RU2640288C9 - Method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using shf energy - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using SHF energy is carried out in five consecutive stages. On the first - grain and seeds moving in the flow, are evenly moisturized with water until the full saturation of the fruit envelopes with moisture. On the second - grain and seeds are dampen with simultaneous mixing. On the third and fourth stages respectively grain and seeds continuously fed in a dense layer are blown by a heated coolant and processed in an electromagnetic field of super high frequency. On the fifth stage, grain and seeds in the flow are treated with aqueous media containing reduced doses of pesticides.

EFFECT: invention improves the quality of disinfection of grain and seeds with high contamination of phytopathogenic infections, reduces environmental pollution, increases the productivity of the method, increases the efficiency of the process by the number of pathogens destroyed and ensures the uniformity and versatility of disinfection in the processing of grain and seeds of different crops.

7 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods for preparing grain and seeds of agricultural crops and wild plants for sowing, storage and processing, and can be used in agriculture, processing industry, in the grain storage system, as well as in related industries.

A known method of disinfecting grain raw materials / 1 /, including moistening it by placing it in water and treating the grain in an aqueous medium with an acoustic field with a wide spectrum of frequencies, including both the sound range and the low-frequency region of the ultrasonic range at a cavitation threshold value of sound pressure, with simultaneous dispersing in the medium being processed pulsed air from a sonar emitter creating an acoustic field to act on the grain.

The disadvantages of this processing method include its low environmental friendliness due to the need to dispose of large amounts of water heavily contaminated with mineral impurities and organic grain residues, the presence of a disinfecting effect only in relation to the narrow species composition of pathogens that affect only the surface tissues of grain particles, and a high risk of secondary infection of seeds from - due to their increased residual moisture after processing, low productivity of the method for disinfected material due to periodic the process of implementing the regime.

There is a known practice of using the thermal method of disinfecting seeds from pathogens and other unwanted fungi and bacteria / 2 /, including supplying an anhydrous gas medium to the heat material while controlling the processing time and temperature of the seeds so that under conditions when the seeds are heated from outside to inside and flow the process of evaporation of moisture occurs from the surface of the material, there would be no cooling of the seeds and the change in their moisture content would be prevented, moreover, the heat supply to the seeds takes place on a conveyor belt re by contact transfer and consists of five stages: stage A — feeding the material into the process in which a thin layer of seeds is formed, ensuring uniformity of its heating in the subsequent stages of processing; stage B - heating the material by blowing hot air through it until the seeds reach the required temperature at a speed that prevents the moisture content in them from changing; stage C - disinfection of seeds, proceeding with a constant supply of heat, which provides exposure of the material during the estimated time in a heated state at a constant temperature; stage D - cooling the seeds, providing a decrease in their temperature with a controlled speed and stage E - removal of grain material from the zones of active processing. An additional embodiment of the method is the use in it for heating seeds of hot air with a moisture content, which prevents both a decrease and an increase in seed moisture during processing.

The disadvantages of the method is the low level of reduction in the overall infection of seeds due to their inhibition of the narrow species composition of pathogens of grain diseases, which are contained mainly on the surface of its particles; low productivity of the method for the processed material and high duration of the disinfection process.

There is also a method of pre-sowing treatment of seeds of agricultural crops / 3 /, including exposure to seeds, which is carried out during five successive stages, the first of which is carried out with hot air at a temperature of 70 ° C, the second and third are pulsed infrared radiation with a wavelength of 3.0 -4.0 μm, a flux density of 5-10 kW / m ² and an exposure of 1-2 s, the fourth - infrared radiation with a wavelength of 1-1.4 μm, a flux density of 25-30 kW / m ² and an exposure of 1-2 s fifth - by ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 0.25-0.3 microns and exposure iey 1-2.

The disadvantages of this method of pre-sowing treatment are the instability of the disinfection effect due to the occurrence of opposite responses to IR and UV effects in different types of phytopathogenic infections affecting the grain, which inhibit certain types of harmful microflora and others stimulate growth and development; low productivity of the method for the processed material due to the low penetrating ability of the used types of radiation in the grain layer and in its individual particles, and the resulting thin-layer material flow during processing.

A known method of disinfecting seeds of grain crops / 4 /, including the preparation of a working mixture of pesticides with the addition of diluent, which is used as an acid anolyte electroactivated solution with pH 2-3, redox potential of +1100 mV and an active chlorine content of 0.05%, and then dressing with this working seed mixture.

The disadvantages of this method are the low environmental safety and the high cost of the processing process, due to the use of toxic chemicals in it; a slight decrease in the effectiveness of disinfection due to the binding of ions of a chemical disinfectant with electroactivated components of the diluent in an aqueous solution; obtaining an inhibitory effect only for a narrow group of pathogens of microbiological infections affecting seeds.

A known method of destruction, sterilization and disinfection of seeds from complex phytopathogenic infections and residual content of herbicides and pesticides / 5 /, including processing a batch of material in the form of whole or crushed grain by simultaneous exposure to steam and a microwave field, which ensure the heating temperature of the seeds to 95 ° C and above and holding them for a period of 25 minutes or more, followed by seed treatment with ozonized air with a concentration of ozone in the gas mixture from 100 ppm to 5000 ppm or at the same time the effect of ozonized air and a microwave field.

The disadvantages of the method include the incomplete destruction of certain types of bacterial and fungal infections, especially with a high level of initial infection of the material, which increases the risk of repeated damage to the seeds from the residual pathogens of phytopathogens contained in them; high energy intensity of the processing process; the impossibility or narrow focus of the economic use of the grain product obtained after disinfection.

There is also known a method of presowing treatment of seeds / 6 /, which includes moistening the seed with an aqueous solution of trace elements and adhesives with a temperature of 10-20 ° C in an amount of 10-15 l of working fluid per 1 m ^{3 of} grain, holding the moistened seeds for 0.5- 3.0 min, after which they are processed in the microwave field.

The disadvantages of this method is the low effectiveness of disinfection at the microwave processing stage due to the short exposure time of moistened seeds during which the moisture does not have time to be absorbed by phytopathogenic microorganisms, including those located in the internal tissues of the grain and, thereby, to concentrate on itself the inhibitory effect of electromagnetic Fields the launch during the microwave treatment of chemical reactions of the destruction of substances of trace elements and adhesive components deposited with an aqueous solution on the seeds, which changes their technological and chemical properties and does not allow use for protection against secondary infections and in physiological processes of seed germination.

The most widespread in production, due to their high effectiveness in combating complex phytopathogenic infections of the grain, are chemical disinfection methods, which are very diverse. Among them, the most characteristic are two methods of seed dressing / 7, 8 /.

The first of these is a method of seed treatment at a manufacturing base for retail and seed processing / 7 /, according to which the formulation of the process to be implemented is first selected, then, liquid formulations of processing agents with specific individual flow rates from a plurality of barrel-shaped tanks are fed through a plurality of corresponding liquid lines according to the recipe; at the same time, a metered seed stream is still fed through the seed treatment device, and the corresponding liquid lines are combined into a combined liquid line into which, in accordance with the recipe, a water stream is simultaneously introduced at a certain speed, regulated depending on the humidity of the environment and the moisture content of the treated seeds, all these liquid media in the form of a total liquid are fed into a seed treatment device using a combined liquid line, where it is sprayed onto the surface of the measured stream with seedlings during their fall, after which the processed (moistened) seeds are mixed in a rotating cylinder. The second option of chemical dressing is a seed treatment method / 8 /, which includes a portion of material that is treated for 6-15 seconds with a first mixture containing at least one insecticide, at least one fungicide and at least one seed coating agent, after which the etched seed is homogenized for 5-25 seconds, then the seeds are treated for 6-15 seconds with a second mixture containing at least one inoculator, which can be used as a nitrogen-fixing culture bacteria of the soil, at least one dressing agent containing at least one type of inorganic nutrient salt and at least one polysaccharide, after which the seed material is re-homogenized for 5-25 seconds, and after the second stage of homogenization, the seeds are further dried, and the first and ( or) the second mixture used for processing may additionally contain a nematicide.

Common disadvantages of both methods is the high cost of processing carried out in them, due to the significant level of prices for the chemicals used; the need for frequent changes in varieties of processing agents (pesticides, fertilizers, trace elements, growth stimulants, seed coatings, biological protective agents, etc.) to reduce the resistance of harmful microorganisms to the chemicals used; the high environmental hazard of pesticides used for seed treatment, which do not decompose in natural conditions and pollute soil, water, air, enter human and animal organisms, causing internal diseases, and when accumulated in plant tissues, they inhibit their growth and development, mutations and even death. Additional disadvantages characteristic of the second method of disinfection / 8 / are the technical and technological complexity of its implementation and the impossibility of long-term storage of seeds due to the use of microbiological preparations (inoculators) during processing, the living components of which quickly lose their viability during storage.

