RU2665766C2 - One-stroke internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: machine building.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the machine building, in particular to the engine building, and can be used as power units in vehicles, in mobile and stationary energy generation devices. Internal combustion engine has at least one working cylinder with the piston moving therein, having two opposite arranged bottoms, device for the piston reciprocating motion conversion into the shaft rotational movement, which performs this conversion through the process slots in the cylinder by means of several connecting rods, two combustion chambers attached to the working cylinder opposite ends, injection device providing the atmospheric air compression for the subsequent combustible mixture preparation and filling combustion chambers with it with temperature and pressure specified parameters, gas-distributing mechanism ensuring the exhaust gases output and the combustible mixture compressed charge intake on the working cylinder one side processes passage during one stroke and the expanding gases combustion and bypass processes from the combustion chamber internal volume to the working cylinder internal volume on this working cylinder opposite side.EFFECT: technical result is higher engine efficiency.1 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to mechanical engineering, in particular to engine building, and can be used as power plants, both in vehicles (boats and ships, cars and trucks, airplane buses, etc.) and in mobile and stationary devices that generate energy and (or) performing work (gas generators, compressors, pumps, etc.).

The classic four-stroke piston internal combustion engine (ICE) is known, consisting of a crank mechanism, a piston pair (piston in a cylinder), a mixture formation device and a gas distribution mechanism (Polytechnical Dictionary. Edited by academician I.I. Artobolevsky. M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976, p. 132). In the cylinder, during the rotation of the crankshaft, 4 cycles in turn occur: intake, compression, combustion of the mixture with the performance of useful mechanical work (the so-called working stroke) and exhaust.

The disadvantages of the device are: insufficient efficiency of the process of using the energy of combusting gases (low expansion ratio), due to the same number of compression ratios and expansion ratios, low liter capacity due to only one working stroke of the four piston strokes (cycles), the need to use fuel with high knock resistance due to an increase in the temperature of the working mixture with an increase in the degree of compression.

Also known is the classic two-stroke internal combustion engine (Polytechnical Dictionary. Edited by Academician I.I. Artobolevsky. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976, p. 132) containing a cylinder with a reciprocating piston that combines half a piston stroke inlet - compression, in half of the other stroke, in the next half of the second and first half of the next (i.e. the first) cycle, release and bypass with the cylinder volume blowing and creating a vacuum to ensure the inlet.

The advantages of this engine are its simplicity and relatively high liter capacity. Disadvantages: very low efficiency, the need to introduce lubricant into the fuel and, accordingly, low efficiency, environmental friendliness and durability.

Of these types of engines, closer to the proposed one is a four-stroke ICE.

The purpose of the invention: to increase the efficiency of a reciprocating internal combustion engine, more than double the liter power, to ensure the possibility of engine operation on various grades of fuel, as well as to simplify and reduce the cost of its design.

To achieve this goal, it is proposed the design of an internal combustion engine operating according to the Carnot cycle and performing a complete duty cycle in one consecutive piston stroke from one dead center (MT) to another MT, respectively (one cycle).

The main difference between the proposed engine and the traditional ones is structural insulation (separation) of the internal volume of the working cylinder from the internal volumes of two combustion chambers located on opposite sides (ends) of the working cylinder, while the internal volume of each of the combustion chambers has a message with the internal volume of the working cylinder through a bypass device (e.g. valve). Additionally, each combustion chamber has an inlet device (for example, a valve) through which it is filled with a charge of a compressed combustible mixture under the pressure and temperature necessary for a given fuel and engine operating mode (hereinafter, this process will be called injection), and the working cylinder has two located on different sides of the exhaust device (valve), designed for the implementation of exhaust processes during the progressive movement of the piston from one of the dead points (MT) to another.

To perform the discharge function, it is proposed to use a special device, which can be either a separate (external) device (for example: a cascade of turbines, a compressor ...), or an additional cylinder-piston group, made in one block with the working cylinder of the engine in question.

The preparation of a combustible mixture, for its subsequent injection into the combustion chamber and the ignition of this combustible mixture, is proposed to be made by various devices known from the state of the art (mechanical or electronic injection, carburetor, battery, electronic or any other ignition system, etc.).

For the lubrication of rubbing parts and engine cooling, as well as for the exhaust gas, any of the known lubrication, cooling and exhaust systems of traditional ICEs can also be used.

Since the design of the proposed engine, the degree of expansion of gases is determined by the geometric dimensions of the cylinder-piston group, combustion chambers and the size of the piston stroke, and the compression ratio of the working mixture is determined by the parameters of the discharge device and does not depend on the geometric parameters of the engine, during the operation of such an internal combustion engine the degree of expansion can differ significantly from compression ratio.

Ultimately, the implementation in the engine of a difference in the degrees of compression and expansion (due to the transfer of the compression (discharge) function to a separate device), together with the conclusion of the process of admitting the already compressed combustible mixture into the combustion chamber separated from the volume of the working cylinder, made it possible to perform a piston in one pass ( tact) all the processes of the cycle of operation of a traditional ICE, namely:

- the process of filling with a closed bypass device the volume of the combustion chamber with a compressed air-fuel mixture (similar to the processes of intake and compression in a classic, 4-stroke ICE);

- the process of exhaust (exhaust) taking place at this moment in the volume of the working cylinder adjacent to the volume of the filled combustion chamber (with the bypass device closed);

- the process of combustion and expansion (working stroke) occurring at this moment in opposite volumes of the combustion chamber and the working cylinder (with open bypass device).

All this, together, is intended to ensure the achievement of the following results:

1. Improving the efficiency due to a more complete use of thermal energy of fuel combustion in the duty cycle (making more useful work by expanding gases due to the high degree of expansion).

