RU2712134C2 - Application of fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in diesel engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.SUBSTANCE: invention describes application of fuel additive containing tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane (CH) in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in diesel engine.EFFECT: technical result consists in reduction of fuel consumption in diesel engine.16 cl, 2 dwg, 4 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The present invention relates to the use of a peroxide-containing diesel fuel additive to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine.

Combustion engines, in particular diesel engines, play an important role in various fields for generating energy. Owing to their high reliability and durability, as well as their excellent operational performance characteristics, they represent significant energy sources, for example, in power generators, agricultural and construction machines, drilling rigs, buses, trucks, trains and ships. Combustion engines generate energy from fuels, so that their operating costs are affected by the price of fuel, as well as fuel consumption.

It is desirable to reduce fuel consumption in the engine, among other things, to reduce operating costs. Reducing engine fuel consumption means requiring less fuel for the same amount of energy produced by the engine. Therefore, an internal combustion engine exhibiting reduced fuel consumption produces energy over a longer period of time compared to the same internal combustion engine not exhibiting reduced fuel consumption. Thus, with the same amount of fuel, an internal combustion engine exhibiting reduced fuel consumption produces more energy compared to an internal combustion engine demonstrating normal fuel consumption.

The published patent application EP 2,780,435 A1 describes the use of TBHP as a fuel additive to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide and / or hydrocarbons, as well as increase the cetane number.

One objective of the present invention was to achieve a reduction in fuel consumption in diesel engines.

Achievements of this goal are achieved by applying a fuel additive for diesel fuels containing peroxide, in particular tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP).

Therefore, the invention relates to the use of a fuel additive containing peroxide in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine.

It has been unexpectedly found that when peroxides are used, and TBHP is particularly preferred, a reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel in diesel engines is realized.

The use of a peroxide-containing fuel additive, in particular, provides a reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel by at least 5%, more preferably by at least 7%, in addition, more preferably by at least 10%, even more preferably at least 13%, in comparison with what is the case for such diesel fuel that does not contain an additive to the fuel.

This is demonstrated in extensive comparative tests and long-term measurements in examples 1-5 and in FIG. 1-2 of the present invention.

The fuel additive is a composition added to the fuel, preferably in amounts ranging from 0.001 to 50 wt.%, More preferably from 0.01 to 25 wt.%, More preferably from 0.1 to 10 wt.%, In relation to to the total mass of fuel. Even more preferably, the fuel additive is added to the fuel in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 1% by weight with respect to the total weight of the fuel. By adding the fuel additive to the fuel, the fuel additive and fuel preferably form a solution.

The fuel additive used in accordance with the invention contains peroxide, in particular organic peroxide, and preferably TBHP.

In the general case, various organic peroxides can be used as fuel additives. One preferred embodiment is the use of a fuel additive containing at least one representative selected from hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide, cyclic or acyclic ketone peroxide and / or perketal. In addition, it is preferable to use a fuel additive containing at least one representative selected from hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide and / or cyclic or acyclic ketone peroxide. Particularly preferred is the use of a fuel additive containing at least one representative selected from hydroperoxide and / or dialkyl peroxide. It is also particularly preferred to use a fuel additive containing at least one percale.

Hydroperoxides, in particular alkyl, acyl and / or aryl hydroperoxides, are described by the general structural formula R-O-O-H.

Dialkyl peroxides, in particular cyclic and acyclic dialkyl peroxides, are described by the general structural formula R ¹ -OOR ² . In cyclic dialkyl peroxides, the residues R ¹ and R ² together form a 4-10 membered ring, more preferably a 5-7 membered ring.

Cyclic ketone peroxides are described by the general structural formula (R ¹ R ² C (-OO-)) _n , where n can be an integer in the range from 2 to 6, a peroxide bond is formed between C atoms to form a ring, and R ¹ and R ² represent the same or different organic residues.

Acyclic ketone peroxides are described by the general structural formula R ¹ R ² C (-OOH) -OOC (-OOH) R ³ R ⁴ , where R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different organic residues.

Perchetals have the general structure ROOR ¹ -OOR, where R and R ¹ are the same or different organic residues.

Each of the residues R, R¹ _,R² _, R³ and R⁴ independently represents an organic residue, in particular a hydrocarbon residue, which may be substituted by 1 to 3 heteroatoms.

In particular, each of the residues R, R¹ _,R² _, R³ and R⁴ independently represents an acyclic linear chain alkyl, preferably containing from 1 to 20, preferably from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one representative of —OMe, —OH, aryl and / or heteroaryl ;

acyclic branched chain alkyl, preferably containing from 1 to 20, preferably from 3 to 10, carbon atoms, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one of —OMe, —OH, aryl and / or heteroaryl;

acyl, where acyl is a moiety described by the structural formula RC (O) -;

aryl, where aryl is an aromatic moiety containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, which may be unsubstituted or substituted with —OMe and / or —OH;

heteroaryl, where heteroaryl is an aromatic fragment containing from 4 to 10 carbon atoms and containing one or more heteroatoms, in particular nitrogen and / or oxygen atoms, in the aromatic system, and which may be unsubstituted or substituted with -OMe and / or - HE; or

cyclic alkyl, preferably containing from 3 to 10, more preferably from 5 to 8, carbon atoms forming a cycle which may be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one of —OMe, —OH, an acyclic linear chain chain and / or acyclic branched chain alkyl.

