RU2550479C1 - Method of combined desinfection of grains and seed with use of vhf electromagnetic field - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of combined desinfection of grains and seed with use of VHF electromagnetic field (EMF) is performed by two stages. At the first stage grain moving in the flow is uniformly moistened by the disinfecting water until complete saturation of its coat and uniform distribution of the water solution or water mixture over surface of corn seed in form of thin film. At the second stage grains continuously moving in the dense bed is treated by VHF EMF with high density of energy flow 10°C/s and over, but not reducing their quality, then the disinfected grains are cooled or dried.

EFFECT: invention ensures intensity and uniformity of the grains desinfection, improves efficiency of the process as per quantity and types of the destroyed phytopathogenic microflora, including in internal tissues of the corn seed, increases the method productivity, ensures its ecologic safety and universalism during the treatment of grains with different purpose.

3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods for post-harvest and pre-sowing processing of grain and seeds of agricultural crops, to methods for preparing grain materials, for storage and processing, and can be used in agriculture, food and processing industry, in the grain storage system, as well as in related industries industry.

A known method of detoxification of grain affected by microflora and its toxins / 1 /, comprising treating grain with an aqueous solution of glycine decyl ester hydrochloride with a concentration of 0.2-0.3% in a solution, the treatment being carried out for 20 minutes at a solution temperature of 40 ° C with a grain: solution ratio of 1: 2.5-3.0, then the grain is washed with running water and, after draining, is dried by blowing with heated air to an initial moisture content of 14%.

The disadvantages of this method of detoxification include its low environmental safety due to the need to dispose of the spent solution with a residual content of toxic active substance and its decomposition products, as well as heavily contaminated with mineral impurities and organic grain residues, the need for a large amount of water to organize flow washing of grain, significant process time and low productivity of the method for the processed material.

There is also known a method of microwave processing of grain / 2 /, comprising exposing it to microwave energy in the frequency range 2745 ± 135 MHz and a pulse repetition frequency of 400 Hz with a pulse duration of exposure of 2.0-2.5 μs, a pulse power of 0.9- 106 W, average power 1000 W and exposure 24-26 s.

The disadvantages of the method is the low productivity associated with the periodic mode of the process, high non-uniformity of disinfection of the grain and a decrease in its quality indicators due to overheating, which is due to the implementation of the process in a thick stationary layer.

A known method of disinfecting dried products, herbs, spices / 3 /, including processing them in a working chamber in two stages: at the first stage, the material is heated by microwave radiation to a temperature of 85-140 ° C at atmospheric pressure and water is sprayed into the product in a finely divided state or when steam is injected into it, at the second stage, the material is cooled to a temperature of 30-50 ° C due to the evaporation of moisture from it with a decrease in pressure to 1-10 mm RT. Art. for 5-20 minutes, after which a stream of argon, carbon dioxide or other inert gases is additionally introduced into the chamber.

The disadvantages of the described method are the decrease in the quality of products due to high heating temperatures, unsuitability for continuous processing of a large number of dispersed bulk materials, high energy intensity, complexity of implementation and cost of the method due to the need to create and maintain a low pressure in the processing zone, as well as due to using expensive inert gases for the process and the need to use sealed product placement conditions for this.

A known method of disinfecting feed / 4 /, mainly grain, in which the material is processed by spraying on it an aqueous solution containing 2-10% hydrogen peroxide (preferably 3-6%) or a main agent, for example ammonium hydroxide, while adding to the grain at the same time, also a metal ion-forming catalyst, for example, divalent tin chloride, and after the introduction of chemical reagents, the feed is subjected to heat drying.

The disadvantages of the method are the deterioration of grain quality indicators due to the accumulation in it of heavy metal salts and other products of chemical reactions formed during the interactions of disinfectants used in the disinfection process, the manifestation of the inhibitory effect of the treatment with respect to only one type of Fusarium mold and destruction only one type of toxins produced by them, low environmental safety due to the need to dispose of waste aqueous solutions containing poorly discharged waste chemicals and heavily contaminated with mineral impurities and bioorganic residues of grain.

A known method of detoxification of grain affected by microflora and its toxins / 5 /, including the processing of grain with an aqueous solution of ozone with a concentration of 0.05-0.20 mg / l in water for 10-40 minutes, followed by drying of the grain with heated air.

The disadvantages of the considered method of detoxification include the need for a large amount of process water, the low intensity of the disinfection process, which determines its high duration, low productivity of the processed grain due to the periodic mode of the process, environmental pollution due to the need to drain the ozonized water used in technology, saturated a large number of mineral impurities and organic residues.