A method has also been developed for presowing treatment of grain seeds / 9 /, implemented in two cycles, the first of which is carried out by irradiation with pulsed infrared radiation with a wavelength of 3.0 to 4.0 μm and a flux density of 5 to 10 kW per 1 m ² for 10 s with a temperature rate ranging from 4.5 to 5 ° C / s, after which the seeds are laid for 8-10 days for aging, and the second cycle is carried out before sowing, by treating cereal crops with anti-stress components with a complex fungicide dressing agent and with a consumption rate of 0.4 MFI for 1 ton of seeds for 5-7 minutes.

The disadvantages of the method are: a large extension of the process in time; instability of the inhibition effect after the first treatment cycle for most pathogens of seed diseases, up to stimulating the growth and development of harmful microflora in them, which is why during the post-exposure period there is a high probability of a sharp increase in the contamination of the material, leading to an irreversible decrease in its sowing properties even before the chemical etching during second processing cycle; high cost and low environmental safety of the method due to the use of pesticides.

There is also known a method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using microwave energy / 10 /, adopted as a prototype, which includes wetting grain and seeds with water and their subsequent processing.

The disadvantages of this method are: the destruction of phytopathogenic infections of grain of only a narrow species composition; low quality of seed disinfection from pathogens located inside grain particles; high risk of secondary infection of seeds after treatment due to their increased surface moisture at the process outlet; decrease in grain quality due to uneven heating; low efficiency of the method when processing batches of seeds with a high level of infection with mold, bacteria, yeast and other harmful microflora.

The objective of the invention is: to increase the effectiveness of disinfecting batches of grain and seeds with a high initial complex infection with phytopathogenic infections; reduction of the level of environmental pollution with highly toxic chemical components of pesticides (pesticides) by reducing their dosages below the standard values in the composition of disinfecting liquid media, but without compromising the quality of the pickling; increasing the productivity of the method by the amount of processed material; universalization of the application of the process for the disinfection of grain and seeds of various crops without reducing their quality indicators; increasing the uniformity of processing and completeness of destruction of grain pathogens contained in the seeds.

To achieve the task in the method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using microwave energy, which includes moistening the grain and seeds with water and their subsequent treatment, dry grain and seeds cleaned from impurities are disinfected, the processing of which is carried out in five consecutive stages: at the first stage grain and seeds moving in the stream moisten evenly in the volume of the layer with water, the amount of which is determined by the full saturation of their fruit shells with moisture; at the second stage, grain and seeds are cured until moisture penetrates into the peripheral layers of the endosperm or cotyledons and at the same time is periodically or continuously mixed; at the third stage, the grain and seeds continuously fed in a dense layer are blown with a heated coolant; at the fourth stage, pre-heated grain and seeds, continuously moving in a dense layer, are processed in an electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency, providing a level of heating of the grain material and seeds, not reducing their quality indicators; at the fifth stage, grain and seeds moving in the stream are treated uniformly throughout the volume of the layer with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension, or a disinfecting water emulsion of a pesticide or several types of pesticides containing (s) low concentration (s) of etching chemicals, value (s) ) of which the dose (s) is (s) less than the normative dose (s) of the pesticide (s) in the solution or mixture, but the dose (s) used cannot (may) be less than 25-55% of the standard dose (s) the pesticide (s) contained in the solution or mixture.

The initially described method of processing grain and seeds has several implementation options that differ slightly from each other, in which all the same tasks are achieved as in the original method.

A second embodiment of the method is one in which, in contrast to the original method and various subspecies of its implementation [using at the fifth stage of processing one or a multicomponent aqueous solution of pesticides with a low concentration of toxic components; one or a multicomponent aqueous suspension of pesticides with a low concentration of toxic components; one or a multicomponent aqueous emulsion of pesticides with a low concentration of toxic components], after the third stage of processing, the grain and seeds are partially cooled, ensuring their temperature is reduced by no more than 3-8 ° C from the heating temperature in the third stage, and then the grain and seeds are directed to fourth stage.

A third embodiment of the method is one in which, in contrast to the initial and second variants of the method and various subspecies of its implementation, after the fourth stage of processing, the grain and seeds are cooled, and then sent to the fifth stage.

A fourth embodiment of the method is one in which, unlike the initial and second variants of the method, in the fifth step, the grain and seeds are treated with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension or a disinfecting aqueous emulsion of several types of pesticides, in which at least one of the components of the solution or mixture has a low concentration of etching chemicals.

The fifth embodiment of the method is one in which, unlike the third variant of the method, in the fifth stage, the grain and seeds are treated with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension or a disinfecting water emulsion of several types of pesticides, in which at least one of the components of the solution or the mixture has a reduced concentration of etching chemicals.

The sixth group of embodiments of the method are those in which, unlike the initial, second and fourth variants of the method, after the fifth stage of processing, the grain and seeds are cooled.

The seventh group of options for implementing the method are those in which, in contrast to the initial, second, third, fourth and fifth variants of the method, after the fifth stage of processing, the grain and seeds are dried to a humidity safe for storage at the temperature of the grain material and seeds, not reducing their performance qualities, and, if necessary, cool.

A grain moving in a stream is each individual grain particle (a grain, seed, single grain) continuously moving in the aggregate of similar particles (i.e. in a stream) in the working chamber of a mixer, conveyor or other machine. The presence of the material flow implies that the process of its moistening can occur not only in a continuous, increasing the productivity of the method (at the first stage) and uniformity of grain moistening, but also in the periodic (in the mixer chamber, batch conveyor) mode that improves only the uniformity of moisture distribution in a layer of grain.

The need to use for the disinfection process in the claimed method of dry grain (seeds), which includes dry and medium dry grain / 11-13 /, is due to the fact that at this moisture level, fruit shells and the main part of the microcapillaries of the seed membranes and an aleurone layer located close to the surface of grain particles, free of moisture, therefore, have a maximum moisture capacity, which provides the largest amount of instantly captured (absorbed) by them in the process of moistening water without distortion, according to known data on the amount of absorbed moisture / 14-15 / and the duration and depth of its penetration into the grain / 16 /.

The cleaning process itself reduces the content in the grain and seeds of phytopathogenic microflora and toxic products of its vital activity / 17 /, which are found in significant quantities in the impurities themselves. In addition, in the process of wetting the grain, all types of impurities (contained in it) having a higher hygroscopicity than the grain material will actively absorb the added water, thereby reducing its amount entering the grain and reducing the efficiency of disinfection on the third and especially the fourth stage of the processing method, due to the absorption of less water by harmful grain microflora and due to this, the concentration of the inhibiting effects of thermal effects on pathogens of phytopathogenic infections of the grain is reduced about the material, which explains the need to use when implementing the method of disinfection of refined grain. Standards are established for which grain is considered clean (purified) in terms of the content of various types of impurities (weeds, grains, harmful, mineral, etc.), which differ for different crops, therefore, the invention uses a combination of all these norms and common to different crops the concept of “refined grain” / 12, 13 /.

Uniform wetting of the moving (moving) in the flow of grain material can be achieved in various ways, for example, by spraying water on the grain located (pouring) in the wetting zone in a falling ring thin layer / 18 /, as well as moving in a rotating drum mixer in a dense overflowing layer / 19 /. In addition, the grain flow can be moved by the working bodies of mixing devices (different types of screws, paddle and fork mixers, springs, vibrating working bodies, etc.) / 20-22 / or conveyors / 23 / with portioned or continuous feeding of a disinfected material into a moving layer liquid medium (water) by spraying, in a sprayed state, evenly flowing stream (or streams), drip, portion and in other form.

Humidification of grain and seeds with water, in contrast to the soaking operation, implies adding only a technologically sound amount of liquid to the material (no more than that which at the initial moment of time is able to absorb grain). The use of humidification solves the problem of disposal of contaminated aqueous solutions, which is relevant for the process of soaking the material, while the issue of removing from the grain, excess moisture, becomes less acute, the trauma of the grain during transportation, the cohesion of the grains among themselves in layer, their adhesion to the working bodies of transportation and mixing, on the walls of bunkers, casings, working chambers, etc.