In one preferred embodiment, the fuel additive comprises tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, in particular cyclic or acyclic methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, acetone peroxide, tert-amyl hydroperoxide (TANP), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBBB), 1,1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (CH), tetramethyldioxacyclohexane (TMDOCH) or 1,1-bis (tert-butylperoxy) -3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (TMSH), 1 , 1-bis (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 2,2-di (tert-butylperoxy) butane (BH), these -3,3-di (tert-butylperoxy) butanoate (EBU), or n-butyl ester 4,4-bis (tert-butylperoxy) valeric acid (NBV) or mixtures thereof.

Specifically, in the case of the use of a fuel additive containing hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide and / or cyclic or acyclic ketone peroxide and / or percale, in particular tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, in particular cyclic or acyclic peroxide methyl ethyl ketone, acetone peroxide, tert-amyl hydroperoxide (TANP), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), 1,1-di (tert-butyl peroxy) cyclohexane (CH), tetramethyldioxocyclohexane (TMDOCH) and 1,1-bis (tert-butylperoxy) -3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (TMSN), 1,1-bis (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 2,2-di (tert-butylperoxy) butane (BH), ethyl-3,3-di (tert-butylperoxy ) butanoate (EBU) or n-butyl ester of 4,4-bis (tert-butylperoxy) valerianic acid (NBV), a significant decrease in diesel consumption in diesel engines was observed.

Preferably, the fuel additive comprises TBHP, DTBP and / or CH.

Most preferably, the fuel additive contains TBHP.

Organic peroxides are thermally unstable compounds that exothermically decompose upon cleavage of the peroxide oxygen bond. In this regard, for the safe handling of organic peroxides or their safe transportation for safety reasons, they often must be phlegmatized or they are produced on an industrial scale already in a diluted state.

Commercially available peroxide preparations often contain large amounts of water as a phlegmatizer, and are characterized by insufficient thermal or chemical resistance or cannot be used commercially as a fuel additive due to the used raw materials or production methods. As an additive to the fuel, it is preferable to avoid peroxides that are phlegmatized when using water, since water does not mix with the fuel, but forms a two-phase system.

In this regard, an anhydrous fuel additive is preferably used. Particularly preferably, the fuel additive of the invention contains anhydrous TBHP, DTBP and / or CH compounds, even more preferably, the fuel additive of the invention contains anhydrous TBHP compound. The term “anhydrous” means that the water content of the fuel additive is <5 wt.%, In particular <1 wt.%, More preferably <0.3 wt.%, Most preferably <0.01 wt.%.

By using anhydrous peroxide, which is miscible with diesel fuel, the formation of an undesirable second aqueous phase can be avoided. The fuel additive in addition to the peroxide preferably contains an anhydrous organic solvent. Polar and non-polar solvents may be used. Examples of suitable non-polar solvents are alkanes, in particular aliphatic hydrocarbons such as isododecane, isooctane, decane, nonane and / or n-octane, or mixtures of various aliphatic compounds. Particularly suitable for use, the non-polar solvent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon isododecane. Particularly suitable examples of solvents for use are diesel fuel and kerosene. Further examples of suitable hydrocarbons are cyclic and acyclic hydrocarbons containing from 5 to 12, preferably from 6 to 10, carbon atoms, either saturated or unsaturated. Examples of polar solvents, in particular, are oxygen-containing solvents, such as, for example, esters and alcohols. Suitable esters used as solvents are in particular phthalates and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB). The solvents used are preferably alkyl alcohols, in particular C1-C8 alkyl alcohols, more preferably C2-C6 alkyl alcohols, in addition, more preferably butanol, and most preferably tert-butanol (TBA). When using alcohols, and in particular tert-butanol, the level of oxygen in the fuel additive is further increased, which is desirable.

Preferably, the fuel additive comprises hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide and / or percale, in particular TBHP, DTBP and / or CH, and an organic solvent. More preferably, the fuel additive comprises anhydrous hydroperoxide, anhydrous dialkyl peroxide and / or anhydrous percale, in particular anhydrous TBHP compound, anhydrous DTBP compound and / or anhydrous CH compound, and an organic solvent.

Particularly preferred is a fuel additive containing TBHP and an organic solvent, in particular tert-butanol (TBA). Even more preferred is a fuel additive containing an anhydrous TBHP compound and an organic solvent, in particular tert-butanol (TBA).

According to the invention, an additive containing peroxide is added to diesel fuel. Diesel fuels may include, for example, diesel, biodiesel or marine diesel.

