RU2133465C1 - Method for determining movable phosphorus in soil, method for diagnosing and controlling phosphorus nutrition of plants, and method for estimating phosphorus fertilization system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture and agricultural chemistry. SUBSTANCE: determination of absolute content of movable phosphorus in soil is based on periodically revealing capacity of soil to displace mobilize phosphorus over separate layers and, in sum, over all layers of soil cut optimal for diagnostics. Diagnostics and control of phosphorus nutrition of plants are based on using quantitative standards reflecting time variation of absolute content of movable phosphorus in given soil section caused by man-made and plant vital activity effects. Estimation of phosphorus fertilization system is based on determining balance of movable phosphorus in given soil section which is accomplished by periodically performing chemical analyzes of soil or, annually, using quantitative standards. EFFECT: 2-3-fold increased accuracy in determining reserves of movable phosphorus in soil.

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in crop production, agrochemical services, environmental impact assessment and research practice.

 A known method for the rapid diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants (Mikhailov NN, Kniper VP. Determining the need of plants in fertilizers. M.: Kolos, 1971, S. 70-80), including periodic agrochemical examination of the soil with sampling from the arable layer of the soil, drying and grinding samples with a sieve of 0.8-1.0 mm through a sieve, weighing samples from each sample for analysis, carrying out chemical analysis of the soil in standard extracts recommended for a particular type of soil for the content of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg.

 Provision of plants with phosphorus is established by comparing the obtained content in the arable layer of soil of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg with experimentally established gradations in the degree of provision of soil with mobile phosphorus in mg / kg.

 Annual doses of phosphate fertilizers are established using amendments to the degree of provision of soil with mobile phosphorus. On soils with a low content of mobile phosphorus, a full dose of phosphorus fertilizers is used for each crop, recommended by scientific institutions for the corresponding soil and climatic conditions. At an average content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, 0.5-0.9 doses are applied; at its high content, phosphorus fertilizers are not used.

 However, the use of only the arable layer of soil in the analogue for the diagnosis of phosphorus nutrition of plants when determining the content of mobile phosphorus in a standard single extract does not fully take into account the content of mobile phosphorus even in the arable soil layer. Therefore, they underestimate the actual content of mobile phosphorus in the root profile of the soil, overestimate the need for phosphorus fertilizers, do not control the degree of pollution of groundwater with mineral phosphates due to their downward migration. In addition, the use of amendments to the degree of provision of soil with mobile phosphorus in the analogue does not exclude significant subjective errors in calculating the doses of phosphorus fertilizers used.

There is also known a method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants (Kayumov MK, Programming guide for crops. M: Rosselkhozizdat, 1977, p. 98-99), including annual sampling from the arable layer of soil, drying and grinding of samples with passage through sieve D 0.8-1.0 mm, weighing a sample from each soil sample for analysis, carrying out soil chemical analyzes in standard extracts recommended for a particular type of soil, for the content of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg, recalculating its content taking into account volumetric soil weight (g / cm ³ ) in kg / ha. The possible consumption of phosphorus from the soil by crops of the main and by-products of crops is found on the basis of the coefficients of utilization of nutrients from the soil (CIP) averaged over each crop. If the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, taking into account its CIP, is lower than the removal of phosphorus by the crops of one crop or another for one year (one vegetation), then the necessary dose of phosphorus fertilizers is determined taking into account the coefficient of fertilizer nutrient utilization (KIU) averaged over each crop.

 The main disadvantage of this analogue is as follows. Predicting the conditions of phosphorus nutrition of plants and calculating the doses of phosphorus fertilizers on the basis of instrumentation and measurement methods greatly distort the real conditions of phosphorus nutrition of plants and their need for phosphorus fertilizers due to the lack of proportional relationships: firstly, between the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable layer of soil, determined in a single extract , and instrumentation; secondly, due to the absence of such interrelations between the doses of phosphorus fertilizers used and KIU for various crop yields.

 There is also a method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants based on integrated agrochemical cultivation of fields (Postnikov A.V., Shafran S.A. Temporary standards for fertilizer costs for work on KAHOP, M., 1982), including sampling from the arable layer of soil , drying and grinding samples with a 0.8–1.0 mm pass through a sieve, weighing samples from each soil sample for analysis, carrying out chemical analysis for the content of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg in standard single extracts recommended for a particular type of soil . The dose of phosphorus fertilizer, applied for many years, for example, for the entire rotation of the crop rotation, which ensures the formation of planned crops, is established on the basis of KIU and standards for the consumption of phosphorus fertilizers in kg / ha to increase the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable layer of soil for every 10 mg / kg.

 This analogue is agrochemically and ecologically and economically insolvent: the use of KIU for calculations distorts the real conditions of phosphorus nutrition of plants and their need for phosphorus fertilizers due to the lack of proportional relationships between the doses of fertilizers used and KIU at different plant yields; incomplete extraction of mobile phosphorus with single standard extracts and determination of its content only in the arable soil layer greatly reduces the actual reserves of mobile phosphorus in the root profile of the soil, which, combined with the use of massive doses of phosphorus fertilizers in the reserve, causes environmentally dangerous pollution of plants, soil and groundwater with mineral phosphates ; fertilizers relate to working capital and their use in stock for many years drastically reduces the area of fertilized soils, for many years it stretches the return of additional funds spent by additional crops, which leads to great economic damage.

 There is also a method for predicting changes in time of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil (Bokarev V.G., Raikov V.N., Kamensky V.V., Kucher G.S., Shakhov G.I. Diagnostics of phosphorus and potassium nutrition of irrigated crops. Breeding, seed production and field crop cultivation technology. Collection of scientific works of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the South-East, 1991-1995 (Saratov, 1996, pp. 204-209), including periodic, for example, at the beginning and end of rotation of crop rotation, soil sampling from the layer 0-30 cm or 0-40 cm, drying samples, grinding soil samples with sieving through a sieve D 0.8-1.0 mm, sowing samples from each sample, for example, on a VLTK-type balance, with an accuracy of 0.1 g, chemical analysis of the soil for the content of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg in a standard single extract, for example, in a 1% carbon ammonium extract, annual accounting for the removal of phosphorus from the soil yields of the main and by-products of cultivated crops, development on the basis of long-term experimental data of standards for reducing the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil layers of 0-30 cm or 0-40 cm in mg / kg for every 100 kg / ha of phosphorus removal from the soil by crop crops.

 The content of mobile phosphorus in the soil using the standards proposed in the analogue is determined annually between regular agrochemical surveys of the soil.

 However, the determination of the content of mobile phosphorus only in soil layers of 0-30 cm or 0-40 cm in standard single hoods, without taking into account the long-term natural processes of mobilization of soil phosphorus and possible downward migration of soil phosphorus and fertilizer phosphorus, underestimates the actual content of mobile phosphorus in the root profile of the soil and overestimates the need of plants for additional phosphorus nutrition.

 This analogue can be used to predict changes over time in the content of mobile phosphorus in soils with a low content in the absence of significant downward migration of phosphorus with the occasional use of small doses of phosphorus fertilizers.

There is also a method for evaluating the effect of phosphorus fertilizer systems on soil fertility (Arinushkina E.V. Guidelines for chemical analysis of soils. Moscow University Press. M., 1961, p. 227-232, p. 265), based on determining the balance in the soil of general phosphorus (the sum of all forms of phosphorus compounds) over a long period of time. This method includes taking soil samples, for example, at the beginning and at the end of crop rotation, in separate layers for the entire depth of the soil genetic profile, preparing samples for analysis, and weighing from each sample. Samples for analysis and chemical analysis of the soil for the total phosphorus content, for example, in%, with subsequent recalculation of its content, for example, in t / ha, taking into account the power (cm) and bulk weight (g / cm ³ ) of each soil layer.

 However, the great complexity and high cost of determining the total phosphorus content in the soil by a chemical method with the insufficient reliability of this chemical analysis method, as well as the lack of practical significance of determining the sum of all forms of soil phosphorus compounds, many of which will remain inaccessible to plants in the foreseeable future, predetermined the unsuitability of this analogue for accurate assessment of the action of various phosphorus fertilizer systems by determining the ecological-agrochemical balance of phosphorus over a given period of time .

