RU2641523C1 - Method for determining doses of mineral fertilisers for planned crop capacity of agricultural crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: method for determining the doses of mineral fertilisers for the planned crop capacity of agricultural crops includes agro-chemical analysis, determining the correction factors and calculating the fertiliser doses, taking into account the value of the planned crop capacity, agrochemical soil indices, agronomic factors and biological features of agricultural crops, the calculation of fertiliser doses being carried out taking into account the additional influence of a predecessor in the crop rotation and the ratios of the removal of mineral nutrients depending on the crop capacity level, the rate of phosphate and potash fertiliser doses being calculated according to the formula: F= (R-R×Cn):C×100, where F- the rate of PO, KO, kg/ha; R- the removal of PO, KO with the planned crop, kg/ha; Cn - the factor of using POand KO from the soil of removal with the crop; C- the factor of fertiliser nutrients use, %; and the rate of nitrogen fertilisers is calculated using the transformed formula: F=(R-(R×Cn (of phosphorus)×)C):F×100, where C is the removal of nitrogen with the planned crop, the removal of POwith the planned crop.EFFECT: invention makes it possible to reduce the consumption of mineral fertilisers while cultivating agricultural crops.2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the cultivation of crops, and is intended for use in rainfed (dry) conditions, and in irrigation conditions.

Known methods for calculating doses of fertilizers for the planned yield can conditionally be divided into four groups.

A known method of calculating doses of fertilizers for the planned yield A.L. Maslova, as well as the method of I.S. Shatinova and M.K. Kayumova (Crop Programming Guide, MK Kayumov, Moscow, Rosselkhozizdat. 1977, pp. 93-135), which are based on the use of agrochemical indicators of soils. This takes into account the removal of crops from crops, the supply of nutrients in the soil, the coefficient of their use from soil and fat. Fertilizer doses are determined by the difference between the removal of nutrients from the crop and the NPK reserves in the soil.

The disadvantages of the above methods are as follows:

- standards for the removal of batteries are taken as the average for the zone and do not differentiate depending on the yield;

- biological characteristics of various varieties are not taken into account;

- doses of all three types of fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potash) are calculated according to a single formula;

- differences in the transformation of fertilizers and the consumption of plant nutrients are not taken into account.

A known method of calculating the dose of fertilizers for the planned crop yield by the normative method (I.V. Svistyuk, I.I. Gushchin, N.I. Strokun. Weather, climate, soil, fertilizers and crops. - Rostov on Don: Litera-D, 1995, p. 174-176), which includes the calculation of optimal doses of fertilizers, taking into account:

- the value of the planned yield;

- agrochemical indicators of the soil;

- agrotechnical factors and biological characteristics of crops.

Calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers is carried out for each nutrient separately according to the formulas:

where D _N , Dp, Dк are the calculated doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, respectively, kg a.a. / ha for soils with optimal fertility parameters;

Unitary enterprise - the planned yield, kg / ha;

H _N , Hp, HK - standards for fertilizer costs for the formation of 1 centner of grain, kg ai;

Kr, Kk - correction factors for the content of mobile forms of nutrients.

Correction factors are calculated based on the analysis of agrochemical surveys of soils, which are tabulated.

The disadvantages of this method are:

- the fertilizer cost standard for creating a crop unit is calculated on average for a crop without taking into account the level of yield and biological characteristics of cultivated varieties of agricultural crops;

- does not take into account changes in the standards for the removal of the battery depending on the level of yield, because an average indicator of the costs of nutrients is used, including the costs of mineral nutrients for the formation of by-products in the cultivation of crops (straw, roots, etc.) are not taken into account;

- does not take into account the mechanical composition of the soil.

Closest to the claimed is a method of determining doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of agricultural crops, including agrochemical analysis, determination of correction factors and calculation of doses of fertilizers taking into account the planned yield, agrochemical indicators of soil, agricultural factors and biological characteristics of crops, characterized in that the calculation doses of fertilizers when growing rice are subject to the additional influence of the predecessor in the rotation and standards for the removal of elements of mineral nutrition, depending on the level of productivity, and the calculation of doses is carried out according to the formulas

;

;

;

;

,

,

where D _N , D _P , D _K are the calculated doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, respectively, kg ai / ha;

At _p - the planned yield, kg / ha;

H _yN , N _yP , N _yK - standards for the costs of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for the formation of 1 kg of grain and the corresponding amount of by-products, taking into account the level of yield, kg;

To _pr - correction factor for the predecessor;

K _m - correction factor for the mechanical composition of the soil;

To _with - a correction factor for the biological characteristics of the cultivated variety;

K _oP , K _oK - correction factors for the availability of soil with phosphorus and potassium. (RF patent for the invention No. 2193836, class. A01C 21/00, publ. 10.12.2002).

The disadvantages of this method are:

- the fertilizer cost standard for creating a crop unit is calculated on average for a crop without taking into account the level of yield and biological characteristics of cultivated varieties of agricultural crops;

- does not take into account changes in the standards for the removal of the battery depending on the level of yield, because an average indicator of the costs of nutrients is used, including the costs of mineral nutrients for the formation of by-products in the cultivation of crops (straw, roots, etc.) are not taken into account;

- the utilization of nutrients from fertilizers is not taken into account.