Preferably, the diesel fuel containing the peroxide-containing diesel fuel additive is anhydrous. The term “anhydrous” means that diesel fuel containing a peroxide-containing additive to diesel fuel has a combined water content of <5 wt.%, In particular, <1 wt.%, More preferably <0.3 wt.%, In addition more preferably <0.1 wt.%, even more preferably <0.03 wt.%, more preferably <0.01 wt.%, in addition, even more preferably <0.001 wt.%, most preferably <0.0001 wt. .%.

Particularly good results will be obtained by adding a peroxide-containing additive to fuels having low grade diesel fuels, such as various marine diesel fuels or diesel fuels used in many non-EU countries.

Low-grade or low-quality diesel fuels are characterized by a cetane number in the absence of a fuel additive <50, more preferably <45, even more preferably ≤ 42, more preferably ≤ 40, while higher qualities of diesel fuel have a cetane number ≥ 50, more preferably ≥ 51. Low-grade diesel fuels are characterized by a minimum cetane number in the absence of a fuel additive> 20, preferably> 25, more preferably> 30. The cetane number may be determined This is, for example, in accordance with ASTM-D613.

Cetane number is a characteristic parameter for complete combustion of diesel fuel. The cetane number is a measure of the ease of ignition or the ignition delay, in other words, the time between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion. Advantageous is quick ignition followed by uniform combustion. The larger the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay will be, and the better the completeness of combustion.

It has been found that the use of a peroxide-containing fuel additive provides a significant reduction in fuel consumption in a diesel engine when using low-grade diesel fuel, such as in the case of commercially available US diesel fuel. In this regard, peroxides are also suitable for use, for example, as fuel additives to reduce fuel consumption in areas where low-grade diesel fuels are commonly used.

Preferably, the peroxide-containing fuel additive used in accordance with the invention increases the cetane number of the fuel containing the fuel additive by at least 2, more preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 5, most preferably at least 7, in comparison with the cetane number of the same fuel that does not contain an additive to the fuel.

Diesel fuel containing a mixed peroxide-containing additive can be used in diesel engines, such as those used in automobiles or ships, or which is designed for stationary diesel engines designed to generate energy. In particular, a significant reduction in fuel consumption is realized in diesel engines with a low compression ratio. Compared to modern diesel engines that comply with the current Euro 5 standard, diesel engines with a low compression ratio are characterized by a reduced compression ratio. Modern highly compressed diesel engines are characterized by a compression ratio of at least 19: 1, more preferably at least 21: 1. In contrast, low compression diesel engines are characterized by a compression ratio of less than 19: 1, in particular less than 18: 1, and preferably less than 16: 1.

The compression ratio describes the relationship between the total volume of the cylinder chamber before compression and the amount of remaining free space after compression. Compression in the cylinder chamber causes an increase in temperature in the cylinder chamber. High compression ratio provides easy self-ignition.

In addition, the magnitude of the working volume per cylinder determines the completeness of combustion in a diesel engine. In particular, a significant reduction in fuel consumption due to the addition of peroxide, in particular TBHP, is found in engines with a large working volume per cylinder, in particular with a working volume of at least 1000 cm ³ , more preferably at least at least 2000 cm ³ , in addition, even more preferably at least 3000 cm ³ , based on one cylinder. A large working volume per cylinder implements degraded mixing or stirring of fuel with air. Thus, in the absence of an additive, degraded or incomplete combustion of the fuel takes place.

The displacement or displacement volume describes the closed volume of the cylinder in the combustion engine, which is obtained as a result of the stroke of one piston with an effective piston cross-section. Thus, the working volume of the cylinder is the volume displaced as a result of the stroke of the piston in the combustion chamber.

The amount of peroxide, in particular TBHP, DTBP and / or CH, more specifically TBHP, in the fuel additive, is preferably at least 10 wt.%, More preferably at least 30 wt.%, in addition, more preferably at least 40 wt.%, most preferably at least 50 wt.%. For safety reasons, pure peroxide is not preferred. However, pure peroxide may also be suitable for use as a fuel additive in accordance with the invention. Therefore, the amount of peroxide, in particular TBHP, DTBP and / or CH, more specifically TBHP, in the fuel additive preferably reaches up to 90 wt.%, More preferably up to 75 wt.%, And most preferably up to 60 wt. .%. Accordingly, the amount of anhydrous organic solvent, in particular alcohols, and preferably tert-butanol (TBA), is at least 10 wt.%, More preferably at least 25 wt.%, And most preferably at least 40 wt.%, and reaches up to 90 wt.%, more preferably up to 70 wt.%, and most preferably up to 50 wt.%.

As has been demonstrated, it is particularly suitable for use and in accordance with this the most preferred is a fuel additive, which contains from 30 to 70 wt.% Peroxide in from 70 to 30 wt.% Alcohol. As has also been demonstrated, it is particularly suitable for use and in accordance with this is more preferable to the fuel additive, which contains from 20 to 80 wt.% Peroxide in from 80 to 20 wt.% Alcohol. In addition, a fuel additive that contains from 50 to 60 wt.% Peroxide in from 60 to 50 wt.% Alcohol is more preferred. Even more preferred is a fuel additive that contains from 40 to 60 wt.% Peroxide in from 60 to 40 wt.% Alcohol. Most preferred is a fuel additive that contains 55 wt.% Peroxide and 45 wt.% Alcohol. Due to the implementation of production methods, peroxides can be phlegmatized using an oxygen-containing solvent, preferably in alcohol, in particular in tert-butanol, thereby improving safety during transport and subsequent handling.