The technologically justified amount of moisture that is added when moistening the grain material in the claimed disinfection method is determined taking into account the structure of the grain and the physiological characteristics of the process of water absorption by the grain (seeds) and the harmful microflora contained in it (mold, bacteria, yeast, their spores, etc. )

The fruit shells of grain and seeds of crops have a large number of capillaries, pores, voids, which serve as a reservoir for the primary accumulation of moisture during wetting / 14, 15 /. The full moisture capacity of these "reservoirs" determines the maximum amount of water (as a percentage of the mass of dry grain) that must be added to the grain to completely saturate its fruit shells with moisture, according to the conditions of the disinfection method at the first stage. Within one type of grain and seeds (for each crop), the full moisture capacity of the fruit shells is known and varies in a small range / 14-15, 24 /, and it can be the same or very different for grains of different crops. Therefore, in this invention, a wording is used that is more universal for different crops, regulating the calculation of the amount of water added to the grain (seeds) when moistened.

The amount of water that enters the grain when its fruit shells are completely saturated with moisture is sufficient (minimum) for the development of germination processes in it / 25 /, and the launch of the enzyme system of grain and the increased humidity associated with them become a physiological impetus for phytopathogenic microorganisms parasitizing on grain, to the activation of their life and development (nutrition, respiration, growth, reproduction [division], etc.) / 26 /. Of all the physiological processes associated with the development of harmful microflora (pathogens) of grain, the process of absorption by it (microflora) of the water contained in the grain particles is of greatest importance for the effectiveness of the proposed method of disinfection (at the 3rd and 4th stages), and absorption and use of moisture by phytopathogenic microorganisms significantly exceeds the rate of water consumption by grain during germination. In this regard, the cells of bacteria, yeast, mycelium of molds, spores and other pathogens of grain diseases have higher humidity than the tissues of the grain itself (even moistened).

The use of the technological operation of weaning grain and seeds of agricultural crops in the claimed method is necessary for saturation with moisture of the surface layers (tissues) of grain particles and the microflora contained in them, which will intensify and increase the efficiency of the disinfection process by the number of microorganisms destroyed at the stages of treatment with heated air (coolant) and electromagnetic field (EMF) ultra-high frequency (microwave).

The duration of the raking stage in the present method is limited by the time that moisture penetrates into the peripheral layers of the endosperm or cotyledons of grain. Moisture transfer processes in the grain and seeds of various crops during trimming take place according to the general scheme of grain-water interaction, in which three periods with a known duration of / 14, 16 / are clearly distinguished: on the first, moisture is captured by the fruit and seminal membranes, as well as the aleurone layer grain, on the second - the transfer of moisture from the surface layers of the grain into the endosperm or cotyledons; and in the third - the distribution of moisture over the grain tissues in an equilibrium ratio. As can be seen from the flow conditions of the second stage of the proposed method of disinfection, in contrast to the classical process of curing, covering completely the first two periods of interaction of grain with water, it completely includes only the first period and part of the duration of the second, the sum of which is a given value of the curing time in the second stage / 16/.

Since all the physicochemical processes associated with the penetration of moisture into the grain during smoothing are interconnected and complete at the same time, and the duration of their development does not depend on the moistening mode at a constant temperature, but is determined by the individual properties of the grain (type of crop), for grain there are different crops (sometimes, different varieties of the same crop) the duration of the breakage in the claimed method of disinfection will be different, therefore, the invention uses uni versal feature, covering the duration of the sacking process for any type of grain (any crop), which is a given depth of moisture penetration into the grain particle / 16 /.

The need to mix moistened grain during the smoothing process is due to the fact that at the moistening stage (1st stage of the process) only the initial uniform distribution of moisture in the layer of grain material is achieved. If it enters the hopper for breaking, in which, under normal conditions (at mills, feed mills, etc.), the grain is in a dense, thick stationary layer, the uniformity of moisture distribution worsens. Due to the short duration of the humidification operation, the low natural rate of moisture diffusion into the grain, and also due to the existing difference in particle sizes of the grain mass, different initial grain temperatures and individual surface features (density, pubescence, the presence of films, wax coating, etc.) grain particles, depending on the type of crop, which also affect the rate of moisture absorption by the grain, not all the water added to the grain material has time to absorb, part of it is held in the form of drops l in the intergranular space and on the surface of grains (grains) of moisture in the form of films due to surface tension forces.

Once in a dense (not agitated) layer of grain, not absorbed moisture droplets located between the grain particles begin to unite into larger formations, and the grains covered with water films stick together / 27 /, thus forming local zones of increased density in the grain mass humidity, from which moisture can drain into the lower part of the hopper for smoothing, or remain in place. In both cases, after this moisture is absorbed into the grain, areas with high humidity form in its layer, while others are not sufficiently moistened, which causes the disinfection effect to become uneven during convective heat-inhibiting microflora (grain) heating with a gaseous heat carrier (by 3 -th stage), and in the future, the unevenness of the disinfecting effect of the electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency (at the 4th stage). Therefore, in the inventive method of disinfecting during milling, it is necessary to perform periodic or continuous, depending on the technical capabilities of the enterprises, mixing moistened grain, which will ensure uniform distribution of moisture across the thickness of the mash grain.

The seeds of agricultural crops, in spite of all their existing diversity, are divided into two main classes: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. Typical representatives of monocotyledons are the seeds of cereal crops: wheat, barley, rye, oats, triticale, corn, sorghum, rice, etc., dicotyledons include legumes (peas, beans, soybeans, etc.), oilseeds (sunflower, mustard, canola, flax, castor oil plant, etc.) and a number of other crops. In cereal seeds, the main structural component of the seed, in which the supply of nutrients for germination is concentrated, is the endosperm, in the seeds of legumes and oilseeds, cotyledons act as such. Therefore, to take into account the application of the proposed method of disinfection for processing seeds of different crops (in our case, seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants), the concepts and endosperm and cotyledons are introduced into the invention with the possibility of using any one of them in each specific case, which will depend on the type of crop being cultivated.

Toxicogenic fungi usually infect certain anatomical parts of the grain, in which the bulk of the mycotoxins produced by them is concentrated, and each specific toxin is produced only by a specific species or family of molds. Grain grinding products, including flour of different varieties, are also tied to certain anatomical parts of the grains. Based on this, we can judge the depth of penetration of harmful microflora into the internal tissues of the grain, based on the analysis of the species composition of mycotoxins concentrated in the products of grinding grain particles. According to existing studies / 17 /, in the case of damage to grain and seeds by phytopathogenic microorganisms (mold, bacteria, yeast, etc.), most of them are concentrated in the surface layers of grain, and the greatest depth of infection penetration into grain particles (seeds) affects only peripheral layers of endosperm or cotyledons, which determines the maximum technologically feasible depth for the penetration of water into the grain when disinfecting.

The mycelium of many types of molds penetrates deep into the central zones of the endosperm or cotyledons of the grain / 17 /, which, with the established depth of water penetration into the particles of grain material and moistening harmful microflora in this zone of them, at first glance does not cover the entire area of the spread of phytopathogenic infections, which means , this part of the grain is not subjected to disinfection either by heat exposure to heated air [gaseous heat carrier] (3rd stage of the method), or by treatment with microwave energy [microwave electromagnetic field] (4th stage). However, due to the fact that molds and other harmful microflora, which affects grain material, absorb water faster than the grain body absorbs it, and the movement of water in the mycelium of molds is regulated by the intensity of the metabolic processes that occur in the body of molds (which occur significantly faster), and not by the intensity of the processes of the metabolism of the seed, then by the end of the breeding stage, when the water in the grain saturates only the peripheral layers of the endosperm or cotyledons, the water in the mycelium of the mold s manages to penetrate to its most deeply located in the grain areas, which due to this are destroyed at the stage of processing the EMF microwave.

Continuous supply (movement) of grain in a dense layer at the stage of blowing it with a heated coolant (3rd stage of the method) ensures the convective heating and disinfection of grain raw materials in a continuous (flow) mode and with a high throughput for the processed material. The use at this stage of the method of disinfection of a dense gravitationally moving layer of grain raw materials, which is the most commonly used type of layer in convective heat treatment plants (drying, preheating, presowing stimulation, disinfection) of grain / 28 / or a dense overflowing layer, a dense layer transported on the tape, simplifies the technical implementation of the process of technological impact on grain raw materials at the 3rd stage of the proposed method, provides the most complete and uniform in t lschine layer thermal energy transfer of gaseous coolant preheated to decontaminate the grain material through which it is blown, and this ultimately improves the quality of microflora and inhibiting harmful thermal efficiency of the process in step convective processing.