A known method of disinfecting seeds of grain crops / 6 /, including the preparation of a working mixture of pesticides with the addition of diluent, which is used as an acidic anolyte electroactivated solution with pH 2-3, redox potential +1100 mV and an active chlorine content of 0.05%, and then dressing with this working seed mixture.

The disadvantages of this method are the low environmental safety and the high cost of the processing process due to the use of pesticides in it, a slight decrease in the effectiveness of disinfection due to the binding of chemical disinfectant ions with electroactivated diluent components in an aqueous solution, and obtaining an inhibitory effect only for a narrow group of microbiological infections that infect seeds .

A known method of increasing the yield and resistance of crops to diseases and pests / 7 /, in which they spray the seeds for 1.5-3.5 hours before sowing with an aqueous solution of anolyte with redox potential (ORP) + 500 ... + 900 mV, after which, during tillering — the beginning of the exit to the tube, the crops are treated with an electroactivated aqueous solution of anolyte with ORP + 500 ... + 900 mV, and in the phase of milk-wax ripeness, the crops are treated with catholyte with ORP -500 ... -900 mV.

The disadvantages of the method are the low severity of the disinfecting effect with severe damage to seeds by diseases and pests, the inhibition of only a narrow species group of pathogens of mycoses, the long stretch of the process in time, the high cost of processing due to the need for its repeated implementation in the field, increased mechanical damage to crops when spraying in the period of “tillering - the beginning of the exit into the tube”, causing crop losses.

A known method of stimulating the germination of seeds of grain crops / 8 /, including preliminary preparation and soaking of seeds for one minute in an activated aqueous solution with a temperature of 22-25 ° C, pH 9.5 and the presence of active chlorine in a concentration of 10.3 mg / l of solution .

The disadvantages of the considered method include a decrease in seed contamination by only 50% of its initial content / 9 /, instability of the inhibitory effect on most pathogens of infections (up to stimulating their growth and development), the formation of toxic products of chemical reactions of active chlorine with ions of electrode materials contained in solution, and with mineral and organic impurities of grain, the need to remove from the seeds after soaking the spent aqueous solution, which reduces the throughput otsessa of processed material.

A known method of the neutralization of grain and roughage / 10 /, including processing them with a disinfecting aqueous solution, which is used as a neutral anolyte having a pH of 7-8, the concentration of oxidants 0.02-0.06% and the redox potential + 1000 ± 50 mV obtained by the action of direct electric current on a 0.2-0.4% sodium chloride solution, and the disinfecting solution is treated at 15-25 ° C for 60-120 min at the rate of 1.5-2.0 l / kg of feed.

The disadvantages of the described method are the long duration of the disinfection process, the risk of secondary infection of the grain with phytopathogenic microflora and the limitations of its intended economic use due to the high residual moisture after soaking, the need to isolate excess disinfectant solution from the material after processing and its high contamination with mineral and organic impurities, low productivity on feed neutralized from pathogens.

There is also a method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency / 11 /, adopted as a prototype, which includes moistening the grain and its subsequent processing.

The disadvantages of this method are the need to use the operation of preparing seeds for disinfection, during which simple equipment occurs, which reduces the productivity of the neutralized material and complicates the technological scheme of the process in continuous mode, the effective destruction of phytopathogenic infections of grain of a narrow species composition, a high risk of secondary grain contamination after processing due to its increased surface moisture at the output of the process, a decrease in grain quality due to not uniformity of heating.

The objective of the invention is the intensification of the process, increasing the uniformity of processing and the destruction of the phytopathogenic microflora contained in the grain and seeds, expanding the species composition of inhibited pathogens of infections, reducing the duration of preparatory operations for disinfection and combining them with the disinfection process, increasing the productivity of the method by the amount of processed material, universalizing the use process for disinfecting grain for various purposes without reduced using its quality indicators, ensuring the environmental safety of the processing method by reducing the frequency of application or completely eliminating the operations of chemical dressing of seed material, as well as by reducing the dosages of the chemical reagents (preparations) used in the method.

To achieve the task in a method for the combined disinfection of grain and seeds using an ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field, which includes moistening the grain and its subsequent processing, the dry grain is cleaned of impurities, which is processed in two successive stages: at the first stage, the grain moving in the stream moisturize evenly over the volume of the layer with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension or a disinfecting water emulsion, in which (oh) is determined by the full saturation of its fruit shells with moisture and ensures uniform distribution of the aqueous solution or water mixture over the surface of the grains in the form of thin films held on the grains due to surface tension forces, in the second stage, the surface is moistened grain moving in a dense layer, processed in an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency with a high energy flux density, providing heating of surface moisture and shells of grain with a speed of 10 ° C / s or more, but not reducing quality indicators of the grain material, and after the second stage of processing, the grain is cooled or dried to a humidity safe for storage at a temperature of the grain material, which does not reduce its quality indicators.