As has been demonstrated, a fuel additive that contains 30 to 70 wt.% TBHP to 70 to 30 wt.% Tert-butanol (TBA) is particularly preferred. In addition, a fuel additive that contains from 50 to 60 wt.% TBHP in from 60 to 50 wt.% Tert-butanol is more preferred. Even more preferred is a fuel additive that contains from 40 to 60 wt.% TBHP in 60-40 wt.% Tert-butanol. Most preferred is a fuel additive that contains 55 wt.% TBHP and 45 wt.% Tert-butanol.

As it was discovered, a reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved even with small amounts of fuel additive.

Peroxide, in particular TBHP, DTBP and / or CH, more specifically TBHP, is used in an amount in the range from 0.001 to 10 wt.%, More preferably from 0.01 to 8 wt.%, More preferably from 0.025 to 5 wt.%, even more preferably from 0.055 to 4 wt.%, most preferably from 0.1 to 3 wt.%, and, in particular, from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%, based on the total mass of fuel .

In one preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a diesel fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine, characterized in that the fuel additive contains organic peroxide, used in an amount in the range from 0.025 to 10 wt.%, In particular , from 0.1 to 3 wt.%, based on the total mass of fuel, even more preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a diesel fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine, characterized in that the fuel additive contains anhydrous organic peroxide, in an amount in the range from 0.025 to 10 wt.%, In in particular, from 0.1 to 3 wt.%, even more preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the fuel.

In addition, in another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a diesel fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine, characterized in that the fuel additive contains anhydrous organic peroxide, in an amount in the range from 0.025 to 10 wt. %, in particular, from 0.1 to 3 wt.%, in the specific case from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%, calculated on the total mass of fuel, and diesel fuel is characterized by a cetane number <45 in the absence of an additive to the fuel .

In one particularly preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a diesel fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine, characterized in that the fuel additive contains anhydrous TBHP and TBA compounds. In one additional specific preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a diesel fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine, characterized in that the fuel additive contains anhydrous DTBP and / or CH compounds.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a diesel fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine, characterized in that the fuel additive contains anhydrous compounds of TBHP and TBA, and TBHP is used in an amount in the range from 0.025 to 10 wt.%, in particular, from 0.1 to 3 wt.%, in an even more specific case, from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%, when calculating the total mass of fuel.

Furthermore, in another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a diesel fuel additive in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine, characterized in that the fuel additive contains anhydrous compounds of TBHP and TBA, and TBHP is used in an amount ranging from 0.025 to 10 wt.%, In particular from 0.1 to 3 wt.%, In an even more specific case, from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%, Calculated on the total mass of fuel, and diesel fuel is characterized by a cetane number <45 in absence ie a fuel additive.

In accordance with the invention, it is also possible to combine the fuel additive and / or fuel with other components. Preference is given, for example, to an additive containing at least two peroxides, in particular selected from hydroperoxides, dialkyl peroxides, cyclic or acyclic peroxides and / or perketals. In addition, preference is given, for example, to an additive containing at least two peroxides, in particular selected from hydroperoxides, dialkyl peroxides and / or cyclic or acyclic ketone peroxides. Particularly preferred are tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in combination with one additional peroxide selected in particular from cumene hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, in particular cyclic and acyclic methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, acetone peroxide, -amyl hydroperoxide (TANP), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), 1,1-di (tert-butyl peroxy) cyclohexane (CH), tetramethyldioxacyclohexane (TMDOCH) and / or 1,1-bis ( tert-butylperoxy) -3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (TM H), 1,1-bis (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 2,2-di (tert-butylperoxy) butane (BH), ethyl 3,3-di (tert-butylperoxy) butanoate (EBU) or n-butyl 4,4-bis (tert-butylperoxy) valerianic acid ester (NBV). In addition, an additive is preferred that contains at least one peroxide and, in addition, tert-butyl alcohol and / or 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN).

Preferably, a decrease in fuel consumption in the engine can be observed as a result of continuous or continuous use of a peroxide-containing fuel additive throughout the entire working time.

Preferably, a reduction in fuel consumption can be observed in the case of continuous use of a fuel containing a peroxide-containing fuel additive in a diesel engine over a running time or working time of at least 100 hours, preferably at least 170 hours, more preferably at least 240 hours, and most preferably at least 310 hours.

Preferably, a decrease in fuel consumption can be observed in the case of continuous use of a fuel containing a peroxide-containing fuel additive in a diesel engine over a running time or working time of at least 4 days, preferably at least 7 days, more preferably at least 10 days, and most preferably at least 13 days.

