohydroponic installation using LED lighting, which led to an increase in biomass (root and aboveground mass). At the same time, the average weight and the number of potato minicubers increase.

The indicated technical effect is achieved by the fact that potato meristem plants are grown in test tubes for the first 28 days, planted in the adaptation module of the aerohydroponic plant for pre-growing, and then transferred to the main module, in which, from the 44th day of cultivation, the potato plants are simultaneously exposed to flow red-orange radiation in the extended range of 600-700 nm and blue radiation in the range of 420-450 nm.

The radiation fluxes in the red and blue spectral regions are formed by means of LEDs controlled by an automatic lighting control controller.

Using a controller for automatic lighting control, they simulate daylight hours, which is close to natural light for the entire period of growing potato plants. LEDs are located at a distance of about 30 cm from potato plants.

The essence of the invention is as follows.

We used a universal aerohydroponic installation - the development of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology. Two modules were used: the adaptation one for preparing plants and the main one for producing minitubers.

Potato plant growing experiments were carried out using two different types of light sources.

Control option: high-pressure sodium discharge lamps DNAT 400. An experimental option is LED lamps.

The main characteristics of the lamps are presented in table 1.

Table 1

Lighting sources Power, W Luminous flux, lm Maximum radiation, nm High pressure sodium discharge lamps DNAT 400 400 45000 590 LED lamp ≤ 300 22000 450, 650

The spectral characteristics of high-pressure sodium discharge lamps DNaT 400 are shown in FIG. 1.

CoB (fullspectrum) LED lamps with passive cooling system. A feature of the applied LED lamps made by this technology is the fact that the working light field arises already in the immediate vicinity of the lamp surface (10-20 cm). This allows you to place the lamp close to the plant and more efficiently transmit light flux without loss of energy from a distance.

The spectral characteristics of LED lamps are shown in FIG. 2, which shows the feasibility of using the claimed emission spectra of LED lamps for growing potato plants.

The emission spectrum of LED lamps is dominated by radiation in an extended range of 600-700 nm, i.e. red-orange and blue light in the range of 420-450 nm. An LED emits about 17% of the blue spectrum light, about 65% of the red spectrum light and 10% of yellow-green. The distribution of luminous flux is uniform over the entire length. Using a controller for automatic lighting control, simultaneous radiation flows are formed in the red-orange and blue regions of the spectrum of LED lamps.

DNA lamps are heated, are in a constant position. The distance to the growing plants is not regulated and constantly changes (first 1.2 m, then decreases as the potatoes grow). Day: night mode varies according to growing periods, according to the data given in table 3.

LED lamps do not heat up, their location is regulated, the distance to plants is always 30 cm. Day mode: night changes according to growing periods, according to the data given in table 2. Using the controller for automatic lighting control, the whole period of growing potato plants is simulated daylight, close to the behavior of natural light. For example, in the first period of 15 hours of light, 9 hours of darkness. 30 minutes imitated the rising of the Sun when the light intensity varies from 0% to 100%. Then the light period of 14 hours and then 30 minutes of sunset, when the light intensity falls from 100% to 0%.

table 2

Light period DNA lamp LED lamp I period
1,5 months 16 hours light - 8 hours darkness 15 hours light; 9 hours darkness:
30 min sunrise from 0% to 100%
14 hours light
30 min sunset from 100% to 0% II period
1 month 12 hours light - 12 hours darkness 12 hours light; 12 hours darkness:
30 min sunrise from 0% to 100%
11 hours light
30 min sunset from 100% to 0% III period
2 months 10 hours light-14 hours darkness 10 hours light-14 hours darkness:
30 min sunrise from 0% to 100%
9 hours light
30 min sunset to 0%

Example.

Minicubers were grown on the aerohydroponic installation of two varieties of potato of Russian selection - Nevsky and Yubilyar.

The preparation and cultivation of plants was carried out according to the recommendations of L. N. Trofimets [Trofimets L.N. The use of healthy source material in seed production of potatoes on a virus-free basis // L.N. Trofimets, V.V. Boyko et al. M., 1985.- S. 77 -183] [4]. Potato microclones were obtained from apical meristems by cultivation on standard nutrient medium Murashige-Skoog (nutrient medium used in laboratories for growing plant cultures of cells or whole plants) for 28 days. Before setting up the experiment, all potato micro-plants underwent real-time PCR (Polymerb chain analysis) diagnostics in an existing laboratory for the diagnosis and quality control of seed potatoes.