A grain moving in a stream is each individual grain particle (a grain, seed, single grain) continuously moving in the aggregate of similar particles (i.e. in a stream) in the working chamber of a mixer, conveyor or other machine. The presence of a material flow implies that its moistening process can occur not only in a continuous, increasing the productivity of the method (at the first stage) and uniformity of grain moistening, but also in a periodic (in the batch chamber of the batch mixer) mode that improves only the uniformity of moisture distribution in the grain layer .

The need to use for the disinfection process in the inventive method of dry grain (seeds), which includes dry and medium-dry grain / 12-14 /, is due to the fact that at this moisture level the fruit coat and the main part of the microcapillaries of the seed coat and an aleurone layer located close to the surface of grain particles, free of moisture, therefore, have maximum moisture capacity, which provides the largest amount of instantly captured (absorbed) by them in the process of moistening the disinfecting water solution without distortion, according to known data, by the amount of absorbed moisture / 15-16 / and the duration of its presence on the surface and in the shells of grain in a mechanically bound (almost free) state / 17 /.

The cleaning process by itself reduces the content of phytopathogenic microflora in the grain and seeds and the toxic products of its vital activity / 18 /, which are found in significant quantities in the impurities themselves. In addition, in the process of wetting the grain, all types of impurities having a higher hygroscopicity than the grain material will absorb a disinfecting aqueous solution, thereby reducing its amount entering the grain, and reducing the effectiveness of decontamination (disinfection, detoxification, etching), due to for a smaller supply of the active chemical substance (one or composition, a mixture of several), electroactivated particles (components), as well as the products of their decomposition and interaction with each other and with water, is also yayuschihsya antiseptics that just explains the need for the use of a method of refined grains. Standards are established for which grain is considered clean (purified) in terms of the content of various types of impurities (weeds, grains, harmful, mineral, etc.), which differ for different crops, therefore, the invention uses a combination of all these norms and common to different crops the concept of “refined grain” / 13.14 /.

Uniform wetting of the moving (moving) in the flow of grain material can be achieved in various ways, for example, by spraying a disinfecting aqueous solution (water emulsion or suspension) onto a grain located in the wetting zone in a falling ring thin layer / 19 /, as well as moving in a rotating a drum mixer in a dense overflowing layer / 20 /. In addition, the grain flow can be moved by the working bodies of the mixing devices (different types of screws, paddle and fork stirrers, springs, etc.) / 21-22 / or conveyors / 22 / with a portioned or continuous supply of a liquid reagent (disinfectant) into the moving layer of the disinfected material aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion) by spraying, in a sprayed state, a uniformly flowing stream (or streams), drip, portion and in other form.

Moistening of grain and seeds with an etching (inactivating microflora) aqueous solution (aqueous suspension, emulsion, mixture), in contrast to the soaking operation, involves adding only a technologically justified amount of liquid to the material (no more than that which can absorb grain at the initial time). The use of humidification solves the problem of disposal of contaminated aqueous solutions, which is relevant for the process of soaking the material, while the issue of removing excess moisture from the liquid phase (aqueous solution of disinfecting substances) from grain becomes less acute; between themselves in a layer, their adhesion to the working bodies of transportation and mixing, on the walls of bunkers, casings, working chambers, etc. In this process, the destruction of various types of phytopathogenic microorganisms (mold, bacteria, yeast, etc.) and harmful (toxic) products of their vital activity contained in the grain material, starts from the moment the disinfecting aqueous solution (emulsion, suspension) gets on the grain surface and occurs at both stages of the proposed method , that is, unproductive time expenditures are excluded, in which there is no decrease in grain contamination for any type of harmful microflora. In addition, the effect of suppressing the vital activity of harmful microflora on grain persists even after processing (after planting seeds in the soil, during storage of grain after drying, during processing and other uses).