Less preferable, although also likely, is the possibility of reducing fuel consumption in the engine by adding fuel containing a peroxide-containing additive to the fuel at regular intervals. As is understood, at certain intervals, certain amounts of fuel containing a peroxide-containing fuel additive are added, while at the same time, at other periods of time, a fuel containing no peroxide-containing fuel additive is used. Preferably, the amount of added fuel containing a peroxide-containing fuel additive is at least 10 liters, preferably at least 20 liters, more preferably at least 40 liters, and most preferably at least 60 liters . Preferably, the fuel containing a peroxide-containing fuel additive is used for 10 to 1000 hours, preferably 50 to 500 hours, more preferably 100 to 250 hours, alternating with the use of a fuel not containing a peroxide-containing fuel additive for 10 to 1000 hours, preferably from 50 to 500 hours, more preferably from 100 to 250 hours.

In addition, it has been observed that the use of a peroxide-containing fuel additive prevents, reduces or removes unwanted deposits or contaminants in a diesel engine. Undesirable deposits in the engine can form due to incomplete combustion of the fuel, the presence of impurities in the fuel and / or absorption of impurities from the air. As a result of this, in addition to volatile gases, tiny solids or particles are also formed. These particles can form deposits, among other things, on valves and channels for injecting fuel in the engine. Deposits on the injection valves create obstacles for the diesel engine to completely reach the combustion chamber. The use of a peroxide-containing additive for diesel fuel removes existing deposits or contaminants and prevents the formation of new deposits or contaminants in the engine.

Examples of deposits or contaminants include small particles, carbon deposits and / or glycol.

In addition, according to observations, the use of a peroxide-containing additive to the fuel reduces friction and wear of a diesel engine. Reduced friction and wear can be achieved by using a fuel additive with high lubricity. A characteristic parameter for the lubricity of a fuel or fuel additive is the assessment of HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Installation). The HFRR score can be determined, for example, in accordance with ASTM-D6078 and ASTM-D6079. The HFRR rating is determined for fuels or fuel additives with poor lubricity, such as untreated ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels having an HFRR rating of 636. A high HFRR rating results in high friction and wear when using a fuel or fuel additive in comparison with what is the case for fuels or fuel additives characterized by a low HFRR rating. In accordance with the provisions of the Association of Motor Manufacturers, the HFRR rating should be less than 460 if desired.

Preferably, the fuel containing the peroxide-containing fuel additive is characterized by an HFRR rating of at most 400, more preferably at most 370, and most preferably at most 330.

Preferably, the peroxide-containing fuel additive used reduces the HFRR rating for fuel containing the fuel additive by at least 70, more preferably at least 140, and most preferably at least 210, as compared to which is the case for the same fuel that does not contain an additive to the fuel.

Preferably, the peroxide-containing fuel additive used reduces the HFRR rating for fuel containing the fuel additive by at least 30, more preferably at least 60, and most preferably at least 90, compared with the limit value from the provisions of the Association of Engine Manufacturers.

In addition, according to observations, the use of a peroxide-containing fuel additive provides a reduction in smoke formation together with the formation of cleaner (whiter) smoke in comparison with smoke formation when using untreated fuel. Therefore, the use of a peroxide-containing additive to the fuel reduces the emission of particulate matter from the exhaust gases of the fuel, for example, polluting soot.

Particle mass (PM) is a characteristic parameter for controlling emissions from fuel combustion. The mass of PM particles is determined using well-known sampling methods based on the mass of PM particles collected on the filter for sampling. Preferably, the use of a fuel containing a peroxide-containing fuel additive leads to a reduction in PM particle mass of at least 5%, more preferably at least 10%, even more preferably at least 15%, in comparison with PM particle mass for untreated fuel, measured under the same sampling conditions.

Also part of this invention is a method of reducing diesel consumption in a diesel engine, where peroxide-containing fuel additive is added to diesel fuel.

Example 1. Reducing fuel consumption when using TBHP and TBA as a fuel additive

0.25% by weight of a fuel additive consisting of TBHP (55% by weight) and TBA (45% by weight) was added to a conventional low-grade US diesel fuel (cetane number = 42). The total amount of TBHP compound added to diesel fuel is 0.14 wt.%.

As a result of adding a fuel additive to the diesel fuel described above, the cetane number increases from 42 (in the absence of a fuel additive) to 48 (in the presence of a fuel additive).

The test engine is a Caterpillar D3512-C V12 diesel engine, characterized by an engine displacement of 58560 cm ³ as well as a displacement of 4880 cm ³ per cylinder and a compression ratio of 14.7: 1. The test engine was used on a rig.

In a comparative test, the consumption of the aforementioned U.S. low-quality diesel fuel was measured in the absence and presence of a TBHP and TBA diesel fuel additive in a Caterpillar D3512-C diesel engine over a continuous period of 22 days. The result of measuring fuel consumption for low-quality diesel fuel in the United States that does not contain diesel fuel additives (baseline) is the average of 14 wells tested using a diesel engine. During the measurement period 1, the fuel additive was used in a diesel engine for the first time. Measurement period 1 is followed by measurement period 2, which, in turn, is followed by measurement period 3. The same diesel engine was used for measurement periods 2 and 3 as during measurement period 1.

