RU2673738C1 - Method of treating organic wastes with simultaneously obtaining complex bio organic fertilizer and composting activator - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: method of treating biogenic organic waste includes the following stages: a) composting of waste until the thermophilic stage is completed and the temperature is reduced to the optimum for the development of mesophilic microorganisms; b) treating the composted mass obtained at stage a) with microbiological fertilizer and/or a mixture of microbiological fertilizers containing mesophilic microflora; c) mixing the mass obtained at stage b). Use of biogenic organic waste treated by said method as a microbiological composting activator.EFFECT: inventions allow developing a method of treating biogenic organic wastes by composting method, which allows obtaining a bio-organic fertilizer from wastes with preserved mesophilic microflora and microbiological composting activator (bioactivator) for the next lot of organic waste.10 cl, 2 tbl, 2 ex

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, food and processing industry, microbiology, biotechnology and environmental protection and can be used in the processing of organic waste, as well as in obtaining bioorganic fertilizer and microbiological composting activator on their basis.

State of the art

Recycling organic waste is a pressing issue of our time around the world. At present, one of the most economical and effective methods for their processing is composting with the production of organic fertilizers - composts and biocomposts. Composting of organic matter refers to the process of its decomposition by microorganisms, in which pathogenic microflora perishes due to an increase in temperature, the organic substrate is oxidized to a partially humified form.

It is known that to accelerate composting, waste is treated with special microbiological preparations (biological products) - microbiological activators (bioactivators). For mesophilic species of microorganisms, the optimal temperature for reproduction is the temperature in the range of 20-37 ° C, and more than 40 ° C it is destructive. Therefore, it is obvious that when composting waste at a temperature recommended for this process is not less than 55 ° С (Tuvaev V.N. Technological processes and requirements for a set of technical means for mechanized preparation of composts on livestock farms and poultry farms / Diss. in chemical sciences, Leningrad-Pushkin, 1984. P. 26.) mesophilic microorganisms of the indicated preparations and similar species die.

It is also known that bioactivators also include microbiological fertilizers (biofertilizers), for example, Baikal-EM1, Vostok-EM1 and others (Sukhamera SA EM technology - 21st century biotechnology. Collection of materials on the practical use of the drug " Baikal EM-1 "/ Almaty. 2006. S.11 .; Severina V.Ya. Biological product" Vostok-EM1. Theory and practice. / Vladivostok. 2009. S.9-11.). As biofertilizers, they are used by watering the soil with aqueous “solutions” (cell suspension) or by making powdered forms of preparations based on them and introducing them into the soil. According to recommendations for their use, in order to speed up composting, organic waste is first treated with aqueous “solutions” of such fertilizers, which are then composted at high temperatures. Therefore, it is also obvious that with this method of application, mesophilic microorganisms of biological fertilizers die.

A solution is known, described in patent RU2338731, according to which it is possible to obtain compost containing plant growth stimulants and microorganisms that suppress phytopathogens, as well as quickly increase the temperature of composting. According to this method, ready-made compost from the previous batch with a temperature of 60-80 ° C is used as an additive, at which the mesophilic microorganisms of the bioactivator die, and to obtain complex organic fertilizer, the compost is kept for another 10-12 days after processing, and only then do these additives and do not use the resulting fertilizer as a bioactivator.

Closest to our method is the solution in the invention RU2343137. According to him, the conveyor belt onto which chicken droppings fall is pretreated with an aqueous “solution” of the Baikal-EM1 microbiological fertilizer. Litter on the tape is kept for 3 days at an air temperature of at least + 18 ° C, then it is removed, while again being treated with a biological product. Recycled litter can be used as an organic fertilizer containing microbiological fertilizer that is not exposed to high temperatures. However, using the claimed method, it is technically impossible to process other types of waste (for example, a mixture of sawdust and litter, animal manure and others), since initially it is necessary to process a special tape that is available only in houses. Other disadvantages of the method are the double use of a biological product (tape processing and litter processing during unloading), which increases its consumption and is not economically feasible, as well as the need to create a temperature of at least + 18 ° C in the room.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the invention is to develop a method for processing biogenic organic waste by composting, which allows to obtain bioorganic fertilizer from waste with preserved mesophilic microflora and a microbiological activator (bioactivator) of composting for the following batches of organic waste.