The cycle of operations on the aerohydroponic installation began with the planting of healthy 28-day test tube potato plants in the adaptation module for their preliminary growing (15 days). Before planting, potato plants were washed from the remnants of the agar medium to prevent agar-agar residues from entering the active nutrition system.

Further cultivation of potato plants fit into three periods, in which different mixtures of nutrients were used (table 3) and different light and dark phases were used.

Table 3

Nutrients, mg / L I period II period III period macrocells N 85 45 70 P 45 thirty 45 K 180 90 200 Ca 60 35 60 Mg 35 20 35 pH 5.8-6.0 5.8-6.0 5.8-6.0 EU (electrical conductivity), mS / cm ² 0.8 2.0-2.5 1,5 trace elements Fe-EDTA 8 8 8 B 0.5 0.5 0.5 Mn 0.5 0.5 0.5 Zn 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cu 0.05 0.05 0.05 I 0.63 0.63 0.63 Co 0.006 0.006 0.006 Mo 0.1 0.1 0.1

I period: the regime of spraying the roots with a solution of 2 minutes, aeration 2 minutes, at a temperature of 20-22 ° C.

II period: the regime of spraying the roots with a solution of 2 minutes, aeration 3 minutes, at a temperature of 20-22 ° C.

III period: the regime of spraying the roots with a solution of 5 minutes, aeration 10 minutes, at a temperature of 16-18 ° C.

The planting density of potato plants is 22 plants per 1 m ² . Control and adjustment of pH to preset values of 5.8-6.0 was carried out daily.

Weighing of the biomass of plants at the end of the growing season showed that the use of LED lamps for growing potatoes positively affects the growth of biomass (table 4). So, the root mass increased by 5-40%, the aerial mass by 12-20%.

Table 4 shows the average weight of the aerial parts and the root system of potato plants grown on an aerohydroponic plant using various light sources.

Table 4

Lighting sources The average mass of the root system, g The average mass of the aerial parts, g grade Nevsky Sodium discharge lamps (control) 131.43 216.87 LED lamp 137.81 243.37 grade Anniversary Sodium discharge lamps (control) 71.87 136.06 LED lamp 100.31 162.81

The experiments showed that LED lamps increase the average mass of the minicuber by 8-16%, and the number of tubers from 1 plant by 3-6 pieces (table 5).

Table 5 shows the characteristics of potato minitubers obtained by cultivation on the main aerohydroponic plant using various light sources.

Table 5

Lighting sources The average mass of 1 minicubers, g The number of tubers from 1 plant, pcs. grade Nevsky Sodium discharge lamps (control) 7.35 28.44 LED lamp 8.56 34.38 grade Anniversary Sodium discharge lamps (control) 6.88 30.68 LED lamp 7.42 33.5

Thus, the cultivation of healthy potato plants in an aerohydroponic plant using LED lighting led to an increase in root mass by 5–40%, and aboveground mass by 12–20%. At the same time, the average mass of the minituber increased by 8–16%, and the number of tubers from 1 plant increased by 3–6 pieces.

This invention confirms the promise of using LED lighting for growing healthy minicubers of potatoes by the method of aerohydroponics.

Claims (4)

1. A method of obtaining healthy minitubers of potatoes grown from meristemic plants, characterized in that the potato meristemic plants are grown in test tubes for the first 28 days, planted in the adaptation module of the aerohydroponic installation for pre-growing, and then transferred to the main module, in which For 44 days of cultivation, the potato plants are simultaneously exposed to a stream of red-orange radiation in an extended range of 600–700 nm and blue radiation in the range of 420–450 nm. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the radiation fluxes in the red-orange and blue spectral regions are formed by means of LED lamps controlled by an automatic lighting control controller. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that with the help of the controller automatically control the lighting, they simulate daylight hours, close to natural light for the entire period of growing potato plants. 4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the LED lamps are located at a distance of about 30 cm from potato plants.

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