 Closest to the proposed method for determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is a method for comprehensively determining the optimal doses of mineral fertilizers (Sapozhnikov N.A., Kornilov M.F. Scientific principles of the fertilizer system in the Non-Chernozem zone. L .: Kolos, Leningrad Branch, 1977, p. . 197-215), based on the direct use of the results of agrochemical soil analyzes and field experiments with fertilizers. This prototype includes periodic inspection of the arable soil layer, drying and grinding of samples with a 0.8-1.0 mm pass through a sieve, weighing samples from each soil sample for analysis, for example, on a VLTK-type balance with an accuracy of 0.1 g, chemical analysis of the soil in a standard, recommended for a particular type of soil, a single extract, for the content of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg. According to the data of field experiments with fertilizers, gradations (levels) of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil in mg / kg are substantially differing from each other with each gradation of the possible productivity in c / ha of a particular crop without the use of phosphorus fertilizers. Using the widespread use of interpolation and extrapolation of the results of field experiments and agrochemical soil analyzes, the scales of optimal doses of phosphorus fertilizers for each crop for each gradation (level) of soil content of mobile phosphorus to produce different but higher yields than without phosphorus fertilizers are developed. On soils with a low content of mobile phosphorus, as well as on acidic soils, the recommended average doses of phosphorus fertilizers are increased by 20-30%, which guarantees the formation of planned crops and increases the soil tolerance of these soils. When previous doses of high doses of phosphorus fertilizers or increased doses of manure fertilizer were introduced, the recommended average doses of phosphorus fertilizers were reduced by 20-40%. On soils systematically fertilized with phosphorus, the next agrochemical examination is carried out annually or after 2-3 years, in other cases - after 5 years.

 This prototype has a number of significant drawbacks that sharply reduce the accuracy of determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, the availability of phosphorus to plants due to the soil, and their need for additional phosphorus nutrition. Firstly, when determining the content of mobile phosphorus only in the arable soil layer in single standard extracts, its content is sharply underestimated both in the arable and root-inhabited soil profile, especially on systematically fertilized phosphorus soils. Secondly, long-term natural processes of mobilization of soil phosphorus both in the arable layer and in the root profile of the soil are not taken into account. Thirdly, they do not take into account the possible downward migration of soil phosphorus and fertilizer phosphorus. Fourth, the agrochemical examination does not take into account the possible presence in the arable layer of the soil of granules of phosphorus fertilizers that do not disintegrate and do not react with the soil, which greatly distorts the results of soil chemical analyzes. Fifthly, when developing the scale of recommended doses of phosphate fertilizers with the wide use of interpolation and extrapolation of the results of field experiments and agrochemical analyzes of only the arable soil layer, it is impossible to establish with sufficient accuracy both the supply of plants with phosphorus due to the soil and their need for additional phosphorus nutrition and optimal doses of phosphate fertilizers.

 Since the prototype is based on determining the content of mobile phosphorus only in the arable soil layer when it is incompletely extracted with standard single extracts, it will lead to an overestimation of the plant's need for additional phosphorus nutrition and the use of ecologically-economically unreasonably high doses of phosphorus fertilizers. In this regard, the prototype can only be used on soils with a low content of mobile phosphorus, with the occasional use of small doses of phosphorus fertilizers, in the absence of a significant downward migration of phosphorus, to tentatively determine the need for phosphorus fertilizers for one year.

Closest to the proposed method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants is the normative-calculation method of operational diagnostics and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants (Zvereva EA, Bortnikova LA, Zakuraev R.Kh. Diagnostics of nutrition of crops during irrigation. - Chemicalization of rural economy, 1990, N 3, pp. 18-20), including the determination of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg in the arable soil layer in a standard single extract, for example, on neutral and alkaline soils, in 1% carbon ammonium extract; development, according to field experiments with fertilizers, of a scale for optimal provision of soil with mobile phosphorus in mg / kg for the formation of certain planned crops in kg / ha of a particular crop, as well as development of standards for increasing the content of moving soil in arable layer per mg / kg phosphorus for the autumn-spring period for every 100 kg / ha of freshly introduced in the fall or residual (introduced over-removal) phosphorus fertilizers. Provision of plants with phosphorus in the prototype is established by comparing the content in the arable soil layer of mobile phosphorus in mg / kg with the experimentally established optimum content in mg / kg in the same soil layer for a particular crop, with one or another planned level of productivity in c / ha. When the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is below the optimal level, phosphoric fertilizers are used, the doses of which are calculated by the formula D = (P _opt. - P _ex. ) / K ₁ • 100, where D is the dose of phosphoric fertilizer, kg / ha a.a. P _opt. - the optimum content in the soil of mobile phosphorus, mg / kg; P _ref. - initial content in the soil of mobile phosphorus, mg / kg; K ₁ - the norm for increasing the content of mobile phosphorus in the spring from 100 kg / ha of phosphorus fertilizers introduced in the fall, mg / kg. In subsequent years, the initial content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, necessary for calculating the doses of phosphorus fertilizers according to the above formula, is established by annual soil sampling and chemical analysis for the content of mobile phosphorus, or by calculations using the appropriate standards by the formula: P _p = P _ref. + [(Д-В) / 100] • K ₂ , where P _p is the desired content of mobile phosphorus in the fall, mg / kg; P _ref. - the initial content in the soil of mobile phosphorus before the introduction of phosphate fertilizers under the first culture, mg / kg; D - the dose of phosphorus fertilizer applied under the first culture, kg / ha ai; In - the removal of phosphorus by the crop of the first culture, kg / ha; K ₂ is the norm for increasing the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable soil layer for every 100 kg / ha of residual phosphorus fertilizers, mg / kg.

 This prototype has a number of significant drawbacks that sharply reduce its accuracy and limit its use. First, the use of only the arable soil layer for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants when determining the content of mobile phosphorus in standard single extracts reduces its content even in the arable soil layer and does not take into account its content in the root profile of the soil. As a result, the standards proposed in this prototype cannot accurately reflect the change in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil under the influence of phosphorus fertilizers used. Secondly, they do not take into account the long-term natural processes of mobilization of soil phosphorus and do not take into account the possible downward migration of phosphorus under the influence of systematically applied phosphorus fertilizers and agricultural techniques. Thirdly, the annual agrochemical examination recommended in the prototype does not take into account the possible presence in the arable soil layer of granules of phosphorus fertilizers that did not disintegrate and did not react with the soil during the autumn-spring period, which greatly distorts the results of soil chemical analysis on the content of mobile phosphorus in one direction or another. and indicators developed on the basis of the standards proposed in this prototype.

 In addition, for the practical use of this prototype, it is necessary to experimentally establish the conditional gradations of the availability of arable soil layer with mobile phosphorus in mg / kg to obtain one or another economically viable yield increase in kg / ha from a particular dose of phosphate fertilizers in kg / ha or another level of productivity in kg / ha of different crops. In this case, the relative indicator of the optimal content of mobile phosphorus in the soil in mg / kg due to incomplete extraction of mobile phosphorus from the soil with single extracts in the prototype is not critical for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants, since it varies widely and disproportionately depending on one or another the value of the planned crop and its increase from various doses of phosphorus fertilizers.

 But the use of many difficult-to-account variable variables, as well as the comparison of conditional relative indicators in mg / kg with absolute indicators in kg / ha and kg / ha, greatly lengthens and increases the cost of developing standards that are not very accurate, does not exclude a subjective assessment of the initial parameters and the rapid accumulation of systematic errors, the correction of which often requires an agrochemical examination of the soil.

 Since this prototype is based on the use of only the arable layer of soil for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants with incomplete extraction of mobile phosphorus with single standard extracts, it will lead to an overestimation of the plant's need for additional phosphorus nutrition and the use of excessive doses of phosphorus fertilizers.

 This prototype can be used only on soils with a low content of mobile phosphorus without the use of phosphorus fertilizers or occasional use of them in small doses, in the absence of a downward migration of soil phosphorus and phosphorus fertilizers to tentatively determine the need for phosphorus fertilizers.