The intensification of the process of disinfection (disinfection) of grain from the existing variety of phytopathogenic infections affecting it is ensured through the use of various simple and complex, organic and inorganic chemicals, their compositions and mixtures, and their compositions when processing agricultural materials in aqueous solutions (aqueous emulsions or aqueous suspensions) solutions containing different ions, radicals and radical ions of water-soluble or insoluble acids, alkalis, salts, alcohols, etc. organically and inorganic compounds (or finely dispersed suspensions of liquids and solid particles), which are made by dissolving industrially produced chemicals in water (mixing with water or other methods of introducing into the liquid phase), or as a result of using (using) different methods of electroactivation and chemical interaction, and also due to the production of decomposition products and / or chemical interaction of the initial reagents (active substances, electrically and chemically active particles, and other components) a friend with a friend and / or with water, which are the strongest oxidizing agents and inhibitors of biological processes and actively entering into reactions (interactions), leading to the destruction and (or) serious damage (associated with disruption of the processes of growth, development, vital activity and reproductive functions) microorganisms, shells and membranes of bacteria, yeast cells, mycelium of mold fungi and other pathogens of diseases of grain and seeds of agricultural crops.

As active substances and / or disinfecting electroactivated components (particles) in moisturizing aqueous solutions (mixtures) at the first stage of the proposed disinfection method, various types (mixtures) of chemical reagents can be used: triazoles, benzimidazoles, oxathiines, strobilurins and their compositions / 23 /, glycine decyl ester hydrochloride / 1 /, creolin / 24 /, potassium fluoride peroxyhydrate / 25 /, a mixture in a certain ratio of formaldehyde and oligomeric fraction of urea-formaldehyde resin / 26 /, hydrogen peroxide / 4 / and it also tania with preservatives from among various organic acids / 27 /, propionic acid / 28 /, ozone / 5 /, a mixture of copper sulphate and hydrated lime, potassium permanganate and many others; and among the ions, for disinfection, hydroxide ions (OH ^- ) or positively charged hydrogen ions (H ⁺ ), which are part of electroactivated liquids (aqueous media) and determine their type, are most often used. This group of inhibitory media includes: an anolyte aqueous solution (at the initial stage of the method) / 7 /, a catholyte, anolyte, or a neutral anolyte with the content of active chlorine in their aqueous solutions / 8, 29, 10, respectively /, an acid anolyte as a diluent for pesticide / 6 / and many other types of electroactivated solutions containing additional additives of various antiseptic substances and ions of chemical elements.

Due to the wide variety of liquid media that can be used to moisten and disinfect grain materials at the first stage of the proposed processing method, and which at the same time differ significantly in the degree of solubility of the active ingredients used in the aqueous medium [soluble, insoluble, sparingly soluble] and state of aggregation of these substances after mixing them with water, dissolving them in water, obtaining them during the electric treatment of water and other methods [liquid state - solutions, emulsions; solid - suspensions], in the present invention, in order to maximally take into account in it the application options for all possible varieties of water-based etching liquids, three different concepts are introduced simultaneously: a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension and a disinfecting water emulsion, with the possibility of using each specific case of one of them, depending on which of the indicated groups the inhibitory aqueous medium used in the method will belong to.

The use of aqueous mixtures (solutions) of etching (inhibiting) substances for disinfection is due to the fact that water is a widely used universal and cheapest solvent, as well as the main carrier disinfectant (treating agent) technological medium used in the processing of grain and seeds, especially the interaction which with biological organisms (grain, bacteria, molds, their spores, etc.) and its physico-chemical properties, including such as state change, the structure and reactivity of water when exposed to an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency are well known.

Any active substances used in the claimed processing method (one-component chemical disinfectants, complex compositions and mixtures of chemical reagents, etc.) and (or) other disinfecting components (products of dissociation [ions] of water, salts, radicals, radical ions and other activated particles and substances) that are part of antiseptic aqueous solutions (suspensions, emulsions), must be resistant to destruction (oxidation) or immune to various technological and non-technological influences (heat chemical, optical, etc.), and also to maintain the invariability (constancy) of technological properties during processing. In addition, chemical and (or) electrical substances and particles formed (obtained) as a result of thermal, chemical, physical or other types of interactions (reactions) of the initial (initial) active substances (particles) contained in etching aqueous solutions (mixtures), with microflora, with each other, with grain, water, and also with organic and mineral residues that enter the liquid technological environment from the grain mass, they themselves must have disinfecting properties (fungicidal, bactericidal, sporotz iden and others).

The technologically sound amount of moisture that is added when moistening the grain material in the claimed method of disinfection is determined taking into account the structure of the grain and the physiological characteristics of the process of water absorption by the grain (seeds) and the harmful microflora contained in it.