The problem to which the invention is directed, is to increase the accuracy of calculating the doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of crops.

The technical result of the invention is to reduce the cost of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of crops while obtaining the planned yield, taking into account the economic possibilities of the economy (soil fertility, the availability of fertilizers, equipment, protective equipment, etc.).

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of determining doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of agricultural crops, including agrochemical analysis, determination of correction factors and calculation of doses of fertilizers taking into account the planned yield, agrochemical parameters of the soil, agrotechnical factors and biological characteristics of crops, while the calculation of doses fertilizers are subject to the additional influence of the predecessor in crop rotation and standards for the removal of elements ineralnogo power depending on the level of productivity, further dose calculation phosphate and potash is carried out according to the formula:

N _Y = (B _Y -B _Y × Kn): K _YIU × 100,

where N _U is the norm of P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O, kg / ha;

In _U - take-out Р ₂ О ₅ , К ₂ О with the planned yield, kg / ha;

Kn is the utilization coefficient of P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O from the soil from removal from the crop;

To _PS - the utilization rate of nutrients from fertilizers,%, and the calculation of the norm of nitrogen fertilizers is calculated by the converted formula:

N _Y = (B _Y - (B _Y × Kn (phosphorus) × K): K _YI × 100,

where K is the removal of nitrogen with the planned yield; take-out Р ₂ О ₅ with the planned yield.

The method is implemented as follows.

Production tests of the method were carried out at the hospital of the Department of Agrochemistry of Stavropol State Agrarian University.

The in-patient department of the Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Physiology represents a long experience “Theoretical and Technological Foundations of Biogeochemical Flows of Substances in Agrolandscapes”, this experience is registered in the registry of long-term experience certificates of the GeoNet VNIIA of the Russian Federation. As a result of an agrochemical examination of the hospital’s working sites, it was established: the soils have an average supply of mobile phosphates (18-22 mg / kg of soil), the average supply has exchange potassium (260-290 mg / kg of soil), and the loamy texture.

Based on the initial data, correction factors and standards were established, which are summarized in tables 1-2.

Table 1 - Coefficients of use of nutrients from the soil with a programmed crop (Kn).

Table 2 - Nutrient utilization rates by plants from fertilizers,%.

Obtaining programmed yields is achieved on the basis of satisfying crops in the nutrients for the removal of the planned yield through the use of soil reserves and the use of fertilizers. The content in mg / kg for the nutrients obtained as a result of a comprehensive agrochemical examination is translated into Kn - the utilization of nutrients from the soil, which is substituted in the formula for calculating fertilizer norms, which allows more accurate calculation of the dosage of the element.

Calculation example: The planned yield of winter wheat is 50 kg / ha, the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is 16 mg / kg, exchange potassium 274 mg / kg, the coefficient of removal of P2O5 by the planned crop of 1 kg of the main product (taking into account the by-product), kg - 1, the coefficient of removal K2O with the planned harvest of 1 centner of the main product (including by-products), kg - 2, the coefficient of removal of K2O with the planned crop of 1 centner of the main products (including by-products), kg - 3.

P2O5 removal 50 * 1 = 50

K2O removal 50 * 2 = 100

stem N 50 * 3 = 150

Н _У Р2O5 = (50-50 * 0.42): 40 * 100 = 72.5 kg / ha a.m.

Н _У К2O = (100-100 * 0.85): 80 * 100 = 18.8 kg / ha a.m.

Coefficient K = 150/50 = 3

N _U N = (150- (50 × 0.42 × 3): 70 × 100 = 124.3 kg / ha

From an example implementation, we can conclude that the proposed method for determining doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield allows you to more accurately calculate the optimal dose of fertilizers.

The application of the proposed method in comparison with the known provides the following advantages:

- to get the planned yield while increasing the efficiency of the fertilizers used due to their scientifically based application;

- reduce the cost of fertilizer use;

- reduce environmental pollution by agrochemicals;

- to stabilize soil fertility by optimizing the nutritional regime of cultivated crops;

- rational use of resources to obtain the planned yield.

Claims (8)

A method for determining the doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of agricultural crops, including agrochemical analysis, determining correction factors and calculating the doses of fertilizers taking into account the planned yield, agrochemical parameters of the soil, agrotechnical factors and biological characteristics of crops, while calculating the doses of fertilizers are taking into account the additional influence predecessor in crop rotation and standards for the removal of elements of mineral nutrition, depending on the level of ozhaynosti, characterized in that the calculation of the dose of phosphorus and potash is carried out according to the formula: N _Y = (V _y -V _y × Kn): K _YIU × 100, where N _Y - the norm of P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O, kg / ha; In _y - the removal of P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O with the planned yield, kg / ha; Kn is the utilization coefficient of P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O from the soil from removal from the crop; To _PS - the utilization rate of nutrients from fertilizers,%, and the calculation of the norm of nitrogen fertilizers is calculated by the converted formula: Н _У = (В _у - (В _у × Кn (phosphorus) × К)): К _ИУ × 100, where K is the nitrogen removal with the planned yield, the removal of P ₂ O ₅ with the planned yield.