 Closest to the proposed method for evaluating the effect of the phosphorus fertilizer system on soil fertility and the environment is the balance method of analyzing and evaluating the fertilizer system, in particular the phosphorus fertilizer system (Yurkin S.N. fertilizer systems Bulletin VIUA, N 20, M., 1974, pp. 12-37), based on the determination of the quantitative balance of phosphorus in the soil (± kg / ha) by calculation by indirect indicators, namely, according to the data received phosphorus into the soil from various sources and according to the data on the removal of phosphorus from the soil with yields of cultivated crops. This prototype method includes accounting for the annual intake of phosphorus in kg / ha with fertilizers, seeds, sediments, etc. and accounting for the annual removal of phosphorus from the soil in kg / ha with yields of the main and by-products of crops. In this case, the absolute total removal of phosphorus from the soil by crops is determined annually by chemical analysis of the main and by-products of crops for phosphorus content or by calculation using appropriate standards established in similar soil-climatic and agrotechnical conditions.

 However, the determination of the balance of phosphorus proposed in this prototype is limited by the fact that only post factum the amount of phosphorus consumed by the plants is ascertained, but the content, mobilization, immobilization and migration of phosphorus in the soil, in particular mobile phosphorus, in different layers of the soil profile, and the amount of phosphorus consumed by plants and the rate of its consumption from different layers of the soil profile, as a result of which only the approximate agrochemical balance of phosphorus in the soil is determined by indirect indication Ateliers. Therefore, this prototype is unsuitable for accurate and comprehensive environmental-agrochemical assessment of the phosphorus fertilizer system. This prototype can be used to determine the approximate balance of phosphorus in the soil in large areas when evaluating zonal farming systems.

 The purpose of the proposed invention is to increase the accuracy of determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil while increasing the accuracy of diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants during the formation of various levels of planned yields and increasing the accuracy of environmental and agrochemical assessment of the phosphorus fertilizer system.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that in the proposed method for determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, periodic agrochemical examinations are carried out in the absence of granules of phosphorus fertilizers that have not decomposed and unreacted with soil in the arable layer of the soil, and soil samples are taken in the root profile of the soil in separate layers, taking into account the thickness of the genetic horizons specific soil types. Moreover, samples are taken in that part of the root habitat profile of the soil where previously experimentally established ecologically and economically significant changes in the content of mobile phosphorus under the influence of long-term natural processes of mobilization of phosphorus in the soil, applied phosphorus fertilizers, downward migration of phosphorus, agricultural practices and phosphorus consumption by plants are noted. This part of the root habitable soil profile, to the depth of which soil samples are taken, is considered optimal for diagnosing the soil profile.

 Soil samples are prepared for analysis and, for example, by chemical analysis determine the potential ability of the soil to mobilize mobile phosphorus (phosphorus mobilization potential - PMF) for the current and subsequent vegetation by modeling natural multi-year processes of mobilizing mobile phosphorus in each soil layer by multiple successive extracts. In this case, an indicator of the completeness of the extraction of mobile phosphorus from the soil is considered to be a decrease in its content in the next extract to the level of "traces", that is, to the level of resolution of chemical analysis.

 The absolute content of mobile phosphorus is determined by individual layers, taking into account their thickness and bulk weight, and in total for all layers of the diagnosed soil profile.

 The essence of modeling (imitation) of natural long-term processes of mobilization of mobile phosphorus is that first, the most mobile phosphorus of the soil solution is subsequently extracted from the soil by chemical extracts, then loosely bound phosphates deposited or adsorbed on the surface of the solid phases of the soil. In this case, mobile natural soil phosphates and residual mobile phosphates of fertilizers that have reacted with the soil are extracted. In this way, the phosphates available to the plants for the current vegetation and their closest reserve for subsequent vegetations are recovered.

 The suitability of a particular extract for determining the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the proposed method is evaluated by the following parameters (attributes): the pH of the extract used for chemical analysis corresponds to the pH of the soil solution - alkaline extracts are used on neutral and alkaline soils, acid extracts are used on acid soils; only phosphates of the soil solution and phosphates that are loosely bound to the solid phases of the soil are removed from the soil, which are capable of passing into the soil solution by self-diffusion; the total amount of mobile phosphorus extracted from the soil profile optimal for diagnosing corresponds to or is close to the total amount of phosphorus consumed by plants from the soil during the current and next subsequent vegetations. In particular, on neutral and alkaline soils, for example on chestnut soils, the most suitable for these purposes is a 1% carbon ammonium extract at a pH of about 9.

 The goal in the proposed method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants is achieved by periodically determining the PMF in the soil profile optimal for diagnosing, annually determining the phosphorus input to the soil with fertilizers and the removal of phosphorus from crop yields, developing quantitative standards that reflect the change over time according to determination of the PMF of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile is adequate to technogenic influences and plant life. In this case, the norm for reducing the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is established from the ratio between the absolute removal of phosphorus from the soil by crop crops and the corresponding decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile. The standard for increasing the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is established from the ratio between the amount of fertilizer used in excess of the crop yield of phosphorus and the corresponding increase in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile.

 The developed quantitative standards are used both for operational and long-term diagnostics and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants.

 The availability of cultivated crops with phosphorus is established from the ratio between the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, determined periodically by chemical analyzes on PMF or annually by calculation using standards, and the absolute removal of phosphorus by planned crops.

 Prediction of a decrease in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil due to phosphorus consumption by plants is carried out using the norm of reduction per unit absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile by the corresponding unit of absolute phosphorus removal by crops.

 The regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants through the use of calculated doses of phosphorus fertilizers is carried out using the standard of increasing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile by the corresponding unit of the applied phosphorus fertilizer.

 The next agrochemical examination of the soil systematically fertilized by phosphorus is carried out with a decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile to such a minimum acceptable level (MDL) that can satisfy the plant's need for phosphorus to form the planned crops for no more than one to two years. At the same time, a prediction of a decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil to MRLs is carried out from the ratio between the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile according to the determination of PMF by chemical analyzes or by calculation using quantitative standards and phosphorus removal by planned or actually obtained crops for one year or several years . On soils occasionally fertilized with small doses of phosphorus, the next agrochemical examination is carried out no more than once per rotation of a crop rotation.

 The goal in the proposed method for evaluating the phosphorus fertilizer system is achieved by periodically determining the PMF chemical analyzes for individual layers and in the whole diagnosed soil profile, annually determining the phosphorus input into the soil with fertilizers and phosphorus removal with crop yields, developing quantitative standards that reflect changes in time, the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile is adequate to technogenic influences and plant life. On this basis, the ecological-agrochemical balance of mobile phosphorus in the soil-plant-phosphorus fertilizer-environment system is determined, thereby revealing the effect of the adopted phosphorus fertilizer system on soil fertility, soil and environmental pollution by mobile phosphorus due to its subsoil vertical and horizontal migration.

 The phosphorus balance in the soil (± kg / ha) according to the data of chemical analysis on PMF is determined periodically by comparing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in individual layers and in the whole diagnosed soil profile between any two subsequent agrochemical surveys.

 The phosphorus balance in the soil (± kg / ha) by calculation using quantitative standards is determined annually or over a number of years during the next agrochemical surveys as a whole for the entire diagnosed soil profile.

Evidence for “novelty” and “inventive step”
In science and technology, solutions containing sets of features similar to those proposed are not known.

 The principle of determining the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, which is carried out in the absence of phosphorus fertilizers that have not reacted with the soil in the arable layer and is based on determining the potential ability of the soil to mobilize mobile phosphorus (the potential for phosphorus mobilization - PMF) for the current and subsequent vegetations in the optimum for diagnosis, is not obvious parts of the root habitable soil profile for individual layers and in total for all layers, by modeling natural long-term mobilization processes osfora multiple successive soil extracts with full, to the level "track", removing the movable phosphorus.

 The principle of determining the optimal power of the diagnosed soil profile is also not obvious, for which is taken that part of the root habitable soil profile, where ecologically and economically significant changes in time of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus under the influence of long-term natural processes of mobilization, immobilization and migration of phosphorus, technogenic impacts and vital functions are noted plants.

 The principles of modeling the natural processes of mobilizing soil phosphorus and selecting extracts for soil chemical analysis are not obvious either, based on the sequential extraction of soil solution phosphates and phosphates available to plants loosely bound to solid phases of the soil that are capable of self-diffusion into soil solution, and only mobile natural phosphates and residual mobile phosphates of fertilizers, with the total amount of mobile phosphorus extracted by extracts from the diagnostician Rui soil profile, matches or is close to the total amount of phosphorus consumed by plants from the soil for the current and the next growing season.