The fruit shells of grain and seeds of agricultural crops have a large number of capillaries, pores, voids, which serve as a reservoir for the primary accumulation of moisture during wetting / 15, 16 /. The full moisture capacity of these "tanks" determines the maximum amount of an aqueous solution (as a percentage of the dry grain mass) that must be added to the grain to completely saturate its fruit shells with moisture, according to the conditions of the disinfection method at the first stage. Within one type of grain and seeds (for each crop), the full moisture capacity of the fruit shells is known and varies in a small range / 15, 16, 30 /, and it can be the same or very different for grains of different crops. Therefore, in this invention, a wording is used that is more universal for different crops, regulating the calculation of the amount of disinfecting water of a mixture (solution) added to the grain (seeds) when moistened.

For effective destruction at the second stage of the proposed method for processing phytopathogenic microflora in grain materials, it is necessary that after wetting not only all the natural “reservoirs” present in the seed and fruit coatings of the grain for primary accumulation and retention of moisture are filled with any of the types of disinfecting water mixtures used in the method (emulsions, suspensions) or disinfecting aqueous solutions, but so that at the same time the surfaces of all grain particles are completely and for a long time time (comparable with one or more stages of the processing method under consideration) are covered with a layer (film) of loosely bound water (pickling, disinfecting liquid).

Moisture transfer processes in the grain and seeds of various crops after wetting proceed according to the general scheme of grain-water interaction, in which three periods with a known duration of / 15, 17 / are clearly distinguished: on the first, moisture is captured by the fruit and seminal membranes, as well as the aleurone layer grain, on the second - the transfer of moisture from the surface layers of the grain into the endosperm or cotyledons; and in the third - the distribution of moisture over the grain tissues in an equilibrium ratio. As can be seen from the flow conditions of the proposed method of disinfection, the total duration of its first and second stages of processing should not exceed the duration of the first period of the known scheme for the interaction of grain with water, since only during this time the moisture added to the disinfected material and evenly distributed in it is in a weakly bound condition on the surface / 31 / and in the shells of seeds (grain particles) / 17 /, which is necessary for the effective implementation of the stage of processing grain in the electromagnetic field of rhvysokoy frequency (2 nd step of the method).

Under ideal conditions, the amount of the disinfecting aqueous solution or disinfecting water mixture added when moistened in a grain contaminated with phytopathogenic microflora and toxic products of its vital activity should be completely absorbed (i.e. almost instantly) absorbed (absorbed) within the first few seconds after the moisture has been introduced into the material. fruit and seed coatings of grains / 15 /.

However, in practice, this process occurs somewhat differently. Due to the short duration of the humidification operations and the uniform distribution of a disinfectant-containing liquid in the material layer, due to the low natural rate of moisture diffusion into the grain, due to the existing difference in particle sizes of the grain mass, due to different initial grain temperatures and disinfecting water emulsions, suspensions and solutions, due to different modes of moistening and different physico-chemical properties of disinfecting components in process fluids, due to the individual characteristics of the surface (density, fluff the presence of films, wax coating, etc.) of grain particles, depending on the type of crop, which also affect the rate of moisture absorption by the grain, it turns out that not all antiseptic aqueous medium (inactivating liquid) added to the grain material has time for it absorb during the 1st stage of processing, a significant part of it remains unabsorbed. This disinfecting water mixture (solution) is distributed in the form of moisture films on the surfaces of grain particles (grains, grains), which are held by surface tension forces / 32, 31 /, which does not follow from the grain layer under its own gravity, this is due to the small amount of disinfectant added to the grain material, its uniform distribution in the intergranular space and the specific properties of the water used as a solvent.

All physicochemical processes associated with the penetration of moisture into the grain and occurring after the humidification operation are interconnected and are completed simultaneously. The duration of their development is determined by the individual properties of the grain (type of crop) and does not depend on the moisture regime at a constant temperature and the same species composition of the active substances and (or) electroactivated particles contained in the solution (mixture) used in disinfection. Therefore, for grain materials of different crops (sometimes different varieties of the same crop), the length of the period during which the aqueous medium added to the grain remains on the surface of the grain particles (in the state of wetting moisture, which is evenly distributed on the surface of the grains in the form of thin films held on the grain due to surface tension forces) and at the same time is contained in a weakly bound (mechanically bound) state in their fruit and seed membranes, it can quite significantly to chatter. In this connection, the invention uses a more universal feature covering the duration of the process at the 2nd processing stage for any type of grain (any crop), which is a given depth of moisture penetration into grain particles, its bond strength with grain and the obligatory presence on the surface of the grains moisture wetting / 15, 17, 31, 33 /.