The problem is solved by developing a method for processing biogenic organic waste, which includes the following stages:

a) composting the waste until the completion of the thermophilic stage and lowering the temperature to the optimum for the development of mesophilic microorganisms;

b) treating the compostable mass obtained in step a) with a microbiological fertilizer and / or a mixture of microbiological fertilizers containing mesophilic microflora;

c) mixing the mass obtained in stage b).

In some embodiments of the invention, the organic waste is animal waste, poultry waste.

Also in some particular embodiments of the invention, composting in step a) further comprises applying a microbiological fertilizer and / or a microbiological composting activator and mixing.

In some particular embodiments of the invention, the microbiological composting activator in step a) is biogenic organic waste processed in the manner described.

In some particular embodiments of the invention, the microbiological fertilizer used in step a) is East EM1 and / or Baikal EM1.

In some embodiments of the invention, the microbiological fertilizer used in step b) is East EM1 and / or Baikal EM1.

In some embodiments of the invention, step b) of the method for producing compost further includes the introduction of macro- and microelements, cultures of microorganisms - plant growth stimulants.

In some embodiments of the invention, the processing is carried out in piles and / or fermenters.

The invention also relates to the use of biogenic organic waste processed in the described manner as a microbiological composting activator.

In some particular embodiments of the invention, the microbiological composting activator is used to compost new batches of biogenic waste according to the described method for processing waste.

As a result of the invention, the following technical results are achieved:

- a method has been developed for processing biogenic organic waste by composting, which allows one to obtain effective bioorganic fertilizer from waste with preserved mesophilic microflora;

- a composting method has been developed that allows one to obtain a bioactivator for the following batches of organic waste, which accelerates the composting process;

- a composting method has been developed to accelerate the composting process and reduce the cost of composting bioactivators;

- a method has been developed that increases the efficiency of the use of microbiological activators, in comparison with their traditional application before composting.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to the development of a method of processing organic waste by composting to obtain a bioorganic fertilizer containing an organic part (compost) and microbiological fertilizer, and used simultaneously as a microbiological activator (bioactivator) of composting for processing new lots of waste. For this, the microorganism culture (for example, in the form of a microbiological fertilizer) is introduced not into the waste, but into the composting mass at the moment when its temperature after increasing during composting decreases to the values optimal for the development of microorganisms that are part of the microorganism culture (part of the microbiological fertilizers), then part of the mass thus obtained is evenly added to the next batch of waste, and the rest can be used as bioorganic fertilizer. When implementing the method, a microbiological fertilizer is obtained that has not been exposed to high temperatures that are harmful to its microorganisms.

The claimed method consists in the separation of processes in time: microbiological fertilizer is added to biogenic organic waste not before composting, but to the composting mass at the end of the thermophilic stage, when it reaches a temperature optimal for the growth of microorganisms that are part of the microbiological fertilizer, but higher, than the initial temperature of the waste. At the same time, compliance with the requirements for such a critical indicator as the humidity of the composted mass is always ensured “automatically”, since the composting process itself always requires such humidity at which active multiplication of microorganisms takes place.