Performing at the 3rd stage of the method of heating with hot air the grafted (burnt) grain provides its disinfection from a wide range of pathogens of bacterial diseases of the grain and from certain groups of molds susceptible to thermal effects. An increase in the inhibitory effect of convective heating (drying) occurs with increased moisture content of grain and organisms of harmful microflora, and the higher this humidity, the lower the heating temperature required to kill phytopathogenic infections / 29 /.

At the first stage, at the first glance, in the disinfection method under consideration, at first glance, the high efficiency of suppressing the viability of pathogens of bacterioses and mycoses of grain cannot be ensured, since the process of moistening grain raw materials (at the first stage of the method) is negligible / 14, 15 / to obtain a high quality disinfection value / 29 /. However, taking into account that during the smoothing process (2nd stage), the moisture (water) added to the grain does not have time to evenly distribute throughout the entire volume of individual grain particles, and only this, when the moistening mode is used, is a necessary condition for obtaining a low average relative humidity of the grain batch, which is so undesirable for the stage of convective disinfection, and so, this moisture is concentrated mainly in organisms of harmful microflora and in the surface layers of grains and seeds of agricultural material with hl penetration of the liquid phase into the peripheral layers of the endosperm and cotyledons, which ensures the localization of the zone of increased grain moisture precisely in the surface tissues, where a significant part of the causative agents of diseases of grain raw materials is contained / 17, 30 /, and this moisture is sufficient for effective disinfection at the convective stage heating and drying grain (3rd stage of the method), and later on at the stage of exposure to the material with microwave energy (4th stage). At the same time, the moisture content of the internal tissues of grain particles (except for the deeply located intrasubstrate mycelium of molds, into which water penetrates during tearing) in the used moistening mode remains almost at the initial level, as before the addition of moisture, that is, corresponds to the dry state of the grain.

The process of inhibiting harmful bacteria and molds in grain material when heated with heated air is also improved due to the fact that after moisturizing and bedding, which is necessary for technologically predetermined distribution of moisture in grain particles and its absorption by phytopathogens, most microorganisms leave their dormant state, developing in vegetative form, while their active growth and reproduction begins, which is accompanied by saturation of the cytoplasm of microflora cells with water and an increase in its (cytoplasm) enzyme implicit activity. In this state (in the growth phase of microbiota), the cell walls of microorganisms become thinner and they are most susceptible to the harmful effects of convective heating and the dehydration caused by it / 29 /. In addition, the mechanism of inhibition of phytopathogens is associated with the process of removing moisture from microbial and fungal cells at the stage of heating the grain in which they are contained with warm air. In this case, moisture inside the microflora cell during thermal dehydration moves from its central part to the periphery. Together with water, the substances dissolved in it also move. Some of them leave the cell, and some settle in the peripheral layer of the cytoplasm adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane. Various organic compounds are concentrated in this layer, including the decay products toxic to the cell, which are formed as a result of its vital activity. Loss of water and an increase in the concentration of substances entails profound changes in the entire colloidal system of the cell: proteins coagulate, enzymes in the cytoplasmic membrane zone are inactivated, and other metabolic disturbances in the pathogens occur, as a result of which some of the cells die, which ensures grain disinfection / 29 /. It should be noted that there is practically no decrease in the moisture content of the grain material at the stage of convective heating; partial dehydration is observed only in harmful microorganisms.

The simplicity of the technical implementation of the process of heating grain with heated air at the 3rd stage of the disinfection method is due to the fact that it can be used in an unchanged form (without modernization and refinement) all the designs of process chambers used in continuous installations for convective drying (heating) of grain materials in a dense layer: shaft louver, core and with air distribution boxes of the dryer (heat exchangers) / 31, p. 58-59 fig. 8 g, h, and /, in which the processed product is in a dense vertical gravitationally moving layer and, as an additional option, in an artificially mixed layer / 32, p. 83-84 fig. 49 /; drum dryers (heat exchangers) / 33, fig. 42 a / with a dense spillover layer and conveyor heating installations / 33, Fig. 42 d /, in which a dense layer of grain moves during air blowing in a horizontal plane on the conveyor belt.

Pre-heated and partially disinfected grain after the 3rd stage of the proposed method of disinfection immediately goes to the processing of the microwave electromagnetic field. Continuous movement in a dense layer of material during this processing period, in which the movement of grain can occur in the horizontal plane / 34 /, vertically (top to bottom) under the action of gravity / 35, 36, 37 /, along a complex path / 38, 39 / in another way, it ensures process flow, increases the productivity of the method by the amount of processed material and allows you to maintain the quality of grain and seeds by preventing their overheating. The use of a dense layer at the 4th stage of the process also provides the most complete absorption of the microwave energy supplied to it by the grain, which increases the disinfection efficiency and energy efficiency of the process

The use of processing in the electromagnetic field of microwave microwave material that has passed through bedding and disinfection with convective heating, ensures the effective destruction of harmful microflora / 40, 41 / due to the evaporation of water in the grain particles. The mechanism of death of pathogenic microorganisms is associated with the fact that the processes of intense vaporization that occur during microwave (microwave) exposure to prepared grains cause an instant destruction of the integrity and structure of pathogens of phytopathogenic infections, denaturation of proteins in them, damage to cell organelles, damage to membranes, membranes, etc. protective coatings of pathogens of bacterial and fungal diseases contained in the grain at times the phases of its life cycle (spores, hyphae, conidia, mycelium, etc. / 42 /), and a number of other years total failures in their work. These destructive changes in the body of microflora occur due to the fact that the water in the processed material is not only inside the grain particles, but also in the cells and intercellular space of the pathogenic microorganisms themselves, and in the latter it (water) has a significantly higher specific concentration per unit volume dry matter than in grain tissues, and taking into account the selectivity of dielectric heating that occurs only in the wet areas of biological objects / 40 /, it turns out that in the process of applying microwave energy to them rantirovanno ensured destruction of pathogens inside grains infections.

According to existing studies / 17, 30 / and as mentioned earlier, in the case of damage to grain and seeds by pathogens (mold, bacteria, yeast, etc.), most of them are concentrated in the surface layers of each individual kernel, and the greatest penetration depth of these infections in cereal particles (seeds) affects only the peripheral layers of the endosperm or cotyledons. That is, as can be seen from the essence of the claimed method, the area of moisture concentration in the grains, in which the technological effects of microwave EMF are significantly concentrated and inhibit microbiota, does not cover the entire area of the spread of phytopathogenic infections, which at first glance implies that the grain sections are outside the penetration of an artificially introduced aqueous medium is not subject to disinfection by convective heating (stage 3), or by the microwave electromagnetic field (stage 4). The same can be said about certain types of mold fungi, the mycelium of which penetrates deep into the central zones of the endosperm or cotyledons of the grain and for physiological, technological or any other reasons is not exposed to moistening (saturation with water) in the process of smoothing / 17, 43 /. However, due to the fact that in organisms of harmful microflora, even with their low initial humidity, a certain amount of mobile (weakly bound) water is retained, which is isolated in the cellular structures of a fungal infection with a high lipid content and therefore is inaccessible to the influence of most external technological influences / 44 /, in addition to electromagnetic fields of ultrahigh frequency, this just contributes to the high efficiency of grain disinfection at the 4th stage of the proposed method. And since the presence of free water is one of the necessary evolutionary components of immunity, ensuring the preservation of viability and high resistance of harmful microflora to developmental conditions critical for lack of moisture / 44 /, the use of microwave treatment, the thermal and non-thermal effects of which are manifested, first of all, in the wet areas of irradiated biological objects / 40, 41, 45 /, causes the denaturation of proteins in the organisms of molds and the violation or complete cessation of metabolic processes different nature, sufficient to inhibit their development and lead to death.

Thus, the processing of contaminated grain material in the microwave electromagnetic field provides intensive destruction of the most stable forms of phytopathogenic microflora that are deepest and deepest in the body (in tissues) of the grain, which are not available for the previous method of inhibitory effect (convective heating) used in the combination. The effectiveness of inactivation in the EMF of microwave pathogens of grain diseases is related to the rigidity of its thermal regime in the claimed processing method, which can be dangerous for the quality and viability of the grain material itself. But due to the high selectivity of microwave heating and the manifestation of the maximum specific heat release from it only in the moist zones of the grain / 40 /, which are concentrated inside the organisms of harmful microflora, as well as on the surface layers of grain particles (in their fruit and seed shells), it turns out that the occurrence of the destruction and destruction of biological organisms caused by the microwave field, applies only to phytopathogenic infections, due to which the quality of grain and seeds should not deteriorate.