The amount of water that enters the grain when its fruit membranes is completely saturated with moisture is sufficient (minimum) for the development of germination processes in it / 33 /, and the associated launch of the grain enzyme system and increased humidity become a physiological impetus for phytopathogenic microorganisms parasitizing on grain, to enhance their livelihoods and development / 34 /. Of all the physiological processes associated with the development of harmful microflora (pathogens) of grain, the process of absorption by it (microflora) of water (disinfecting aqueous solution or mixture) absorbed by the shells of grain particles is of the greatest importance for the effectiveness of the proposed method of disinfection (at the 2nd stage) moreover, the rate of absorption and use of moisture by phytopathogenic microorganisms significantly exceeds the rate of absorption and redistribution of water between different anatomical parts of the grains at moisture and the rate of water consumption by seeds during germination / 35 /. However, in order to reduce the duration of preparatory operations for disinfection and to combine them with the disinfection process itself, as well as to increase the productivity of the proposed method by the amount of processed material after adding disinfectant liquid to the grain (stage 1), it immediately goes to the stage of exposure to an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field (EMF microwave), it turns out that the method does not provide technologically and physiologically enough time to absorb moisture neither by the grain itself, nor the pathogens of infections that parasitize on it, and this at first glance should worsen the effectiveness of the destruction of microorganisms during microwave processing. However, despite this short duration of the stage of moistening grain materials, during which the cells of bacteria, yeast, mycelium of molds, spores and other pathogens of grain diseases do not have time to acquire higher humidity than the tissues of the grain itself, due to the high intensity of moisture absorption processes, characteristic of phytopathogenic microflora (microorganisms) / 35 /, in shells, membranes and other protective covers of infectious agents that are contained in the grain at times the phases of its life cycle (spores, hyphae, conidia, mycelium, etc.) . / 36 /), intense penetration begins to occur disinfecting aqueous mediums. In this regard, when the grain raw material arrives at the 2nd stage of the proposed method of disinfection, all the shells and covers of its harmful microorganisms manage to get water saturation during the wetting period, which subsequently, during the processing of the microwave electromagnetic field, causes intensive destruction of these protective shells all the causative agents of diseases in the grain, regardless of the phases of their development / 37, pp. 26-31 /. Violation of the integrity of the integumentary tissues of microflora, both in itself and in combination with the subsequent action of etching (inhibiting) aqueous solutions (mixtures) remaining on the surface and in the fruit coat of grain particles after the microwave treatment is completed, provides intensive destruction of phytopathogenic microorganisms and expands species composition of infections susceptible to the proposed method of treatment.

The surface moistened state of the grain material means that the microflora inactivating aquatic environment fills all pores, voids, and cracks in the fruit and seed shells of grain particles and at the same time is on their surface in the form of moisture films held on separate grains due to surface tension forces / 32 /.

Surface moistened grain immediately after the 1st stage of the proposed method of disinfection enters the processing of the microwave electromagnetic field. Continuous supply of material in a dense layer during this processing period, in which grain can move horizontally / 38 /, vertically (from top to bottom) under the action of gravity / 39, 40 /, along a complex path / 41, 42 / and in another way , provides process flow, increases the productivity of the method by the amount of processed material and allows you to save the quality of grain and seeds by preventing their overheating. The use of a dense layer at the second stage of the process also provides the most complete absorption by the grain of the EMF microwave energy supplied to it, which increases the disinfection efficiency and energy efficiency of the process.

Different chemicals and (or) electroactivated particles contained in disinfecting aqueous solutions (mixtures) and used in the processing method under consideration can change the thickness (both increase and decrease it compared to the use of ordinary water) of moisture films in different directions, enveloping grains, but regardless of the type and composition of the disinfecting liquids, their thin water "shells" on the processed grain, throughout the 2nd stage of the method, are always present. And since the majority of the causative agents of grain diseases from those that make up the general infestation of the grain material are concentrated precisely on the surface of grain particles and in their fruit and seed coatings / 36 /, it turns out that the described moistening regime creates conditions under which the harmful microflora destruction at the stage of microwave processing, is in the layer (immersed in the layer) of a disinfecting water-containing liquid.