The method is implemented as follows: organic biogenic waste, in particular, for example, livestock and / or poultry waste (for example, chicken litter, a mixture of litter and sawdust), is treated first with a “solution” of microbiological activator fertilizer, in a particular case, for example, “East -EM1 ”, with the application rate recommended by the manufacturer, in one embodiment, while simultaneously mixing the mass using a machine — agitator of the shoulders or in another way. The activator can be omitted, but the duration of the first composting cycle may increase. The mass is composted until its temperature, after reaching the maximum value for the given technology, drops to the optimal indicator for the multiplication of microorganisms of the used microbiological fertilizer - bioactivator. In modern, efficient acceleration technology, then it decreases as a rule, the highest temperature in composted mass is celebrated for 3-4 days, reaching 35-40 ^{° C} for 5-6 days, which indicates the completion of the thermophilic stage. Then, in the compost mass with a temperature optimal for the reproduction of microorganisms of biological fertilizers, these biological fertilizers-activators are uniformly introduced in recommended doses. Obviously, in this case, a mixture of several microbiological fertilizers containing microorganisms resistant to the temperature of the compost at the time of their application can be introduced. At the same time as the bioactivator, other components (microorganisms that improve the mineral nutrition of plants, macro- and microelements, plant growth stimulants and other substances) can be added to compost if they do not significantly affect the propagation of microorganisms of the bioactivator and withstand the temperature of the compost at the time of their application, and if they do not stand it, then additionally after cooling the mass of bioorganic fertilizer. Since the temperature of the mass is optimal for the development of microorganisms of biological fertilizers and there is a substrate for their nutrition (the composting process has not yet ended, since the temperature has not dropped to ambient temperature), they do not die, but begin to multiply. Theoretically, when bacteria are divided even once in an hour, in 10 hours, the concentration of cells can increase by a factor of 1024. Therefore, the compostable mass can withstand some more time, which for each drug is selected individually depending on the composition of the microorganisms. As mentioned above, the humidity of the waste, which is important for the life of the microorganisms "seed", is always "automatically" maintained by composting technology.

After that, compost (biogenic organic waste after processing as described) is already divided into two parts in the form of bioorganic fertilizer (bio-fertilizer). One part can then be used as bio-fertilizer, and the second part is used as a “seed” (bioactivator) for composting by uniform mixing with a new batch of waste. It is obvious that when mixing the waste with a warmer mass of “seed”, the overall temperature of the mixture increases, and if the humidity of the waste is high, which does not allow it to form burrs or aerate it, then it can decrease due to mixing with compost that has lost moisture during the previous cycle processing. At the same time, the bioactivator provides acceleration of composting of waste by increasing the starting temperature of the waste, since the speed of composting is directly proportional to the initial temperature of the processed mass. Another advantage of the proposed method is the possibility of a more uniform distribution of the bioactivator in the waste mass and a decrease in the humidity of the mixture. So, when composting according to the example of patent RU2112764, one ton of waste can be added with 0.1 tons of “seed” (10%), and the remaining 0.9 tons (90%) can be used as a bioorganic fertilizer. Waste treatment with biofertilizers (Vostok-EM1 or Baikal-EM1) in the traditional way, for example, using tundish agitators, even equal to half the volume of “seed” (50 l of an aqueous “solution” of a biological product per 1 ton of waste) is technically very It’s difficult, because it is necessary to fill the tanks of the machine very often. In addition, the moisture content of the mass is further increased by 5%, which limits the initial moisture content of the waste itself. A decrease in the volume of “solutions” of drugs increases the likelihood of unevenness in introducing them into the waste mass.

The processing method can be implemented using various composting methods and devices, in some special cases of the invention, waste treatment is carried out in shafts and / or fermenters.

It should be understood that these and all examples cited in the application materials are not limiting and are provided merely to illustrate the present invention.

Example 1

1 kg of compost with a temperature of 37 ° C and a humidity of 55%, obtained from litterless chicken manure treated before composting with the Vostok-EM1 preparation (according to the manufacturer’s recommendation, per liter of litter - 10 l of a 10% solution of the preparation) ), evenly treated with the same preparation (for 1 ton of compost - 10 l of a 10% “solution” of the preparation) and kept for 12 hours in a thermally insulated container (received a “seed”). Then, 5 kg of manure bespodstilochnogo humidity 62% at 15 ° C was added 500 g of "priming" with a temperature of 35 ° ^C and the whole was uniformly stirred. After a day, the temperature in the mixture rose to the recommended for composting (more than 55 ° C) (table 1). The compostable mass was kept for 6 days, periodically aerating with rapid stirring, then analyzed for compliance with GOST R 53117-2008 (table 2). In the traditional, control variant, 5.5 kg of chicken droppings with a moisture content of 62% and a temperature of 15 ° C were treated by uniformly spraying with a “solution” of the Vostok-EM1 preparation (10 l of a 10% “solution” per 1 ton of droppings).