 The principles of developing quantitative standards and their use for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants, based on the determination of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in optimal for diagnosing the soil profile by chemical analyzes on PMF, are not obvious, and the content of mobile natural and residual phosphorus that has reacted with the soil is determined , and the developed standards reflect the quantitative dynamics of mobile phosphorus adequately for technogenic influences and plants, in order to predict changes over time in the phosphorus content, use the norm of reduction per unit of absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the corresponding unit of phosphorus removal by crops, and to determine doses of phosphorus fertilizers, use the norm of increase per unit of absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the corresponding unit applied phosphorus fertilizer.

 The principle of determining the supply of plants with phosphorus from the ratio between the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, determined periodically by chemical analyzes at PMF or annually by calculation using standards, and the absolute removal of phosphorus by the planned crops is also not obvious.

 The principle of determining the timing of the next agrochemical examination of systematically fertilized phosphorus soils is also not obvious, based on the use of a quantitative indicator of the minimum allowable level (MRL) of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, determined by chemical analysis data on PMF or calculated using standards that can to ensure the need of plants in phosphorus for the formation of not more than one or two planned crops.

 The principle of evaluating the phosphorus fertilizer system, based on the determination of the ecological-agrochemical balance of mobile phosphorus in the soil-plant-phosphorus fertilizer-environment system, is also not obvious when determining the initial and final absolute content of mobile phosphorus in separate layers and in total for all layers of the diagnosed soil profile according to the data of chemical analysis at PMF or by calculations using standards in general for the entire diagnosed soil profile.

 Thus, the proposed invention meets the criteria of "novelty" and "inventive step".

 The proposed group of inventions is connected by a single creative concept, since the first method serves as the main one for developing and using the second method, and each of them individually and together for developing and using the third method, and in general the group of inventions is a dynamic model of soil fertility reproduction management , the conditions of phosphorus nutrition of plants and the ecological and agrochemical situation in the soil-plant-phosphorus fertilizer-environment system.

 The proposed method for determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is as follows. When conducting an agrochemical survey in the fall before fertilizing, in the absence of granules of phosphorus fertilizers with a soil drill that did not react with the soil in the plow layer, e.g. Moreover, soil samples are taken in that part of the root habitable soil profile where pre-experimentally established, ecologically-economically significant changes in the content of mobile phosphorus under the influence of long-term natural processes of mobilization, immobilization and migration of phosphorus, technogenic effects and plant life are noted. This part of the root habitable soil profile, to the depth of which soil samples are taken, is considered optimal for diagnosing the soil profile. For example, in soils with heavy mechanical composition, the optimum thickness of the diagnosed soil profile is 0-100 cm.

 After drying and grinding the samples with sieving through a sieve with a diameter of 0.8-1.0 mm for chemical analysis, samples are weighed from each sample, for example, on a VLTK-type balance with an accuracy of 0.1 g. In soil samples weighed from each soil layer, determine the soil’s potential ability to mobilize mobile phosphorus (phosphorus mobilization potential - PMF) for the current and subsequent vegetation by modeling the natural long-term processes of phosphorus mobilization in each soil layer by multiple successive extracts. In this case, an indicator of the completeness of the extraction of mobile phosphorus from the soil is considered to be a decrease in its content in mg / kg in the next extract to the level of "traces", that is, to the level of resolution of the analysis.

Taking into account the thickness (cm) and bulk weight (g / cm ³ ) of each soil layer, the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in kg / ha for each soil layer and the sum over all layers of the diagnosed soil profile are determined.

 The essence of modeling (imitation) of natural long-term processes of mobilization of mobile soil phosphorus is that first the most mobile phosphates of the soil solution are sequentially extracted, then, with an increase in the rate of extraction, the phosphate balance between the solid and liquid phases of the soil is disturbed as well as when plants consume phosphorus from the soil and thereby facilitating the transition to soil solution by self-diffusion of naturally occurring phosphates and residual phosphates of fertilizers precipitated or adsorbed on the surface of the solid phases of the soil, which are removed by subsequent extracts. In this way, phosphates that are available to plants for the current vegetation and their closest reserve for subsequent vegetation are extracted from the soil.

 The suitability of a particular extract for determining the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the proposed method is evaluated by the following criteria: acid extracts are used on soils with an acidic soil solution, alkaline extracts on soils with an alkaline or neutral soil solution; soil phosphates of the soil solution and phosphates loosely bound to the solid phases of the soil, precipitated and adsorbed on the surface of the solid phases of the soil are removed from the soil, capable of passing into the soil solution by self-diffusion; the total amount of mobile phosphorus extracted from the soil profile optimal for diagnosing corresponds to or is close to the total amount of phosphorus consumed by plants from the soil during the current and next subsequent vegetations. In particular, on alkaline and neutral soils, for example on chestnut soils, the most suitable for these purposes is the extraction of a 1% solution of ammonium carbonate at a pH of about 9, using which the total amount of mobile phosphorus extracted from the soil and the total amount consumed by plants from phosphorus soils are close to each other only in the case of complete, to the level of “traces”, extraction of mobile phosphorus by multiple successive extracts from the optimal soil profile for diagnosing.

The proposed method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants is as follows. During an agrochemical examination, soil samples are taken on separate layers of the soil profile optimal for diagnosing, in which chemical analyzes determine the potential ability of the soil to mobilize mobile phosphorus (phosphorus mobilization potential - PMF) for the current and subsequent vegetations in mg / kg of soil with subsequent conversion of the content of mobile phosphorus to individual layers, taking into account the power (cm) and bulk density (g / cm ³ ) and in total for all layers in kg / ha, determine the annual intake of phosphorus in the soil with fertilizers in kg / ha a.a. and annual phosphorus removal in kg / ha with crop yields.

 In long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments, according to a special program and methodology, quantitative standards are developed experimentally, reflecting changes in time according to the determination of the PMF of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil that is optimal for diagnosing the soil profile by anthropogenic impact and plant life. In this case, the norm for reducing the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is established from the ratio between the absolute removal of phosphorus from the soil by crop yields for a given period of time and the corresponding decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile for the same period of time. The rate of increase in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is established from the ratio between the amount of residual fertilizer phosphorus added over harvesting over a given period of time and the corresponding increase in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile over the same period of time.

 The proposed quantitative standards are used for both operational and long-term diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants.

 The availability of cultivated crops with phosphorus is established from the ratio between the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, determined periodically by chemical analyzes on PMF or annually by calculation using standards, and the absolute removal of phosphorus by planned crops.

 Prediction of a decrease in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil due to phosphorus consumption by plants is carried out using a decrease per unit absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile by the corresponding unit of absolute phosphorus removal by crops.

 The regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants through the use of calculated doses of phosphorus fertilizers is carried out using the standard of increasing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile by the corresponding unit of the applied phosphorus fertilizer.

 If the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile is less than its removal by the planned crop yields for at least one year (growing season), using the norm of increasing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the appropriate unit of applied phosphorus fertilizers, set the necessary doses of phosphorus fertilizers in kg / ha a.v. to create in the soil such a content of mobile phosphorus in kg / ha, which can provide the need for crops for the formation of one or more planned crops.

 If the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile corresponds to the absolute phosphorus removal by planned crops for at least one year, phosphorus fertilizers are not used for at least one year or their doses are calculated and added to the reserve for 2-3 years, for example, when planting perennial grass crops.

 With a higher absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, a period (number of years) is determined during which the planned crops can be formed without the use of phosphorus fertilizers. In this case, subsequent annual changes in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil for this period are determined on the basis of the standard for a decrease in unit in kg / ha of the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile by the corresponding unit in kg / ha of phosphorus removal by the planned crop yields.

 Long-term use of standards to determine the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil and determine the doses of phosphate fertilizers inevitably leads to the accumulation of systematic errors. In addition, it is also possible to change the PMF, for example, due to changes in agricultural practices and the introduction of various land reclamations. Therefore, periodically conduct agrochemical surveys of the soil.