In addition, it should be noted that a positive contribution to the process of grain disinfection is made by reactions of non-thermal effects of an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency on biological objects, the physical mechanism of which is associated with a disruption in the normal course or complete cessation of ion exchange in the cells of organisms and on cell membranes of phytopathogenic microflora / 45 / and the occurrence of ionic failures occurs not only in areas of high humidity of grain pathogens.

Sequential technological processing at the 3rd and 4th stages of the proposed method is associated with an increasing increase in the heating temperature of the disinfected grain material, the particles of which are living biological organisms and have a maximum permissible heating temperature, the excess and exposure at which causes a sharp deterioration in the quality of grain raw materials : reduction or complete loss of sowing characteristics (germination and germination energy), as well as technological, food and feed properties / 46, 47 /.

Due to the short duration of the stage of convective action and the flow regime of its implementation, the amount of grain heating for this period does not exceed the critical (maximum permissible) heating temperature, but at the stage of supplying microwave energy to the material, its temperature can increase sharply in a short period of time and at the same time can exceed the safe limit set in the standards, in connection with which the temperature of heating of grain raw materials during microwave (microwave) processing in the claimed method of disinfection requires monitoring Vat and limit. Since in different crops the maximum permissible temperature of their heating varies in a rather wide range, which also greatly depends on the purpose, initial humidity, intensity of heat supply and the duration of heat treatment of the heated grain, then in the claims for taking into account the limitation of the temperature of heating of grain (seeds) at the microwave processing stage, a more universal feature was introduced, linked, inter alia, to the quality of grain raw materials (seeds). This feature is formulated as follows: "... grain and seeds are processed in a microwave EMF, providing a level of heating of grain material and seeds, not reducing their quality indicators, ...".

The grain mass heated in an electromagnetic field (EMF) of an ultrahigh frequency (UHF) immediately after the 4th processing step enters the liquid chemical etching operation [with an aqueous solution or an aqueous mixture of pesticides] (the 5th stage of the inventive method), during which it moves in a stream grain is disinfected from the residual amount of harmful microflora contained in it (mold fungi, bacteria, yeast, etc.), not destroyed at the previous stages of the technological process.

The movement of grain raw materials in the stream at the stage under consideration of the combined processing method ensures the implementation of the chemical disinfection process in a continuous mode and with high throughput for the pickled material, and given that at the 1st, 3rd and 4th stages of the proposed method, the processing processes are implemented also occurs in a continuous mode, it turns out that the developed method of disinfection as a whole is also highly productive.

The need to perform as part of the proposed method for processing the operation of chemical dressing of grain with aqueous solutions (suspensions, emulsions, mixtures) of pesticides with reduced concentrations of etching chemical (active) substances is due to the fact that the initial (before entering the combined disinfection process) grain material has a high initial infection harmful microflora, which at the previous stages of the process, which are softer in the mechanism of inhibition, cannot be completely destroyed to ensure or reduce the content of pathogens of pathogenic microbiota to a level below the threshold of economic feasibility of the use of protective measures.

Processing the grain stream evenly (moisturizing) of the flow of grain with a disinfecting aqueous solution (aqueous emulsion or suspension) of one pesticide or a mixture of several pesticides containing (s) lower concentration (s) of etching chemicals (components) relative to standard values can be achieved in different plants, for example, in specialized dressing machines / 48, 49 /, and in different ways, for example, by spraying an aqueous mixture of pesticide on a grain located in a falling zone in a humidification zone m thin ring layer / 18 /, as well as moving in a rotating drum mixer in a dense overflowing layer / 19 /. In addition, the grain flow can be moved during the chemical treatment by the working bodies of the mixing devices (different types of screws, paddle and fork mixers, springs, vibrating working bodies, etc.) / 20, 22 / or conveyors / 23 / with batch or continuous feeding into a moving a layer of disinfectable material of a liquid chemical (pesticide-containing) reagent by spraying, in a sprayed state, evenly flowing out stream (or streams), drip, portion and in other form.

A large number of various chemical preparations (substances) are known for dressing grain and seeds of various crops against a wide range of pests and pathogens / 50 /, which are divided (classified) for their intended purpose into the following macrogroups: fungicides - preparations used to control mold fungi, affecting the grain; bactericides - to destroy the causative agents of bacterial infections; insecticides - for neutralization from insects; herbicides - to control weeds; acaricides - drugs used to inhibit ticks; rodenticides - to scare off and destroy rodents, as well as a number of others.

The claimed method of disinfection is primarily intended to combat pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases of the grain, but given that at the 5th stage of processing mixtures of several types of chemical dressing agents can be used, including from different groups of pesticides, for example, fungicidal bactericidal mixtures / 51 /, insectofungicides / 52-55 /, etc., then to cover the claims of the maximum number of variants of the method, including the use of mixtures of different purpose chemical preparations, in it (in the formula) centuries Deno more universal name all the varieties of decontaminating reagents, such as "pesticides".

A number of chemical dressing agents produced by industry, used for processing grain and seeds of various crops (at the 5th stage), are mixed with water in preparation for use, as a result of which, depending on the physicochemical properties of the diluted (soluble) pesticides, three types of liquid working environments: solutions, emulsions and suspensions. In order to take into account all the options for implementing the inventive combined method of disinfecting grain, depending on these types of disinfecting liquids used, introducing the concepts of disinfecting aqueous solutions, disinfecting water emulsions, and disinfecting aqueous suspensions into the invention with the possibility of using in each particular case then one of them, which will depend on the type and properties of the applied (oh) in the method of the pesticide or mixture of pesticides.

In the process of chemical dressing (5th step of the method), a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension, or a disinfecting water emulsion of a pesticide or several types of pesticides that contains a low concentration (s) of etching chemicals are used for grain processing. The need for exposure to the grain material with a disinfecting liquid medium based on one pesticide or several types of pesticides is associated with significant fluctuations (in structure, composition and quantitative values) of the contamination of batches of grain raw materials supplied for chemical treatment, which must be qualitatively neutralized.

To effectively combat complex mycotic infection of grain, which includes the defeat of seed material by several different types of molds, systemic fungicides (pesticides) with one active substance / 52-54 / or multicomponent in the number of active substances (two- / 51 , 54, 56-57 /, three- / 53, 59-60 /, four-component / 51, 53 / and more). One active (poisonous, inhibitory) substance is the main component of one simple pesticide (fungicide), and the protectant (drug) combining several disinfecting chemical (active) substances is, in fact, a mixture of several (simple, one-component) types of pesticides.

Combined (multicomponent) fungicides (mixtures of several types of pesticides) contain several poisonous drugs with different mechanisms of suppressing the vital functions of molds [inhibiting energy metabolism in fungi, inhibiting the biosynthesis of substances important for the fungus, disrupting the permeability of cell membranes, etc. / 61 /] covering with their action all their existing (mushrooms) variety contained in this particular batch of grain. Since the causative agents of fungal diseases always in one combination or another comprehensively affect the grain material, the use of complex disinfectants (from one or several types of pesticides) for its processing allows you to effectively destroy phytopathogenic infections of grain in any of their composition and quantity, as with standard dosages of chemicals, and at reduced concentrations of aqueous mixtures of fungicides in the composition of the proposed method of disinfection.

It should be noted that combined pesticides (fungicides, insecticides, bactericides, etc.), consisting of several preparations (active substances, pesticides, disinfectants) can be produced both at industrial enterprises and compiled (mixed) on farms from several simpler ones protectants.

The use of a disinfecting aqueous solution or a disinfecting water mixture (suspension or emulsion) of a pesticide or several types of pesticides in the process of chemical disinfection of grain material (stage 5) containing (a) low concentration (s) of etching chemical (active) substances, it becomes possible only by inhibiting a significant number of pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases of grain raw materials at the previous stages of the proposed combined processing method, because only then, with the technological impact under consideration, the level of reduction in the contamination of seed lots (feed, technical) grain required in production is ensured.

In this case, the grain dressing enters the stage of chemical dressing containing only the forms of phytopathogens that are most resistant to the previously used destruction methods (convective heating and microwave processing), as well as groups of various molds and bacteria that are in the grain at different phases of their life cycle (spores, hyphae, conidia, vegetative forms of fungi, intrasubstrate mycelium [latent form of infection], etc.) and with different levels of micro- and macrodamage in the protective membranes, membranes and tissues of organisms in that due to the previous method of processing stages and as a result of which the harmful microflora retains its viability, but has weakened the immune system to inhibit the effects and develops with any disorders or inhibited. So, processing at the 5th stage of the method of such partially disinfected batches of grain with residual but still high infection by harmful microflora with chemical dressing agents specially selected for its species composition with a low concentration of toxic substances provides high efficiency in the destruction of these pathogens.