In the following table 1, fuel consumption is indicated as consumption in liters per hour (l / h) as an average for the corresponding day. FIG. 1 illustrates this result.

Table 1. Comparison of the reduction in fuel consumption in the absence and presence of TBHP and TBA as an additive to fuel

Day U.S. low-quality diesel fuel that does not contain TBHP in TBA (average consumption in l / h) Measurement Period 1 Measurement Period 2 Measurement Period 3 U.S. low-quality diesel fuel containing TBHP in TBA (average consumption in l / h) U.S. low-quality diesel fuel containing TBHP in TBA (average consumption in l / h) U.S. low-quality diesel fuel containing TBHP in TBA (average consumption in l / h) 1 62.26 67.98 42.96 fifty 2 72.52 84.82 48.60 53.97 3 75.81 80.51 62.91 52,46 4 80.66 94.25 70.29 43.94 5 92.73 103.52 81.19 54.92 6 99.01 97.77 91.10 66.96 7 106.13 106.36 94.44 73.50 8 114.72 110.64 109.69 82.89 9 114.61 107.15 104.69 84.97 10 116.35 106.28 105.79 88.61 eleven 116.24 110.26 101.82 90.80 12 119.83 111.13 101.70 96.82 thirteen 120.44 107.80 104.96 98.49 14 117.64 107.42 99.62 96.93 fifteen 121.80 110.26 100.64 101.06 16 120.70 108.36 103.44 101.51 17 121.31 111.24 101.25 101.02 18 122.48 114.12 102.31 100.08 19 123.69 112.72 104.39 102.50 20 123.73 113.59 104.05 101.97 21 124.26 114.31 103,10 103.67 22 122.97 114.38 100.83 101.74 Mean 108.63 104.31 92.69 84.03

During the test, an increase in fuel consumption for fuel, both containing and not containing a fuel additive, consisting of TBPP and TBA, was observed. Due to the use of the test engine in a rig, the increase in fuel consumption depended on the soil being drilled. With longer periods of drilling, the drill advanced into deeper and more rigid soil layers. In order to move through harder soil layers, the test engine required more energy, thus consuming more fuel. Despite the increase in the absolute values of fuel consumption during drilling, the relative values of fuel consumption are reduced for fuel that does not contain a fuel additive, in comparison with what is the case for fuel containing a fuel additive.

Over a total measurement period of 22 days, an average consumption of 108.63 L / h was obtained for low-quality diesel fuel in the United States that did not contain a fuel additive and 104.31 L / h (measurement period 1), 92.69 L / h (period Measurements 2) and 84.03 L / hr (Measurement Period 3) were obtained for the same low quality US diesel fuel containing fuel additive. This corresponds to an average fuel economy of 4.32 L or 3.97% (measurement period 1), 15.94 L or 14.67% (measurement period 2) and 24.6 L or 22.65% (measurement period 3) at per hour measurement.

The increase in fuel consumption during days 1-6 of measurement period 1 is determined by the removal of impurities and deposits from the engine. From day 7 of measurement period 1 onwards, the engine is cleaned to such an extent that fuel consumption is reduced.

In a longer test over a period of 1306 hours, 154,662 liters of US low-quality diesel fuel containing no fuel additive and 131684 liters of low-quality US diesel containing fuel additive were consumed. This corresponds to an overall fuel economy of 22,978 liters or 14.86%.

Example 2. Reducing fuel consumption when using TBHP and TBA as a fuel additive

0.25% by weight of fuel additive consisting of TBPP (55% by weight) and TBA (45% by weight) was added to US marine diesel fuel (cetane number = 40). The total amount of TBHP compound added to this diesel fuel is 0.14 wt.%.

The test engine is a 8.1 liter 6-cylinder John Deere 6081 PowerTech marine engine, characterized by an engine displacement of 8100 cm ³ and a cylinder displacement of 1350 cm ³ and a compression ratio of 15.7: 1.

In a comparative test, the consumption of the aforementioned U.S. marine diesel fuel containing and not containing diesel fuel, consisting of TBPP and TBA, was measured in a John Deere 6081 PowerTech 8.1L marine diesel engine over a period of 25 days. The average consumption of diesel fuel not containing an additive to diesel fuel was 25.55 l / h. The average consumption of diesel fuel containing an additive to diesel fuel decreased in comparison with what was the case for diesel fuel not containing an additive to fuel, during the measurement period 1 (days 11-15) by 2.1%, during the period measurement 2 (days 16–20) by 8.9% and throughout the measurement period 3 (days 21–25) by 17.9%. This test result is illustrated in FIG. 2.

The increase in fuel consumption during days 1-5 and days 6-10 is caused by the removal of impurities and deposits from the engine, where these impurities clog the engine filter. Clogged filters were replaced on days 6, 11 and 16. Starting from day 13 onwards, the engine is cleaned so that a reduction in fuel consumption is observed.