 The next agrochemical examination of the soil systematically fertilized by phosphorus is carried out with a decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile to such a minimum acceptable level (MDL) that can satisfy the plant's need for phosphorus to form the planned crops for no more than one to two years. At the same time, predicting a decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil to MDL is predicted from the ratio between the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile determined by chemical analyzes on PMF or calculated using standards, and phosphorus removal by planned or actually obtained crops for one year or several years. On soils occasionally fertilized with small doses of phosphorus, the next agrochemical examination is carried out no more than once per rotation of a crop rotation.

The proposed method for evaluating the phosphorus fertilizer system is as follows. Periodically, an agrochemical soil survey is carried out with sampling in separate layers in the optimal soil profile for diagnosis, in each sample the potential ability of the soil to mobilize mobile phosphorus (PMF) for the current and subsequent vegetations is determined. The content of mobile phosphorus is expressed in absolute units of measurement in kg / ha separately for each soil layer, taking into account its thickness (cm) and volumetric weight (g / cm ³ ), as well as the sum of all layers of the diagnosed soil profile. Determine the annual intake of phosphorus in the soil with fertilizers and the annual removal of phosphorus from the soil with crop yields. Quantitative standards are being developed that reflect the change in time of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, which is adequate to technogenic influences and plant life. On this basis, the ecological-agrochemical balance of mobile phosphorus in the soil-plant-phosphorus fertilizer-environment system is determined, thereby revealing the effect of the adopted phosphorus fertilizer system on soil fertility, soil and environmental pollution by mobile phosphorus above the maximum permissible concentration (MAC) due to its subsoil vertical and horizontal migration.

 The phosphorus balance in the soil (± kg / ha) according to the chemical analysis on PMF is determined periodically by comparing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus by individual layers and in the whole diagnosed soil profile between any two agrochemical surveys of the soil.

 The phosphorus balance in the soil (± kg / ha) is determined by calculation annually or for a number of years between regular agrochemical surveys of the soil for the entire diagnosed soil profile as a whole by comparing the initial absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil established by chemical analyzes on PMF, with subsequent changes its absolute content, established using standards for a decrease or increase in time of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil.

Examples of specific implementation of the proposed methods
Comparison of the proposed methods with the corresponding prototypes and other analogues. Comparative data are given in table. 1-3 (see the end of the description).

 The proposed method for determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil was carried out as follows. In the autumn, prior to the application of phosphorus fertilizers, but not earlier than a year after their previous application, an agrochemical examination of the soil for the content of mobile phosphorus was carried out. In contrast to the corresponding prototype, in the presence of soil samples taken from the arable layer that did not react with phosphorus fertilizer granules, the agrochemical examination of the soil according to the proposed method was postponed for another year.

 According to the proposed method, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, the thickness of the root profile of the soil, from which intensive consumption of phosphorus by plants can go, as well as the possible depth of downward migration of mobile soil phosphorus and fertilizer phosphorus depending on the mechanical composition and drainage of the profile of specific soils, was previously experimentally established. to a depth of a more arable layer. In particular, according to long-term stationary agrochemical experiments on weakly drained soils of heavy mechanical composition, intensive consumption of phosphorus by plants came from the meter profile of the soil, and at economically and environmentally optimal doses of phosphorus fertilizers, the possible depth of downward migration of soil phosphorus and phosphorus in ecologically-economically significant sizes is usually not exceeded 60-100 cm. In this regard, soil samples were taken, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, to a depth of 100 cm by soil drills of the Kachinsk design th or Mal'kova to separate layers, at regular intervals, which is determined depending on the specific genetic horizons of soil and the root portion of the soil profile, the depth of which was collected soil samples, considered diagnosed soil profile.

Soil samples were dried to an air-dry state, in particular, under a canopy or in a thermostat at a temperature of up to 40 ^o C. Dry samples were crushed in a soil mill or manually, while passing through a sieve D 0.8-1.0 mm Then, from each sample, for each soil layer, on a technical balance such as VLTK, weighed samples of soil for chemical analysis were weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g.

 Unlike the corresponding prototype, the soil’s potential ability to mobilize mobile phosphorus (phosphorus mobilization potential — PMF) for the current and subsequent vegetation was determined by simulating natural perennial soil phosphorus mobilization processes by multiple successive extracts. In this case, the multiplicity of determining the content of mobile phosphorus, for example, on soils of heavy mechanical composition, was varied from 4-5 to 7-8 depending on the total content and characteristics of the distribution of mobile phosphorus in the soil profile due to its downward migration and consumption by plants (Table 1).

 In all cases, according to the proposed method, the indicator of the completeness of extraction of mobile phosphorus from the soil was a decrease in its content (mg / kg) in the next extract to the level of "traces", that is, to the level of resolution of the analysis.

Further, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, the absolute content (in kg / ha) of mobile phosphorus was determined not only in the arable layer, but separately in each layer and in total for all layers of the diagnosed soil profile, taking into account power (cm) and bulk weight (g / cm ³ ) each layer of soil.

 The essence of modeling (imitation) of natural long-term processes of mobilization of mobile soil phosphorus consisted in the fact that first the most mobile phosphates of the soil solution were sequentially extracted by extracts, then, with an increase in the rate of extraction of phosphorus, as well as when phosphorus was consumed by plants, they upset the phosphate balance between solid and liquid phases soils and thereby facilitated the transition to soil solution by self-diffusion of loose-bound phosphates precipitated or adsorbed onto the surface solid phases of the soil, which were extracted by subsequent extracts. Moreover, thanks to a special technique for organizing and conducting stationary experiments, only mobile natural phosphates and residual mobile phosphates of fertilizers that were reacted with the soil were extracted. In this way, the phosphates available to the plants for the current vegetation and their closest reserve for subsequent vegetations were recovered.

 The suitability of a particular extract for determining the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the proposed method was evaluated by the following parameters (attributes): alkaline extracts were used on soils with a neutral and alkaline soil solution, acid extracts on soils with an acidic soil solution; extracts extracted phosphates of the soil solution and phosphates loosely bound to the solid phases of the soil, capable of self-diffusion to pass into the soil solution; the total amount of mobile phosphorus extracted from the soil profile optimal for diagnosing the soil corresponds to or is close to the total amount of phosphorus consumed by plants from the soil during the current and subsequent vegetations. In particular, on neutral and alkaline soils, for example on chestnut-type soils, the most suitable extract for this purpose is 1% ammonium carbonate at a pH of about 9, using which the total amount of mobile phosphorus extracted from the soil and the total amount of phosphorus consumed by plants from the soil during the current and subsequent vegetations are close to each other in the case of complete, to the level of "traces", the extraction of mobile phosphorus by multiple consecutive extracts from the optimum for diagnosing the soil profile.

 According to the table. 1 when comparing a single hood (prototype) with the proposed multiple hoods, the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the arable soil layer of 0-30 cm in the prototype compared to the proposed method was underestimated by 2.1-2.7 times, and for a layer of 0-100 cm 2.2-2.8 times. As a result of this, in the prototype, when the mobile phosphorus was incompletely extracted from the root profile of the soil, the need for cultivated crops for phosphate fertilizers was sharply increased.

 For example, with the annual formation of winter wheat by crops of about 50 kg / ha, the average annual removal of phosphorus from the soil with the main and by-product crops (grain + straw) was about 60 kg / ha. When using data only a single hood (prototype) presented in table. 1 content of mobile phosphorus in the arable soil layer of 0-30 cm would ensure the formation of grain yields of 50 kg / ha for 3-4 years without the use of phosphorus fertilizers, and for a soil profile of 0-100 cm, the corresponding indicators are also single-shot for 5 -6 years.

According to the proposed method, when determining in the soil profile 0-100 cm PMF by modeling natural long-term processes of mobilization of soil phosphorus by repeated successive extracts, a winter wheat grain yield of 50 c / ha on these soils could be formed for at least 12-15 years. A direct experimental and production check confirmed these points: on backgrounds N 120-150-180, the annual application of P _60-90 did not lead to significant reliable (at HCP ₀₅ ) changes in one direction or another of the productivity of all cultivated crop crops under the influence of phosphorus fertilizers during 1982-1995; with a total grain yield of spring wheat 30-45 c / ha, winter wheat 35-70 c / ha, corn 30-70 c / ha, unreliable (within the experimental error) fluctuations in grain yields were ± 1.5-2.5 c / ha; with a total yield of green mass of alfalfa, corn and Sudanese grass of 300-700 c / ha, unreliable fluctuations in yields were ± 10-30 c / ha.