The existing integrity violations in the body of microorganisms (mold, bacteria, yeast, etc.), as well as the presence of various injuries in the protective membranes, integumentary tissues, cell membranes and organelles of cells in different forms of pathogens of phytopathogenic infections, facilitates the penetration of the etching chemical (their) component (s) of the pesticide (s) at the 5th stage of processing and accelerates the processes of inhibition of vital activity in harmful microflora of grain.

For processing grain at the 5th stage of the proposed combined method of disinfection, a disinfecting aqueous solution or a disinfecting water mixture of a pesticide or several types of pesticides is used, containing lowered concentration (s) of etching chemicals whose value (s) the dose (s) is (are) less than the normative (s) dose (s) of the pesticide (s) in the solution or mixture. The need to use low-dose (s) pesticide (s) for the treatment of grain and seeds within the framework of the processing method under consideration is associated with the requirement to increase the environmental safety and environmental cleanliness of the decontamination process being developed, which is precisely done by reducing the chemical load on bioagrocenoses and the environment as a whole in the practical application of the method.

The whole variety of chemical dressing agents used in the production (single-component and multi-component [mixtures of several types of pesticides]) has the standards for the use of drugs (standard doses of pesticides) established by the developer (manufacturer) and verified by research, which are reference data / 50, 53, etc. /. The numerical values of the standard doses of different types of single-component and combined pesticides (fungicides) vary in a wide range, depend on the initial infection of the batches of grain processed by them, and in this case, often, the standard doses of the same disinfecting preparation can significantly change when used to treat different crops, not to mention the scatter of quantitative values for standard doses of pesticides from different chemical classes and compiled on the basis of different actions constituent substances and combinations thereof.

Significant fluctuations in the range of numerical values of standard doses of pesticides that ensure effective disinfection of grain from phytopathogenic infections under normal industrial conditions are also preserved for reduced doses of the same inhibitory chemicals used for high-quality disinfection of grain at the 5th stage of the proposed method. Our studies have established the range of minimum values of reduced doses of pesticides, expressed as a percentage of the standard dose, which can be used at the stage of chemical etching of the combined disinfection method without causing a decrease in the efficiency of inhibition of the causative agents of fungal and bacterial diseases in the grain. In the claims, this relative quantitative characteristic is formulated as follows: “..., while the used dose (s) [in a disinfecting aqueous solution or in a disinfecting aqueous mixture of (one) pesticide or several types of pesticides] cannot (may) be less 25-55% of the standard dose (s) of the pesticide (s) contained in the solution or mixture. ”

A characteristic feature of the implementation of the inventive combined disinfection method at the 5th stage is the use of only low doses of etching chemicals in it, regardless of whether a single-component pesticide or a mixture of several types of pesticides is used for grain processing. In the latter case, all types of pesticides (fungicides) that are part of the combined (multicomponent) disinfectant have reduced doses of active substances in the working fluid, while the quantitative values of the reduced doses of each of the drugs in the solution or mixture can be the same or differ between by myself.

The temperature of heating the grain mass at the exit from the microwave disinfection stage is controlled and limited by the maximum permissible temperature of heating the grain (seeds), according to the introduced condition for the non-deterioration of the quality of the material at the 4th processing stage. However, such a temperature regime for the properties of grain raw materials (sowing, fodder, technological) is still quite critical, therefore, immediately after microwave exposure, the heating temperature of the material must be partially reduced, which is achieved at the 5th stage of the proposed method by mixing hot grain with a disinfectant an aqueous solution or a disinfecting water mixture (emulsion or suspension) of a pesticide or several types of pesticides with a low concentration of etching chemical eschestv which (A N) is at ambient temperature. At the same time, at the same time as the temperature of the processed grain decreases (at the 5th stage), the solution (or mixture) of one or more pesticides added to the grain material is heated (by heat transfer), which accelerates its absorption into grain particles and simultaneously activates penetration protectant (s) into the organisms of harmful microflora through the protective shells and gaps in them, obtained at the 4th stage, thereby causing an intensification of the processes of death of phytopathogens.

After the 5th stage of processing, the grain is disinfected from harmful microorganisms to a level safe for economic use, while the inhibition processes in the material of individual microbiota objects continue even after the completion of the claimed disinfection method (after seeding, during drying and storage) and occur due to the residual content components of pesticides on the surface and in the fruit coatings of grain particles, which also prevent secondary infection of the grain with phytopathogenic infections.

Immediately after completing the disinfection process in the claimed way, the grain material that has been neutralized from pathogens, moistened and still warm, can be used for sowing, and after additional preparatory operations (washing and squeezing) - for processing for technical and feed purposes.

The need for partial cooling of grain and seeds after the 3rd stage of processing is due to the fact that due to the rigidity of the convective heating of the grain material during the process of blowing it with a heated coolant, they are prescribed (according to the results of phyto-examination of the seeds and before they arrive in the inventive method) for the maximum complete destruction of the most sensitive representatives of harmful microflora, and are able to increase the temperature of the product to the maximum permissible values and more, which is next yuschem method step will result in overheating and a sharp decrease in the deterioration of sowing and technological properties and fodder. In order to prevent such shortcomings, the heating temperature of the grain is reduced by no more than 3-8 ° C from the heating temperature at the 3rd stage, while the remaining temperature of the material is sufficient to prolong the heat effects of inhibition of phytopathogens in it and does not require an increase in energy consumption for additional heating of grain from lower temperatures (in the next stage) caused by unreasonably justified by strong cooling of the product, after which the grain raw materials are sent to the 4th stage.

There is a need to cool the grain even after the 4th processing stage, which is associated with the severity of the regimes of disinfection of grain raw materials with microwave energy (microwave electromagnetic field), which are set (according to the results of phytosanitary examination of seeds and before they enter the inventive method) for the most complete destruction all species of phytopathogenic microflora that are sensitive to this effect, and at the same time increase the heating temperature to maximum permissible values and more, despite the fact that in the considered process variant it is lower the heating temperature of the product due to mixing it with unheated aqueous solutions, suspensions or emulsions of dressing agents with reduced dosages of active substances (stage 5) cannot be applied due to the heat sensitivity of the components of the used pesticides, which will begin to decompose upon interaction with hot grain, in as a result, the efficiency of pathogen inhibition at the 5th stage of the process may decrease. To prevent this drawback, the operation of cooling the grain material is carried out, after which it enters the 5th stage of the proposed method.

Reducing the temperature of grain and seeds after the 5th stage of processing can be carried out in all variants of the combined method of disinfection, except for those in which the grain was cooled after the 4th stage. The need for cooling grain raw materials after the operation of chemical dressing with low doses of pesticides in the present method is associated with the general requirement to reduce the temperature of the grain material after any heat treatment (when the process is completed). In this regard, after the cooling operation, the temperature of the grain (seeds) should not exceed the temperature of atmospheric (cooling) air by more than 5-10 ° C / 47 /, or should be equal to the ambient temperature. Conducting cooling of the grain material at the stage of the process under consideration ensures that it meets the basic requirements as a raw material for any economic operations used (except for the food industry), prevents grain wetting during storage, which occurs due to the release of residual vaporous moisture from its particles during their passive cooling, and negates the damage to the grain mass, which is caused by its secondary infection with harmful microorganisms.

After the cooling operation (after the 5th stage), the decontaminated moistened grain can be used as seed, it can also be stored temporarily (no more than 1-2 days), and after additional preparatory operations (washing and pressing) can be processed and feed goals.

The process of cooling grain material can be carried out in various ways, for example, by active ventilation with atmospheric, artificially cooled or electroactivated, containing ozone, air ions or their mixtures with air when the grain is in the processing process in a thick stationary (in bins, silos, collars, cooling columns), dense gravitationally moving / 33, Fig. 41a-b /, dense overflowing / 33, Fig. 42a / or the falling layer / 33, Fig. 41 g /. In addition, a decrease in the temperature of the grain that has been decontaminated can be achieved by mixing it with dry, unheated and uninfected grain, by shoveling the grain mass (manually, by grain throwers, transfer conveyors, etc.), during pneumatic conveying, when placing the grain with a thin fixed layer on special sites (passive cooling due to the natural transfer of heat from heated grain to the environment) and other methods.

Since all known methods of cooling grain materials provide the technological result necessary for the developed disinfection process, in connection with this, the universal formula is used in the claims to denote this grain processing operation, which covers all the existing variety of methods for reducing the heating temperature of grain materials and allows the implementation of the claimed disinfection method use any of the cooling methods used in practice that is most convenient n or cost effective for the consumer.