Example 3. Reducing fuel consumption when using TBHP and TBA as a fuel additive

0.25% by weight of a fuel additive consisting of TBHP (55% by weight) and TBA (45% by weight) was added to a conventional low-grade US diesel fuel (cetane number = 42). The total amount of TBHP compound added to diesel fuel is 0.14 wt.%.

In comparative tests, the average consumption of the aforementioned low-quality diesel fuel not containing and containing an additive to diesel fuel, consisting of TBHP and TBA, in diesel engines of various types of buses was measured. In the following table 2, average consumption is indicated as consumption in liters per 100 km for various buses.

Table 2. Comparison of the reduction in fuel consumption in the absence and in the presence of TBPP and TBA as an additive to fuel in various types of buses

Bus number Bus description U.S. low-quality diesel fuel that does not contain TBHP in TBA (average consumption in l / 100 km) U.S. low-quality diesel fuel containing TBHP in TBA (average consumption in l / 100 km) The total number of kilometers traveled with the use of low-quality US diesel fuel containing TBNR in TVA Reduction in average consumption (%) 1 1995 Amtran International V 14.5 tons 47.47 40.94 676 14 2 2002 Amtran International V 14.5 tons 97.51 69.73 686 28 3 2008 Caterpillar I-6 16.5 tons 47.00 41.37 3156 12 4 2008 Caterpillar I-6 16.5 tons 44.17 40.80 3125 7.7 5 2008 Caterpillar I-6 16.5 tons 43,20 39.76 3323 8.0 6 2008 Caterpillar I-6 16.5 tons 44.59 40.24 2790 9.8 7 2008 Caterpillar I-6 16.5 tons 44.51 39.97 2771 10 8 2008 Caterpillar I-6 16.5 tons 40.73 28.21 3294 31 9 2008 Caterpillar I-6 16.5 tons 46.35 27.04 3663 42 10 2009 Mercedes Benz I-6 16.5 tons 38.59 35.77 2597 7.3 eleven 2009 Mercedes Benz I-6 16.5 tons 40.73 37.72 2294 7.4 12 2009 Mercedes Benz I-6 16.5 tons 47.19 42.41 3489 10 thirteen 2009 Mercedes Benz I-6 16.5 tons 46.53 28.38 2246 39

Example 4. The reduction of friction when using TBHP and TBA as an additive to fuel

0.25% by weight of a fuel additive consisting of TBPP (55% by weight) and TBA (45% by weight) was added to an untreated ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (cetane number = 42). The total amount of TBHP compound added to diesel fuel is 0.14 wt.%.

In comparative tests, the HFRR score was measured for the aforementioned untreated ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel containing and containing various diesel fuel additives. The following table 3 indicates the HFRR rating for untreated ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, as well as the HFRR rating for ultra low sulfur diesel fuel containing various fuel additives. In addition, the HFRR score for a fuel containing a fuel additive is compared with that for a fuel that does not contain a fuel additive.

Table 3. HFRR assessment for low-quality, non-fuel and diesel fuel additives

Additive / Fuel HFRR score Decrease Standard from Engine Manufacturers Association (optional) <460 Unprocessed Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel 636 1 2-EHN (25.3-38.6 wt.%), Petroleum naphtha (27.2-41.3 wt.%), Trimethylbenzene (0.4-1.96 wt.%), Naphthalene (3.12 wt.%), 2-ethylhexanol (0.4-1.96 wt.%) 447 189 2 2-EHN (10-19.9 wt.%), Petroleum naphtha (60-69 wt.%), Trimethylbenzene (20-29 wt.%) 461 175 3 2-EHN (30-60 wt.%), Light aromatic petroleum naphtha (30-60 wt.%), 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (10-30 wt.%) 470 166 4 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (30-60 wt.%), Trimethylbenzene (30-60 wt.%), Ligroin solvent, aromatic heavy, (5-10 wt.%) 488 148 5 Hydrotreated oil distillates (30-50 wt.%), 2-EHN (20-30 wt.%), Naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic, (10-30 wt.%) 603 33 6 TBHP (55 wt.%), TBA (45 wt.%) 316 320

The diesel fuel additive consisting of TBNR and TBA resulted in a decrease in the rating of HFRR 320, which is below the standard from the Association of Engine Manufacturers.

Example 5. Reducing fuel consumption when using DTBP, CH or TBHP as a fuel additive

Tests were conducted where 0.25 wt.% Of a fuel additive containing DTBP, CH or TBHP, respectively, was added to ordinary diesel fuel (cetane number = 42), while in each of the used fuel additive formulations, the DTBP compound was present in pure form, the CH compound is in the form of an 80% solution in isododecane, and the TBHP compound is in the form of a 55% solution in TBA. The total amount of DTBP compound added to diesel fuel is 0.25 wt.%. The total amount of CH compound added to diesel fuel is 0.20 wt.%. The total amount of TBHP compound added to diesel fuel is 0.14 wt.%.