Given that in a dry infected grain material supplied for humidification (stage 1 of the method), the phytopathogenic microflora has a low initial humidity, which, when the grain mass is in equilibrium, can fluctuate in a small range of values, both up and down relative to the moisture content grain and taking into account that during the 1st stage of processing harmful microorganisms do not have time to absorb the moisture added to the material and get all their tissues saturated with water, which is necessary for activation in of their metabolic processes and triggering of growth, development and reproduction processes, we find that the main electrophysical characteristics of grain pathogens that are important for the microwave processing stage (dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent, etc.) will differ significantly from the same indicators disinfecting aqueous solutions, suspensions and emulsions, in the layer of which fungal, bacterial yeast and other microbiota affecting the grain are immersed at the 2nd stage of the disinfection process.

The creation in the inventive method of a combined disinfection of grain and seeds at the stage of processing it with an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency conditions under which the harmful microflora, the damaging material, is in the layer of the etching water mixture (aqueous solution), while considering the process from the position that the liquid phase is dielectric medium, and phytopathogenic microorganisms - foreign dielectric inclusions in this medium, significantly differing from it (from the medium) electrophysical properties, explains why when a superficially moistened grain enters the exposure zone of a microwave EMF, a distortion (refraction, antinode) of an electromagnetic wave occurs near the inclusion / 37, pp. 71-73 /, and more specifically, at the phase boundary: “the shell of a phytopathogenic organism - liquid medium. " It is in these zones of local inhomogeneity of the properties of the substance and the field antinode in the layer of the disinfecting liquid that the intensive release of thermal energy occurs due to microwave radiation / 43 /, which causes damage to the integumentary (protective) tissues of the causative agents of grain diseases and contributes to their death. Simultaneously with the thermal destruction of the shells of harmful microflora, the electromagnetic field in the places of refraction also causes a violation of the integrity of the integumentary tissues of cells and phytopathogenic organisms due to electrical phenomena (electroporation of the surface, rupture of cell membranes due to the difference in electric potentials, etc. / 37, p. 41 /) .

The surface tension forces, they are also the mechanical cohesive forces of water molecules, due to which the liquid films are held on the surface of grain particles, are among the weakest forms of mechanically bound moisture in the grain / 31, 32 /. Due to the small value of these forces on the grains after wetting, thin liquid shells are formed, the thickness of which is a fraction of a millimeter. And since the thickness of the films of an aqueous solution (water mixture) artificially created on the particles of the disinfected material is affected by the temperature and a number of physical, mechanical, chemical and some other properties of the grain surface and used in the method of disinfecting liquids, in the formula of the invention to denote the thickness of these moisture films, the values of which can vary significantly depending on changes in these external and internal factors of the process, not specific them are used (film thickness) a numerical value or a range of values, and a more universal attribute, formulated as “thin films of moisture retained on grains due to surface tension forces”, taking into account all the possible spread of thickness in practice, which occurs under different conditions for the implementation of the disinfection method under consideration.

The need for the phytopathogenic microflora of the grain at the stage of processing the microwave electromagnetic field to be immersed in a thin layer of a disinfecting aqueous solution (mixture) is due to the fact that the fulfillment of this condition provides unhindered and with minimal losses the passage of microwave EMF through a water-containing inhibiting medium located on the surface cereal particles directly to harmful microorganisms. That is, when the process is implemented at the 2nd stage of processing by electromagnetic waves propagating in the material, it is necessary to overcome shorter distances when the pathogens of grain infections are moving in the layer of the etching liquid, because of which, in the aqueous solution (mixture) is released significantly less heat energy from the action of the microwave field and at the same time to a higher temperature and with higher intensity, the organisms of the phytopathogens themselves are heated, which ensures a decrease in the level of process being operated in a temperature heating process the aqueous medium keeps the quality of the grain material and increases the energy efficiency of the process / 37 str.39-40 /.

Redistribution of the shares in the total amount of thermal energy released from the influence of microwave EMF in the volume of a thin aqueous layer of the etching reagent covering grain particles between the liquid medium and the harmful microflora immersed in it in the direction of increasing the amount of heat that is generated inside and on the surface of microorganisms and is spent on their destruction does not exclude the effect of strong heating (up to boiling and evaporation) of the disinfectant itself. At the same time, the high intensity of the formation of thermal energy in the water shells enveloping the grains is ensured through the use of processing surface-wetted grain material in an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency with a high energy flux density.

An additional factor in the disinfection process to dielectric losses, which increases the heat generation in the surface films of the etching liquid deposited on the grain when exposed to microwave fields (at the 2nd stage of the method), is the content of water ions and salts in the aqueous solutions forming these films / 37, pp. 16-18 /, and in emulsions and suspensions - finely divided solid and liquid particles of etching substances with dielectric properties differing in comparison with water.