At the 5th stage of the inventive combined disinfection method, the grain can also be treated with a disinfecting aqueous solution or a disinfecting water mixture (suspension or emulsion) of several types of pesticides, in which at least one of the components of the solution or mixture has a low concentration of etching chemicals. In this case, as a solution or mixture of several types of pesticides used at the processing stage, multicomponent dressing agents can be used, consisting of groups of active substances (pesticides) that have one purpose, that is, they include different types of fungicides only / 51-60 /, only bactericides or other specialized pesticides; or different purpose, for example, fungicide-bactericidal mixtures / 51 /, insectofungicides / 52-55 /, etc.

The essence of the various combinations laid down in the claims in the composition of disinfecting aqueous solutions or mixtures of preparations with standard and reduced dosages is as follows: if the pesticide consists of two components, then one of them has a reduced dose, and the other has a standard; if it is three-component, then only one or two can have reduced doses of active substances, and the rest, respectively, are normative; if it is four-component, then reduced doses of the pesticide can be at least one drug, the rest are normative, and the maximum is three, and one is normative. The principles of combinations in water mixtures of combined pesticides with standard and reduced dosages of active substances, in the case when pesticides contain pesticides of different purpose, are completely different from those that use chemicals with the same purpose.

As an example, consider two types of three-component insectofungicides. The first of these complex pesticides contains one fungicide and two insecticides, and the second contains two fungicides and one insecticide. For these options, the combination principle is as follows: in the first pesticide, only one fungicide will have a reduced dosage of the active substance, and both insecticides will be contained in the working solution or mixture always in standard dosages; in the second, either one or both fungicides will have a reduced dosage, and the dose of the insecticide will always remain normative.

The need to implement the process variant under consideration is due to the fact that, for certain compositions of complex infestation of grain lots, they can be present and make up a significant quantitative fraction of molds that are resistant to most inhibitory effects, in addition to chemical etching, and for their effective destruction in the applied solution or pesticide mixtures need only a standard dose of a drug specialized against this type of pathogen, and for the rest of the pathogens In the case of complex infection, it is sufficient to treat the material with the usual exposure regimen for the developed method of disinfection: heat-electrophysical factors and chemical etching with a reduced dose (s) of fungicide (s).

The need for drying grain and seeds after their disinfection by the claimed method (at the exit from the 5th stage of the process) is due to the fact that after carrying out the operations of wetting and chemical dressing, the aqueous medium added to the grain material (at the 1st and 5th stages) is not removed of it, therefore, after processing, in terms of humidity, it (the material) corresponds to the category of wet or wet / 11 /, and in this state, grain and seeds cannot be stored for a long time without deterioration in quality and secondary infection with phytopathogenic microflora.

Given that in some embodiments of the proposed method of disinfection, the past decontamination from pathogens of phytopathogenic infections causes the grain to be removed to remove moisture in the heated state (residual heating temperature from the thermal stages), and taking into account that some of the high-intensity thermal drying methods can this grain heating temperature raw materials to further increase, while exceeding its maximum permissible values that are safe for the quality of dehydrated grain. In this regard, during the operation of removing moisture from the grain under the conditions of the disinfection method under consideration, a technological limitation is introduced, according to which the heating temperature of the grain material in the drying process should be maintained at a level that does not reduce its quality indicators. Thus, the disinfected material can be dried in different ways (high-temperature or low-temperature convective method, active ventilation, passing different types of electroactivated air through the grain layer, exposure to ultrasonic vibrations, IR processing, etc.) and ends when the grain reaches humidity safe for storage, those. then, when the grain becomes dry / 11 /, after which, if necessary, the grain can be cooled.

The past disinfection and grain brought to standard humidity in the claimed processing method can be stored for a long time without deterioration of the whole complex of its properties, and then freely be used as seed or raw material for processing for technical and feed purposes. Moreover, for the last two applications, physically-chemically neutralized grain must undergo special training - washing and spinning, to remove toxic components of pesticides from it.

The essence of the proposed technical solution is illustrated by three drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows one of the layout options of the constructive-technological scheme of the line for implementing the method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using microwave energy. In FIG. 2 is a section A-A of the chemical etching installation of FIG. 1, showing the direction of movement of the grain material in the working chamber when it is etched with an aqueous solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of the etching agent (s) (a). In FIG. 3 is a section B-B of the chemical etching apparatus of FIG. 2, showing the location in the installation of the loading and unloading windows of grain material, the shape of the working bodies of transportation and mixing, and the arrangement of the working chamber (its dualness).

The proposed method of combined disinfection is performed in the production line (Fig. 1), which includes a humidification machine 1, consisting of a grain loading neck 2, a machine body 3, a humidification working chamber 4, a screw working body 5 for transporting and mixing grain and water, nozzles 6 for supplying water to the humidifying machine, the neck of the discharge of moistened grain 7, the drive of the screw working member 8 and the drive gear transmission of the screw working member 9. Conical hopper for breaking grain 10/62 /, including the loading window of the moistened grain 11, the working chamber of the hopper 12, the mixing screw 13, the drive of the mixing screw 14, the adjuster of the operating mode of the screw 15, the planetary gear drive of the translational movement of the screw 16, the gear drive of the rotational movement of the screw 17, the planetary gear 18, a pipe for unloading grain from the hopper 19 and a flat shutter 20. A continuous unit for the combined processing of grain with a heated coolant and microwave energy 21/63 /, consisting of a vertical flow The chamber of the waveguide type for processing EMF grain microwave 22/36 /, the protective housing of the microwave unit 23, the body of the convective heat exchanger-grain heater 24, the receiving and distributing grain hopper 25, the upper perforated cone of the heat exchanger-heater 26, the lower (reverse) perforated cone a heat exchanger-heater 27, a magnetron generating microwave energy 28, an individual cooling fan of a magnetron 29, a flexible sleeve 30 connecting a cooling fan to a heat-radiating magnetron radiator, a product pipe rovoda of radiotransparent material 31, the cone unloading grain from the microwave processing chamber 32 and the barred holes 33 for intake of ambient air in the cooling system of the individual magnetrons. A chemical dressing unit 34/20 /, which includes a grain loading window 35, a machine body 36, a working chamber for introducing into the partially disinfected grain an aqueous solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of etching substances (a) and their pre-mixing 37, the working chamber of the final mixing of the aqueous solution (s) or pesticide (s) with a low concentration of the etching agent (s) with grain 38, the partition 39, separating the chambers 37 and 38, passage 40 for moving the components to be mixed ents from the chamber 37 to the chamber 38, the working bodies of transportation and mixing 41, which are shafts 42 with fork elements 43 mounted on them along the entire length of the helical line and with screw turns located at the beginning and at the end of the shafts (at the end walls of the chamber) by reverse winding 44, nozzles 45 installed in the chamber 37 along the entire length of the shaft 42 and serving to supply the chemical etching in the sprayed state of the aqueous (s) solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of the etching substance (s), Dros mudflow 46, designed to equalize the pressure and regulate the performance of the nozzles that are installed in front of the nozzles 45 on the pipe 47 for supplying an aqueous solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of etching agents (a), a window for unloading disinfected grain 48 drive 49, which is connected through a gearbox 50 and gear 51 with the shafts 42 of the working bodies of transportation and mixing 41.

In addition, the processing line (Fig. 1) includes: a convective heating of grain 52 and a grain cooler 53 (two separate machines of the same design) / 32, p. 83-84 49 /, and the installation of microwave processing of grain 54/35 /.