2. The increase in liter power by more than two times (relative to the traditional four-stroke internal combustion engine) - occurring due to the performance of useful work in each cycle, which is four times more often than in the traditional four-stroke internal combustion engine, as well as due to the fuller use of the heat of combustion of fuel high degree of expansion.

3. The ability to use cheap fuel with a low octane rating, without impairing the economic and environmental characteristics of the engine, provided by the ability to reduce the temperature of the air pumped into the combustion chamber by performing the compression process as a separate device.

4. Cheaper engine design, carried out by reducing the mass, dimensions and number of parts, at the same power as a traditional engine.

To describe the design and principle of operation of the proposed engine, from the known devices and mechanisms that ensure the operation of the engine, the following will be taken:

- as an injection device for a combustible mixture under pressure - an air compressor driven by an electric motor;

- as a device for preparing a combustible mixture - electronic injection of gasoline;

- as a device for ignition of the working mixture - ignition spark plug;

- as a device for converting the reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotational movement of the shaft - a crank mechanism (crankshaft) with a system of connecting rods;

- as a device that regulates the gas-dynamic processes of the engine, a gas-distributing mechanism consisting of camshafts and valves.

The device and operating procedure of the proposed ICE explain the attached sketches (see. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4).

To explain the engine device on the sketches (Fig. 1, Fig. 4) are shown:

1. Combustion chamber

2. Fuel nozzle

3. Intake device (intake valve)

4. Glow plug

5. Bypass device (bypass valve)

6. Exhaust device (exhaust valve)

7. Piston pin

8. Slave cylinder

9. The exhaust pipe

10. Connecting fork

11. Connecting rod

12. Crank connecting rod

13. Crank (crankshaft)

14. Technological slot in the cylinder (in this embodiment, the working cylinder has two slots on opposite sides, to ensure freedom of movement of the piston with a piston pin and connecting rod fork in the cylinder)

15. The internal volume of the working cylinder

16. The housing of the combustion chamber (cylinder head)

17. Piston with opposite ends (hereinafter referred to as the piston)

To explain the principle of operation of the engine in the sketches (Fig. 2, Fig. 3), arrows show the directions of movement of parts and gases.

The proposed engine is as follows.

Since during the operation of the internal combustion engine from the opposite sides of the working cylinder the processes occur that are identical, but shifted in time by one clock cycle, a detailed examination of the processes will be carried out only for one, namely the right side of the working cylinder.

When the piston 17 approaches the MT-1 dead center (Fig. 1, the part of the cylinder on the right) by the ignition timing, spark plug 4 in the combustion chamber 1, the compressed fuel mixture previously supplied therein is ignited, formed by mixing the air supplied under pressure from supercharger and fuel from the fuel injector 2. At this moment, the intake device 3 of the gas distribution mechanism of the combustion chamber 1 and the exhaust device 6 are closed, and the bypass device 5 continues to be in the closed position.

When the piston passes through the MT-1 position, the bypass device 5 begins to open, which bypasses burning, expanding gases into the internal volume of the right side of the working cylinder 15. The combustion products entering this internal volume of the working cylinder 15 begin to put pressure on the piston 17 and produce useful cycle work expansion with translational movement of the piston to the position of MT-2 (Fig. 2, the right side of the internal combustion engine).

When the piston 17 approaches MT-2, by the value of the angle of advance of the opening of the exhaust device 6 and the intake device 3, the latter begin to open. In this case, the closure of the bypass device 5 occurs somewhat later than the passage of the MT-2 piston. Since the processes of opening the intake device 3 and exhaust device 6 begin a little earlier than the passage of the MT-2 piston, at the moment the MT-2 piston passes through the engine, the combustion chamber 1 is purged and the exhaust gases are released from the cylinder (for the right side, as, see Fig. 1 - the position of the gas distribution devices (valves) on the left).

After passing through the MT-2 piston, the exhaust device 6 of the working cylinder 8 and the intake device 3 of the combustion chamber 1 remain open, and the bypass device 5 is closed. This ensures the release of exhaust gases from the internal volume of the working cylinder 15 and the injection of the combustible mixture into the combustion chamber 1 (Fig. 3, the right side of the internal combustion engine). In the future, when the piston approaches MT-1, the exhaust and intake devices are closed and the cycle repeats. On the opposite side of the piston, at this time, exactly the same processes occur, but with a phase shift of 180 ° crank rotation (one clock cycle).

Thus, for every half-turn of the crankshaft (cycle), a full cycle of work will be performed in the proposed ICE.

Claims (5)

An internal combustion engine that performs a complete duty cycle in one consecutive stroke of the piston from one dead center to another, having at least one working cylinder with a piston moving inside it and having two opposed bottoms, having a device for converting the reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotational movement of the shaft, which performs this conversion through technological slots in the cylinder using several connecting rods, having two combustion chambers attached to opposite ends of the working cylinder, the internal volume of each of which communicates with the adjacent internal volume of the working cylinder through a bypass device, having a discharge device, which communicates with the internal volumes of the combustion chambers through inlet devices, providing compression of atmospheric air for the subsequent preparation of the combustible mixture and filling it with combustion chambers with predetermined temperature and pressure parameters, having a gas distribution mechanism that controls bypass, intake and exhaust devices that ensure the passage of exhaust gas processes and the intake of a compressed charge of the combustible mixture on one side of the working cylinder during one cycle and the processes of combustion and bypass of expanding gases from the internal volume of the combustion chamber to the internal volume a working cylinder on the opposite side of this working cylinder.

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