 For the practical implementation of the proposed method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants, quantitative standards were developed that, in contrast to the corresponding prototype and analogue, reflect the change in time of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil that is adequate to technogenic influences and plant life, established by the results of studies in long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments.

The rate of reduction per unit content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the corresponding phosphorus removal unit by crop crops (Table 2) was set, in contrast to the corresponding prototype and analogue, not in relative units (mg / kg), but in absolute units (kg / ha) and not only in the arable layer, but in separate layers to different depths and in total for all layers in the optimal soil profile for diagnosis, taking into account the thickness (cm) and bulk weight (g / cm ³ ) of each soil layer. The standards were established based on the results of studies in long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments without the use of phosphorus fertilizers, preferably on soils with a high and high content of mobile phosphorus, which was created by the previous systematic use of phosphorus fertilizers, with a sufficient level of provision of plants with other ash elements of mineral nutrition, but at different levels their nitrogen nutrition.

 Such a methodical approach ensured the formation of various levels of plant productivity with different phosphorus removal from the soil, which, unlike the corresponding prototype and analogue, made it possible to identify a quantitative relationship between the absolute indicators of phosphorus removal from the soil by certain crop yields and the corresponding indicators of the decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus. only in the arable layer, and for individual layers and in total for all layers in the optimal soil profile for diagnosis for one or a different period of time, for example, for rotation of a crop rotation. At the same time, in contrast to the corresponding prototype and analogue, the quantitative dynamics of natural mobile soil phosphorus and mobile residual phosphorus of fertilizers introduced in excess of crop removal, which reacted with the soil and became an integral part of the soil, were used to develop the standard.

 The standards were set, in contrast to the corresponding prototype and analogue, from the ratio between the absolute removal of phosphorus from the soil in kg / ha by one or another crop of the main and by-products of crops over a number of years, for example, rotation of crop rotation, and an indicator of a corresponding decrease in the absolute content in a particular layer diagnosed soil profile of mobile phosphorus in kg / ha, determined according to the PMF for the same period of time.

 According to the results of studies in long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments, the level of tightness of the relationships between the main factors that determine the quantitative indicators of standards, for example, between the removal of crops from the soil, was an indicator of the accuracy of the reflection of the processes in the soil-plant or soil-plant-fertilizer systems in a particular soil layer phosphorus and a corresponding decrease in the content of phosphorus in the soil. Theoretically, the level of tightness of relationships, expressed through the ratio of determining factors, should be narrow, close to unity. The wide correlation between the determining factors indicates inadequate quantitative reflection of the processes in these systems by standards.

 According to the results of studies in the same stationary experiments, the optimal power of the diagnosed soil profile for predicting a decrease in phosphorus content in the soil, for example, on soils of heavy mechanical composition (Table 2), on average from n = 90 (3 options x 6 repetitions of the option in time and space x 5 soil layers for each option) was 0-100 cm, where the ratio between the main factors determining the rate of decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil due to the removal of phosphorus by crops varied from 1: 0.86 to 1: 1.07 and in average It was 1: 0.96, ie close to unity.

 At the same time, the indicator of the norm for reducing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil in kg / ha per 100 kg per 1 ha of phosphorus removal from the soil by crop yields varied depending on the crop productivity level from 88 kg / ha to 107 kg / ha (Table 2 ) At a crop crop productivity level of up to 80-85 centner / ha ke per year, the standard indicator was 88 kg / ha, which indicated that the rate of restoration of the concentration of mobile phosphorus in the soil, with its sufficiently high initial content, was ahead of the rate of phosphorus consumption by plants. With an increase in the average annual productivity level of crop rotation crops to 90-105 centners per 1 ha, the rates of restoration of the concentration of mobile phosphorus in the soil first went at the level of (101 kg / ha), and then lagged (107 kg / ha) from the rates of phosphorus consumption by plants.

 In the corresponding prototype, in contrast to the proposed method, the ratio between the removal of phosphorus from the soil and the decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil was very wide and amounted to 1: 0.21-0.31 on average from n = 90 (15 x 6) -1: 0.24 (table. 2), which indicated the unsuitability of this prototype for a sufficiently accurate quantitative assessment of the action and interaction of processes in the soil-plant-environment system.

 According to the proposed method, the standards for increasing per unit of content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by the corresponding unit of phosphorus introduced with fertilizers, unlike the corresponding prototype, were also established not in relative but in absolute units of measure and also not only in the arable layer, but in separate layers on different depths and in total for all layers of the diagnosed soil profile, taking into account the thickness and volumetric weight of each soil layer. The standards were established based on the results of studies in long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments on systematically fertilized phosphorus soils also with sufficient supply of plants with other ash elements of mineral nutrition and also at different levels of their nitrogen nutrition. At the same time, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, for the development of standards, we used the indicator of the content of not freshly introduced but residual phosphorus in the soil, systematically applied in excess of the crop yield, reacted with the soil and became its integral part, but at the same time to the level of “traces” extracted from the soil in determining the PMF.

 This methodological approach, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, provided the identification of regular changes in the standards under the influence of applied phosphorus fertilizers, plant life, physico-chemical migration or fixing of phosphorus soil and phosphorus fertilizers on separate layers of the soil profile. Eliminated or smoothed out the variation of standards typical for the prototype under the influence of random factors, in particular, clogging of samples taken from the arable layer of unreacted granules of phosphate fertilizers with soil.

 The standards were set, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, from the ratio between the residual amount of phosphorus of fertilizers introduced into the soil for a certain period of time in excess of the removal of phosphorus by crop crops, and the indicator of a corresponding increase in residual phosphorus of fertilizers in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil for the same period of time, established according to the determination of PMF by chemical analyzes for individual layers of the diagnosed soil profile.

 According to the results of studies in long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments, the optimum thickness of the diagnosed soil profile for this standard, for example, on soils of heavy mechanical composition (Table 2), on average, of n = 72 (3 x 6 x 4) was 0-80 cm, where According to the data of the PMF determination, up to 96-98% of the reserves of mobile phosphorus from its content in the profile is 0-100 cm, and the ratio between the two main factors determining the rate of increase in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil per unit residual phosphorus of fertilizers, close to unity - 1: 0.96-1.11 and an average of 1: 1.05. The obtained ratios slightly more than unity indicate that the accumulation of mobile phosphorus in the soil occurred not only due to the residual phosphorus of fertilizers, but also due to the natural processes of mobilization of soil phosphorus.

 At the same time, the norm of increasing the absolute content in the diagnosed soil profile of mobile phosphorus in kg / ha for every 100 kg / ha of residual fertilizer phosphorus on average of n = 72 (4 x 6 x 3) was 105 kg / ha (Table 2). A strong variation in the absolute values of the norm in soil layers of less than 0-80 cm was due to an incomplete quantitative consideration of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the root profile of the soil, and in deeper layers due to weak or no downward migration of phosphorus to a depth of more than 80 cm.

 In the corresponding prototype, in contrast to the proposed method, the ratio between the applied phosphorus of fertilizers and the increase in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil was very broad and averaged 1: 0.38 out of n = 90 (15 x 6), which indicated that this was unsuitable prototype for a sufficiently accurate quantitative assessment of the action and interaction of processes in the soil-plant-fertilizer-environment system.

The availability of cultivated crops with phosphorus was established, in contrast to the corresponding prototype and analogue, from the ratio between the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the optimal soil profile for diagnosis, periodically determined by chemical analyzes on PMF or calculated annually using standards, and the absolute phosphorus removal by the planned crop according to formula 1
O = P _f (or P _n ): P _in ,
where O is the supply of plants with phosphorus for one or more vegetations; P _f or P _n - the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, determined according to the PMF (P _f ) or calculated (P _n ) using standards, kg / ha: P _in - phosphorus removal by crop crops for one or more vegetations in kg / ha, which in research practice was determined by annual chemical analysis of the main and by-products of crops, and in production practice, the relevant standards established in similar soil-climatic and agrotechnical conditions were used for this.

 When the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile is less than the removal by planned crops (O <1) for at least one year (growing season), the doses of phosphorus fertilizers used were calculated to create such a content of mobile phosphorus in the soil that would satisfy the need for crops to form one or more planned crops.