The method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using microwave energy is as follows. Dry cleaned infected grain enters through the neck of the load 2 into the working chamber of humidification 4 of the humidifying machine 1, where a screw working body 5, rotating in the body of the machine 3, is transported in a continuous stream. When moving in the working chamber into the grain with nozzles 6 in a constant mode, water is injected, after adding which, during transportation, the screw working member 5 of the machine mixes the water with the grain material, ensuring its uniform moistening. Water, getting into the grain, even when moistened, is partially absorbed into the shells of grain particles. After the humidification operation is completed, the grain through the discharge neck 7 is removed from the humidifier and enters through the loading window 11 into the working chamber 12 of the conical hopper for grain grazing 10, when filling, by means of the drive 14, the mixing auger 13 is switched on, which continuously or periodically mixes the grain controlled by the master operating mode 15, in the process of tearing, which avoids the appearance of zones of uneven humidity in the grain, characteristic of a dense station ary material layer. Improving the quality of moisture distribution over the volume of grain to be grain is provided due to the complex movement of the screw, which performs, in addition to the rotational movement, via a gear 17, also a translational motion around the conical working chamber of the hopper, by means of a planetary gear 16, which informs the layer of material in the hopper in a spiral motion. The slugging occurs when the flat shutter 20 is fully closed, the nozzle for unloading grain 19 from the hopper. In the process of smoothing, all the water (moisture) that previously remained on the surface of the grain particles and in the intergranular space is completely absorbed by the grain, penetrates the organisms of various types of phytopathogenic microflora and, in particular, mold fungi, whose mycelium can deeply grow into grain particles, which makes it difficult to destroy. The smoothing process ends after moisture penetrates into the peripheral layers of the endosperm or cotyledons of grain, in which, together with the shells, the bulk of the harmful microflora, which affects the grain material, is concentrated, while the shutter of the grain discharge pipe opens and the burnt grain enters the receiving and distribution hopper 25 located in the housing convective heat exchanger-heater 24 installation of combined processing of grain 21. From this receiving and distribution hopper, grain is fed to the upper perforation the cone 26, along which it is evenly distributed and moves in a thin dense layer, while the heated coolant coming from the individual magnetron cooling systems is blown through the grain and heats it. Then the grain falls on the lower (reverse) perforated cone 27, along which it also moves with a thin dense layer and through which the heated coolant is also blown, as a result of which the grain continues to heat and ensures its disinfection from part of the harmful microorganisms. From the lower cone, the preheated grain enters the product pipe from radiolucent material 31 located in the vertical flow chamber of the waveguide type 22, where four-sided processing of the material continuously moving in a dense layer in the microwave electromagnetic field is performed, but the level of heating is ensured, which does not reduce grain quality indicators. Moreover, the magnetron, generating microwave energy 28, and transmitting the microwave electromagnetic field through the matching waveguide to the working chamber of the installation, turns on and works only when the working chamber is filled with grain, and turns off when the receiving and storage grain hopper becomes empty, which must be observed to prevent exit out of order magnetrons. Reliable operation of the magnetron is also ensured by its individual cooling system, including a fan 29, which takes air from the environment through the barred opening 33 of the installation and delivers it through a flexible sleeve 30 to the heat-transfer radiator of the magnetron, at the outlet of which we obtain the exhausted cooling air (heated coolant). The heat carrier from the individual cooling systems of all magnetrons of the microwave unit of the combined grain processing unit is formed in the protective case of the microwave unit 23 into a common stream, which is directed to heat the grain to the perforated cones in the body of the convective heat exchanger-heater. Microwave treatment of moistened and past grain-breaking causes intense heating and evaporation of the water contained in it, while the grain material is not damaged, and another part of harmful microorganisms and molds contained in it perishes, since they contain much more in the unit volume of their body moisture than grain. In areas of material grain particles inaccessible for moisture, the parasitic microbiota is also inhibited due to thermal and non-thermal microwave effects arising in the tissues and cells of phytopathogens containing isolated free moisture, the mandatory presence of which is associated with physiological characteristics and immunity of harmful microorganisms with low initial humidity. Microwave treatment of partially disinfected grain through the grain unloading cone 32 is removed from the working chamber of the microwave exposure of the combined grain processing unit, after which, depending on the decontamination modes adopted, it enters directly or after cooling through the loading window 35 into the working chamber for entering the partially disinfected grain aqueous (s) solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of the etching agent (s) (a) and their preliminary mixing 37, where it is captured by fork elements tami 43 of the working body of transportation and mixing 41, rotating in the body of the machine 36, and moves in a continuous stream. In the direction of the grain in the working chamber 37 on the surface of its layer there is a uniform spraying in continuous mode with nozzles 45 of an aqueous (s) solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of etching substances (a) (a) (Fig. 2), after adding which (oy), during transportation, the working body 41 of the installation pre-mixes the liquid etching reagent with the grain material. Having moved to the end of the working chamber 37, the chemically etched grain by the working transport and mixing body 41 is directed through the passage 40 to the final mixing chamber of the aqueous (s) solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of the etching agent (s) and grain 38, where it is captured by fork elements 43 of the working body of transportation and mixing 41 located therein and moves to the discharge window 48 of chemically etched material from the installation, while stirring and increasing solution of the uniform distribution over the surface of the grain particles of the liquid etching reagent. Thus, an aqueous solution or mixture of pesticide (s) with a low concentration of the etching agent (s) (a), when it enters the grain, is absorbed into its fruit and seed coat, its components penetrate deep into the infected tissue of grain particles and due to of the poisonous (their) active (their) substance (c) contained in the pesticide or mixture of pesticides, destroys the pathogens of pathogens remaining in the material. After chemical dressing, the grain goes to cooling or drying, and then cooling, or immediately (within one day after processing) is used as seed, and after preliminary preparation, as raw material for processing for technical and feed purposes.

In one embodiment of the method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using microwave energy, in which it is necessary to cool the grain between the convective heating step and the material processing step in the microwave electromagnetic field, the process of neutralizing grain material, according to the production line (Fig. 1), proceeds with a little other composition of technical means. The grain after breaking, at the exit from the discharge pipe of grain 19 of the conical hopper 10, enters the convective heating installation 52/32, p. 83-84 fig. 49 /, in which it is heated and partially disinfected by blowing through a dense gravitationally moving layer of material of the heated coolant, then the preheated grain enters the grain cooler 53, which is the same in design as unit 52, but instead of hot heat carrier, it is blown through the grain layer atmospheric air. During the cooling process, the grain temperature is reduced by no more than 3-8 ° C, which guarantees the preservation of grain quality during heat treatment in the subsequent steps of the method. After lowering the temperature of the grain raw material, it still remains heated and enters the microwave processing unit 54/35 /, in which it is intensively heated and disinfected in a dense continuously moving layer, and then, depending on the accepted modes of combined disinfection, it enters directly or after cooling for chemical etching (Fig. 1).

The present invention improves the quality of disinfection of grain and seeds with a high initial infection with phytopathogenic infections, reduces environmental pollution by pesticides, increases the productivity of the method, increases the efficiency of the process by the number of pathogens of grain diseases destroyed, ensures uniformity of disinfection and versatility in the processing of grain and seeds of different crops.

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Claims (7)

1. The method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using microwave energy, including moistening the grain and seeds with water and their subsequent processing, characterized in that the disinfection comes dry grain and seeds cleaned from impurities, the processing of which is carried out in five successive stages: at the first stage, grain and seeds moving in the stream moisten evenly by volume of the layer with water, the amount of which is determined by the full saturation of their fruit shells with moisture; at the second stage, grain and seeds are cured until moisture penetrates into the peripheral layers of the endosperm or cotyledons and at the same time is periodically or continuously mixed; at the third stage, the grain and seeds continuously fed in a dense layer are blown with a heated coolant; at the fourth stage, pre-heated grain and seeds, continuously moving in a dense layer, are processed in an electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency, providing a level of heating of the grain material and seeds, not reducing their quality indicators; at the fifth stage, grain and seeds moving in the stream are treated uniformly throughout the volume of the layer with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension, or a disinfecting water emulsion of a pesticide or several types of pesticides containing (s) low concentration (s) of etching chemicals, value (s) ) of which the dose (s) is (s) less than the normative dose (s) of the pesticide (s) in the solution or mixture, but the dose (s) used cannot (may) ) be less than 25-55% of the standard dose (s) the pesticide (s) contained in the solution or mixture. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that after the third processing stage, the grain and seeds are partially cooled, providing a decrease in their temperature by no more than 3-8 ° C from the heating temperature in the third stage, and then the grain and seeds are directed to the fourth stage. 3. The method according to PP. 1 and 2, characterized in that after the fourth stage of processing, the grain and seeds are cooled, and then sent to the fifth stage. 4. The method according to PP. 1 and 2, characterized in that in the fifth stage, the grain and seeds are treated with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension or a disinfecting water emulsion of several types of pesticides, in which at least one of the components of the solution or mixture has a low concentration of etching chemicals. 5. The method according to p. 3, characterized in that in the fifth stage, the grain and seeds are treated with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension or a disinfecting water emulsion of several types of pesticides, in which at least one of the components of the solution or mixture has a reduced concentration etching chemicals. 6. The method according to PP. 1, 2 and 4, characterized in that after the fifth stage of processing, the grain and seeds are cooled. 7. The method according to PP. 1-5, characterized in that after the fifth stage of processing, the grain and seeds are dried to a moisture content that is safe for storage at a temperature of the grain material and seeds, not reducing their quality indicators, and, if necessary, cooled.

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