The diesel generator used in each test was a 30 kVA SDMO generator with a 2.9 liter John Deere 3-cylinder diesel engine. The diesel fuel used for the test was an Engen Dynamic Diesel 50 ppm product. The test engine was used in a temperature range from 25 ° C to 31 ° C.

In a comparative test, the consumption of the aforementioned diesel fuel was measured in the absence and presence of a diesel fuel additive consisting of DTBP, CH, or TBHP. Measurement of fuel consumption (under no load) for low-quality diesel fuel in the United States that does not contain diesel fuel additives (baseline) was carried out during seven separate 30-minute runs using 2 liters of untreated fuel. To test fuel additives, the generator fuel system was cleaned using 2 L of fuel, processed using the appropriate fuel additives, and diesel consumption (under no load) when using processed fuel was established in seven separate 30-minute runs.

In the following table 4, total consumption is indicated as milliliter consumption as an average for the respective run.

Table 4

Run (30 minutes) Clean fuel
50 ppm Diesel Diesel fuel dosing DTBP Diesel fuel for dosing CH Diesel fuel dosing TBНP 1 735 630 660 660 2 780 672 648 639 3 690 690 645 639 4 690 711 630 666 5 723 660 645 669 6 744 666 639 651 7 729 687 645 624 Average consumption per run (ml) 727.29 673.71 644.57 649.71 Average consumption per hour (ml) 1454.57 1347.43 1289.14 1299.43 Average decrease in fuel consumption (ml) 53.57 82.71 77.57 Percentage reduction 7.37% 11.37% 10.67%

During the total measurement period for seven runs for diesel fuel not containing an additive to the fuel, the average consumption per run was 727.29 ml / run. For diesel fuel, when dosing the appropriate fuel additives, a decrease in the average fuel consumption to 673.71 ml / run (DTBP), 644.75 ml / run (CH) and 649.71 ml / run (TBHP) was obtained. This corresponds to an average decrease in fuel consumption of 53.57 ml / run and a percentage reduction of 7.37% for dosed fuel additive DTBP and, accordingly, 82.71 ml / run and 11.37% for dosed fuel additive CH and 77.57 ml / run and 10.67% for TBHP fuel additive for cumulative measurement.

These test results indicate that each of the three fuel additives has a significant and direct effect in the form of reduced diesel consumption when added to low-quality US diesel.

In addition, when using diesel fuel processed using fuel additives, as opposed to diesel fuel not being processed, a tangible and immediate visual impact could be observed in the form of reduced smoke generation and the formation of cleaner (whiter) smoke (data not shown) from the generator.

Claims (16)

 1. The use of a fuel additive containing tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or 1,1-di (tert-butyl peroxy) cyclohexane (CH) in diesel fuel to reduce fuel consumption in a diesel engine. 2. The use of a fuel additive according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel additive contains TBHP. 3. The use of a fuel additive according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel additive contains CH. 4. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that the fuel additive is anhydrous. 5. The use of a fuel additive according to claim 4, characterized in that the water content in the anhydrous fuel additive is <5 wt.%, Preferably <1 wt.%, More preferably <0.3 wt.%, Most preferably <0 , 01 wt.%. 6. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-5, characterized in that the fuel additive further comprises a solvent, in particular selected from alcohols, in particular tert-butyl alcohol, hydrocarbons, in particular isododecane, diesel fuel, kerosene or 2,2,4-trimethyl-1, 3-pentanediol diisobutyrate. 7. The use of a fuel additive according to claim 6, characterized in that the fuel additive contains a mixture of TBPP and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). 8. The use of fuel additives according to claim 7, characterized in that TBHP is anhydrous TBHP. 9. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-8, characterized in that the diesel fuel does not contain an additive to the fuel, characterized by a cetane number <50, preferably <45. 10. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-9, characterized in that diesel fuel containing a fuel additive is characterized by a cetane number greater than at least 2, in comparison with diesel fuel not containing a fuel additive. 11. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-10, characterized in that the diesel engine is characterized by a working volume of at least 1000 cm ³ when calculating per cylinder. 12. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-11, characterized in that the peroxide is used in an amount in the range from 0.001 wt.% To 10 wt.%, Preferably in an amount in the range from 0.25 wt.% To 10 wt.%, And more preferably from 0.1 wt.% up to 3 wt.%, even more preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%, based on the total mass of fuel. 13. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-12, characterized in that the fuel consumption in the presence of a fuel additive is reduced by at least 5% compared with fuel consumption in the absence of a fuel additive. 14. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-13, characterized in that the fuel consumption decreases with the continuous use of the fuel additive throughout the working time of the engine of at least 100 hours. 15. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-14, characterized in that the additive prevents, reduces and / or removes deposits in the engine. 16. The use of fuel additives according to any one of paragraphs. 1-15, characterized in that the diesel fuel containing a fuel additive is characterized by an HFRR rating of at least 70 less than diesel fuel not containing a fuel additive.

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