 If the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile corresponded to the removal of phosphorus by the planned crop yields for at least one year (O = 1), phosphorus fertilizers were not applied for at least one year or their doses were calculated and added to the reserve for 2-3 years, for example, when planting crops perennial herbs.

In both cases, the dose of phosphate fertilizers was calculated by the formula 2
D = (P _opt. -P _f or P _n ) • 100 / H ₂ ,
where D is the dose of phosphorus fertilizer, kg / ha ai; P _opt. - the optimal content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile for the formation of one or more planned crop yields, kg / ha; P _f or P _n - respectively, actual according to the PMF or calculated using standards, the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, kg / ha;
N ₂ is the norm for increasing the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile for every 100 kg / ha of fertilizer phosphorus applied, kg / ha.

The N ₂ standard was developed taking into account the natural processes of phosphorus mobilization that are constantly going on in the soil, therefore, unlike the corresponding prototype, the optimal doses of phosphate fertilizers calculated by the proposed method can be lower than the phosphorus removal by crop crops.

где P_н - содержание в диагностируемом профиле почвы подвижного фосфора, рассчитываемого с использованием нормативов, кг/га;
P_ф - фактическое содержание в диагностируемом профиле почвы подвижного фосфора по данным определения ПМФ, кг/га;
P_в - вынос фосфора из почвы урожаями возделываемых культур, кг/га;
Н₁ - норматив уменьшения содержания в диагностируемом профиле почвы подвижного фосфора на каждые 100 кг/га выноса из почвы фосфора урожаями, кг/га.In the period between the next agrochemical surveys of the soil, the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed profile of non-phosphorus-rich soils, necessary for assessing the availability of plants with phosphorus and calculating the doses of phosphate fertilizers, was determined by the formula 3

where P _n - content in the diagnosed soil profile of mobile phosphorus, calculated using standards, kg / ha;
P _f - the actual content in the diagnosed soil profile of mobile phosphorus according to the definition of PMF, kg / ha;
P _in - the removal of phosphorus from the soil by crops of cultivated crops, kg / ha;
H ₁ is the norm for reducing the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile for every 100 kg / ha of phosphorus removal from the soil by crops, kg / ha.

где P_н - содержание в диагностируемом профиле почвы подвижного фосфора, рассчитываемого с использованием нормативов, кг/га;
P_ф - фактическое содержание в диагностируемом профиле почвы подвижного фосфора по данным определения ПМФ, кг/га;
P_у - поступление фосфора в почву с удобрениями, кг/га д.в.;
Н₂ - норматив увеличения содержания в диагностируемом профиле почвы подвижного фосфора на каждые 100 кг/га вносимого фосфора удобрений, кг/га;
P_в - вынос фосфора из почвы урожаями возделываемых культур, кг/га;
Н₁ - норматив уменьшения содержания в диагностируемом профиле почвы подвижного фосфора на каждые 100 кг/га выноса из почвы фосфора урожаями, кг/га.On soils fertilized with phosphorus between regular agrochemical surveys, the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile was also determined using the standards according to formula 4

where P _n - content in the diagnosed soil profile of mobile phosphorus, calculated using standards, kg / ha;
P _f - the actual content in the diagnosed soil profile of mobile phosphorus according to the definition of PMF, kg / ha;
P _y - the entry of phosphorus into the soil with fertilizers, kg / ha ai;
N ₂ is the norm for increasing the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile for every 100 kg / ha of fertilizer phosphorus applied, kg / ha;
P _in - the removal of phosphorus from the soil by crops of cultivated crops, kg / ha;
H ₁ is the norm for reducing the content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile for every 100 kg / ha of phosphorus removal from the soil by crops, kg / ha.

 With a high content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, established according to the PMF, formula (1) determined the period (number of years) during which the planned crops can be formed without the use of phosphorus fertilizers, and subsequent annual changes in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil were determined by the formulas 3 and 4.

 Due to the inevitable accumulation of systematic errors in the long-term use of only calculation methods for determining changes in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, as well as to identify possible changes in the intensity of natural processes of mobilization and immobilization of soil phosphorus and phosphorus fertilizers and their downward migration with changing agrotechnical conditions (changing the depth and method of processing soil, chemical and water reclamation, etc.) carried out the next (repeated) agrochemical examination of the individual layers of the entire depth of the diagnosed soil profile.

 Moreover, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, the timing of the next agrochemical soil survey was not determined empirically (in the corresponding prototype and analogues only in the arable soil layer: intensively fertilized soils were examined after 1-3 years, the rest after 5 years), and established on the basis of experimental data of long-term multifactor stationary agrochemical experiments.

 In particular, on soils with a high content of mobile phosphorus, which for several years ensured, for example, rotation of crop rotation and more, the formation of planned crops without the use of phosphorus fertilizers, an indicator of the need for another agrochemical examination was a decrease in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile to such the minimum acceptable level (MDL), which provided the plant's need for phosphorus to form planned yields of no more than one or two and years. In this case, the MDR indicator was calculated using the data of determining the PMF and quantitative standards according to formulas 1, 3, 4.

 On soils occasionally fertilized with small doses of phosphorus, the next agrochemical examination was carried out no more than once per rotation of a crop rotation.

 Based on the results of the next agrochemical survey, the PMF for the current and subsequent vegetation was determined for individual layers and in total for all layers of the diagnosed soil profile, the calculated indices of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus and the availability of plants with phosphorus were corrected for the formation of the planned crops for a given time period.

 The proposed method for evaluating the phosphorus fertilizer system was carried out as follows. Agrochemical surveys of the soil were carried out periodically, determined by chemical analyzes, in contrast to the corresponding prototype, the potential ability of the soil to mobilize mobile phosphorus (phosphorus mobilization potential - PMF) for the current and subsequent vegetation in separate layers and in total for all layers in the optimal soil profile for diagnosis. Annually, the entry of phosphorus into the soil with fertilizers and the removal of phosphorus from crop yields were determined. According to the data of long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments, quantitative standards were developed, in contrast to the corresponding prototype and analogue, reflecting the change in time of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus, which is optimal for diagnosing the soil profile, is adequate to technogenic influences and plant life. In this case, in contrast to the corresponding prototype and analog, for the development of standards, we used the quantitative dynamics in the soil of natural mobile soil phosphorus and mobile residual phosphorus of fertilizers, systematically introduced in excess of the phosphorus removal by crops, which reacted with the soil and became its integral part.

 According to the results of studies in long-term stationary multifactor agrochemical experiments, matching or close absolute quantitative indicators of phosphorus balance, established according to changes in the content of total phosphorus in the soil (analogue - Arinushkina E.V. Manual for chemical analysis of soil. Publishing house of Moscow University. M., 1981, pp. 227-232, p. 265) and mobile phosphorus (the proposed method), indicated that the dynamics in the soil of phosphorus in the optimal soil profile for diagnosis 0-100 cm or 0-80 cm 95-100% was due to nai olee movable phosphorus compounds extracted multiple 1% ugleammoniynymi extracts (Table. 3).

 Close or coincident quantitative indicators of phosphorus balance in the soil, determined by soil chemical analyzes, but in different ways (a well-known analogue and the proposed method), are due to the high activity in the cultivated soils of the destruction of complex phosphorus-containing minerals, which sharply increased the mobility of natural phosphates in the absence of firm fixation in soil phosphorus fertilizer. However, unlike the known analogue, the proposed method reveals the quantitative dynamics in the soil of only those forms of phosphorus compounds that are actually involved in the mineral nutrition of plants. In addition, the proposed method is less time-consuming, simpler to implement and has a high degree of reproducibility of the results of soil chemical analyzes.

 The determination of the phosphorus balance in the soil by calculation by indirect indicators (the corresponding prototype), namely, according to the data on the removal of phosphorus from the soil with crops of cultivated crops, also gave indicators of phosphorus balance in one or another optimal soil profile for diagnosing (Table 3) ) But unlike the proposed method, when using the appropriate prototype, it is impossible to take into account the absolute content, accumulation and movement of mobile phosphorus compounds in different layers of the soil profile, and therefore, the rate of consumption of phosphorus by plants from different layers of the soil profile.