Example 2

In 5 kg of waste with a temperature of 35 ° C with a humidity of 65%, which is a mixture of sawdust and litterless chicken droppings, 500 g of seed was introduced with a humidity of 58%, obtained previously in Example 1 from compost from the same mixture. The waste and the seed were mixed. After a day, the temperature in the mixture rose to 57 ° C (table 1). The compostable mass was kept for 6 days, periodically aerating with rapid stirring, then analyzed according to example 1 (tables 1, 2).

Table 1 The increase in temperature of the waste after mixing with the "seed" (ºС)

Indicators Control, traditional composting with the drug "EAST-EM1" on the recommendation of the manufacturer According to example 1 According to example 2 Start temperature 15.0 15.0 15.0 Waste temperature mixed with activator 15.0 16.5 16.9 The temperature of the compostable mass in a day 48.1 55.1 57.0

As can be seen from table 1, the initial temperature of the waste according to the claimed method was higher than with the traditional use of bio-fertilizer "Vostok-EM1", and the obtained biocomposts can be used as bioorganic fertilizers for sanitary and hygienic indicators, according to GOST R 53117-2008 (table 2).

Table 2 Sanitary indicators of bioorganic fertilizer

Indicators Bioorganic fertilizer Norm in accordance with GOST R 53117-2008 According to example 1 According to example 2 Index of sanitary indicative microorganisms in compost, cells / g, not more than coliforms 3 3 9 enterobacteria Not found Not found 9 The presence of pathogenic and pathogenic cells of microorganisms, cells / g Not found Not found Are absent The presence of viable eggs and helminth larvae, specimens / g Not found Not found Are absent Intestinal protozoa cysts, specimens / 100 g Not found Not found Are absent The presence of larvae and pupae of synanthropic flies, specimens / kg Not found Not found Are absent Hazard Class IV IV IV

Thus, our proposed method allows us to process organic waste to produce a complex bioorganic fertilizer containing an organic part (compost) and microbiological fertilizer not exposed to high temperatures, which can be simultaneously used as a bioactivator of the composting process itself.

Although the invention has been described with reference to the disclosed embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the specific experiments described in detail are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. It should be understood that various modifications are possible without departing from the gist of the present invention.

Claims (13)

1. A method of processing biogenic organic waste, comprising the following stages: a) composting the waste until the completion of the thermophilic stage and lowering the temperature to the optimum for the development of mesophilic microorganisms; b) treating the compostable mass obtained in step a) with a microbiological fertilizer and / or a mixture of microbiological fertilizers containing mesophilic microflora; c) mixing the mass obtained in stage b). 2. The method according to claim 1, in which the organic waste is animal waste, poultry waste. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composting in step a) further comprises applying a microbiological fertilizer and / or microbiological composting activator and mixing. 4. The method according to p. 3, in which the microbiological activator of composting is a biogenic waste processed by the method according to p. 1. 5. The method according to p. 3, in which the microbiological fertilizer used in stage a) is East EM1 and / or Baikal EM1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the microbiological fertilizer used in step b) is East EM1 and / or Baikal EM1. 7. The method according to claim 1, where b) additionally includes the introduction of macro- and microelements, cultures of microorganisms - plant growth stimulants. 8. The method according to p. 1, where the processing is carried out in collars and / or fermenters. 9. The use of biogenic organic waste processed by the method according to claim 1, as a microbiological activator of composting. 10. The application of claim 9, wherein the microbiological composting activator is used to compost new batches of biogenic waste by the method of claim 1.