 On this basis, taking the above indicators as initial parameters, we determined the ecological and agrochemical balance of not total phosphorus (prototype and analogue), but mobile phosphorus, and not in the arable layer or in the full genetic profile of the soil, but in the optimal profile for diagnosing the soil in the system soil-plants-phosphorus fertilizers-environment, thereby revealing the effect of the adopted phosphorus fertilizer system on soil fertility, as well as on pollution of soil and the environment with mobile phosphorus above the maximum permissible ntsentratsii (MAC) due to its vertical and horizontal subsurface migration.

 The phosphorus balance in the soil (± kg / ha) was determined periodically from the data of soil chemical analysis on PMF by comparing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in individual layers and in the whole diagnosed soil profile, between two or more subsequent agrochemical surveys of the soil.

 The phosphorus balance in the soil (± kg / ha) was also determined annually or for a number of years between regular agrochemical surveys of the soil for the entire diagnosed soil profile as a whole by comparing the initial absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, found by determining the PMF, with subsequent changes in it absolute content for a given period of time established using quantitative standards.

 Moreover, on soils that were not fertilized with phosphorus after the next agrochemical examination, the time variation of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile was determined by formula 3, and on fertilized soils by formula 4.

 In addition, in research practice, the removal of phosphorus from the soil by crops was determined annually by chemical analysis for the phosphorus content in the main and by-products of crops. In industrial practice, the relevant standards established in similar soil, climatic and agricultural conditions were used for this.

 Technical, economic and other effectiveness of the proposed methods in comparison with the corresponding prototypes and analogues is as follows.

 Using the proposed method for determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, based on the principle of identifying the potential ability of the soil to mobilize soil phosphorus (phosphorus mobilization potential - PMF), in separate layers and in general in everything that is optimal for diagnosing the soil profile in comparison with the corresponding prototype and other known by analogs, it increases the accuracy of determining absolute reserves in the soil of mobile phosphorus by 2–3 times for the current and subsequent vegetation, which significantly reduces the need in phosphorus fertilizers for the formation of planned crops and with the same phosphorus fertilizer resources, it can significantly increase the area of fertilized crops and achieve a higher economic and environmental effect of the fertilizers used.

 In addition, when using this method, it is not necessary to change the existing material and technical base of agrochemical services for agriculture, in particular the use of structurally excellent devices or other reagents for conducting chemical analyzes of soil and plants.

 The use of the proposed method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants, based on the use of quantitative standards that reflect the change in time of the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile is adequate to technogenic influences and plant life, compared with the corresponding prototype and other known analogues, sharply increases the accuracy of calculation methods and allows for a long time, up to 10-15 years, to carry out using computers long-term forecast and operational control over the terms of a phosphorus plant nutrition and regulate these conditions by calculating and applying ecological and economically optimal doses of phosphate fertilizers, which significantly increases the payment of fertilizer corresponding increase in yield and reduces the cost of agrochemical soil survey.

 Using the proposed method for evaluating a phosphorus fertilizer system, which, unlike the corresponding prototype and analogue, is based on the determination of the ecological-agrochemical balance of mobile phosphorus in the soil-plant-phosphoric fertilizer-environment system, periodically determined according to changes in the PMF or calculated annually using standards, significantly reduces the cost of chemical analysis of the soil with a significant increase in their accuracy, provides a much more accurate and comprehensive information deformations of the system adopted by the action of phosphorus fertilizers on soil fertility, the conditions of phosphorus nutrition of plants, as well as possible contamination of soil, groundwater and reservoirs mobile phosphates.

 The proposed methods can be used in agricultural production, research practice and environmental impact assessment of phosphorus pollution of soil, groundwater and water bodies due to intra-soil vertical and horizontal migration of mobile phosphorus from systematically fertilized by phosphorus soils.

Claims (7)

 1. A method for determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, including periodic agrochemical examination in a soil profile suitable for diagnostics for the content of mobile phosphorus, characterized in that the agrochemical examination is carried out in the absence of free residual phosphorus fertilizer in the arable layer of the soil, and soil samples are taken individually layers optimal for diagnosing the soil profile, for which they take that part of the root habitable soil profile, where environmental and economically significant changes in the time of the content of mobile phosphorus under the influence of long-term natural processes of mobilization, immobilization and migration of phosphorus, technogenic effects and plant life, while the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is determined based on the potential ability of the soil to mobilize mobile phosphorus for the current and subsequent vegetation by modeling natural perennial processes of mobilization of soil phosphorus by multiple successive chemical extracts with full, to the level of "traces", extraction of mobile phosphorus of both the soil solution and natural phosphates and residual phosphates of fertilizers deposited or adsorbed on the surface of solid phases of the soil and capable of self-diffusion into the soil solution, and thereby the total amount of mobile phosphorus corresponding to or close to the total amount of mobile phosphorus is extracted from the diagnosed soil profile the amount of phosphorus consumed by plants from the soil during the current and subsequent vegetation, and the content of mobile phosphorus is determined in absolute units measurements per unit area for individual layers and in total for all layers of the diagnosed soil profile.  2. A method for the diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants, including periodic agrochemical examination of the soil, determining the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, determining the availability of plants with phosphorus for the formation of planned yields, determining the supply of phosphorus to the soil with fertilizers and the removal of phosphorus from the soil with crops, development and the use of standards to predict changes in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil and to determine the doses of phosphorus fertilizers used, which distinguishes The fact that they determine the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil profile optimal for diagnosing, as well as the availability of phosphorus for plants to form planned crops by periodically determining by chemical analyzes the potential ability of the soil to mobilize mobile phosphorus, develop quantitative standards that reflect the time-dependent change in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil is adequate to the technogenic influences and vital activity of plants, while for predicting changes with of phosphorus holding in the soil due to its removal by crops, use the rate of reduction per unit of absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile by the corresponding unit of absolute phosphorus removal with crops, and to determine the doses of phosphorus fertilizers use the rate of increase per unit of absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile by the corresponding unit of applied phosphorus fertilizers, while the developed standards are used for both operational and osrochnoy diagnosis and regulation of phosphorus nutrition of plants.  3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the supply of plants with phosphorus for the formation of planned yields is determined from the ratio between the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the diagnosed soil profile, determined periodically by chemical analysis of the soil for its potential ability to mobilize mobile phosphorus or annually by using standards, and the absolute removal of phosphorus planned crops.  4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the next agrochemical examination of the soil systematically fertilized with phosphorus is carried out while reducing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil profile optimal for diagnosis to such a critical, minimum acceptable level that the plants need phosphorus for the formation of the planned crops no more than one or two years, while the moment of decrease in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil to this critical level is predicted in advance from wear between the absolute content of available phosphorus in the soil profile to be diagnosed according to a recent survey of the agrochemical and the total phosphorus removal contemplated yields for a given number of years, and in subsequent annual specify movable phosphorus content in the soil by calculation using the quantitative ratios and the yields actually obtained.  5. A method for evaluating the phosphorus fertilizer system, including determining the annual phosphorus input to the soil for all items of entry - fertilizers, seeds, rainfall and annual loss of phosphorus from the soil for all expense items - removal with crops, losses with surface soil erosion and with downward migration, characterized in that they determine the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the optimal soil profile for diagnosis periodically by conducting chemical analyzes on the potential ability to mobilize mobile phosphorus or annually using quantitative standards reflecting a change in the absolute content of mobile phosphorus in the soil that is adequate to technogenic influences and plant life, and on this basis, the ecological-agrochemical balance of mobile phosphorus is determined for individual layers, in total for all layers or only in the whole diagnosed soil profile as a whole the system of soil - plants - phosphorus fertilizers - environment, thereby revealing the effect of the adopted phosphorus fertilizer system on soil fertility, soil contamination and uzhayuschey medium phosphorus movable due to its vertical and horizontal migration.  6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the ecological-agrochemical balance of mobile phosphorus in the soil is determined periodically from the time-dependent changes in its absolute content, which is determined by soil chemical analyzes of the potential ability to mobilize mobile phosphorus by comparing the absolute content of mobile phosphorus by separate layers and in total for all layers of the diagnosed soil profile between any two periodic agrochemical surveys.  7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the ecological-agrochemical balance of mobile phosphorus in the soil is determined by calculation using quantitative standards, if necessary, annually or for a number of years between two regular agrochemical surveys, and the balance is determined only as a whole for the whole diagnosed soil profile.

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