At the same time, the strong heating of the etching aqueous solutions or mixtures contained on the surface and at the same time in the fruit and seed coatings of the grain obtained at the 2nd stage of the proposed method is necessary to inactivate some of the most resistant to chemical and (or) electroactivated liquid disinfection (1st stage of the method) forms and varieties of pathogens of grain diseases, as well as for cases when EMF caused by microwave damage to organisms of the microflora (their membranes, cell organelles, protein denaturation, metabolic disorders Nia et al.) are not sufficient for a complete cessation of their functioning and development / 37, p. 26-31 /. To neutralize these types of infections, a strongly heated disinfecting aqueous solution, emulsion or suspension penetrates intensively through gaps in the protective shells into the microorganisms, causing their death.

The use for processing surface-moistened grain in the proposed method for disinfecting an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field with a high energy flux density, which (field) provides heating of surface moisture and grain shells at a rate of 10 ° C / s or more, should at first glance increase the specific energy consumption for the process disinfection and cause deterioration in the quality of the grain material due to overheating. However, this does not actually happen.

In known methods of grain disinfection, a significantly lower microwave energy flux density is usually used, which ensures the effective destruction of phytopathogenic infections with an intensity of heating of grain material in the range from 0.5 to 2.0 ° C / s / 44, 45 /.

The use of classical microwave disinfection of such low growth rates of the temperature of grain raw materials in comparison with the claimed method provides the effective destruction of harmful microbiota due to the processes of rapid heating, boiling and evaporation of water contained in grain particles, which simultaneously cause instant destruction of the integrity and structure of phytopathogenic microorganisms , denaturation of proteins in them, damage to cell organelles and a number of other lethal failures in their work. These destructive changes in the body of microflora occur due to the fact that the water in the processed material is not only inside the grain particles, but also in the cells and intercellular space of the pathogenic microorganisms themselves, and in the latter it (water) has a significantly higher specific concentration per unit volume dry matter than in grain tissues, and taking into account the selectivity of dielectric heating that occurs only in wet areas of biological objects / 45 /, it turns out that during processing The grain heating rate (speed) (0.5-2.0 ° C / s) guaranteed ensures the destruction of grain infection pathogens from the inside, and therefore the use of its increased values is not required. The limitation of grain heating rates during traditional microwave disinfection is also caused by the fact that exceeding the established range of their values when the ratio of grain moisture and harmful microflora used in the disinfection process can cause a deterioration in the quality indicators of the grain material itself.

In our method of disinfection, unlike the classical one, the etching water medium is outside the organisms of harmful microflora, which means that the main thermal inhibitory effect from the microwave field is also exerted on the microorganisms outside, i.e. from the side of the most immune protected pathogens, therefore, to suppress the existing pathogens microbiological infections of protective functions to the adverse environmental influences and technological factors at the 2nd stage of the process, “shock” thermal and not pilaf EMF exposure to microwave exciters grain diseases. In addition, the use of a microwave field with a high energy flux density allows you to reduce the duration of the microwave processing step and exclude the post-blasting operation from the inventive disinfection method (used in most microwave technologies as a preparatory step necessary for moisture to enter the grain particles and harmful microflora), which provides an increase in the productivity of the method by the amount of grain that is neutralized from pathogens and reduces the specific energy costs of the process while maintaining nenii sustained inhibitory effect.

It should also be noted that the disinfecting aqueous medium, which is contained on grain particles in the form of thin films of moisture in a weakly bound state, when it enters the EMF microwave (at the 2nd stage of the method) instantly heats up and boils, as a result of which processes begin to occur in the grain layer intensive evaporation of the liquid phase. The specific heat of vaporization (evaporation) of water in the range of initial temperatures of its heating from 0 to 100 ° C is 2.5-2.26 MJ / kg / 46 /, which is a large value and characterizes the process of converting liquid into steam as highly energy-intensive. In addition, it is well known that when water boils, its temperature remains constant, i.e. it does not increase, and all the thermal energy supplied to the process is spent only on evaporation. As can be seen from these data, a significant part of the heat released in the grain material from the action of the microwave field is not spent on the destruction of pathogens of grain diseases, but on the evaporation of moisture, that is, in fact, is lost.

Carrying out microwave processing with the simultaneous occurrence of processes of active vaporization in the material layer can cause significant stimulation of the growth and development of the phytopathogenic microflora contained in it / 44 /. This happens when using for disinfection the usual levels of microwave energy supply and heating rates of moisture contained in the fruit and seed coatings of grain, as well as in the films of the etching liquid covering the particles of the material / 44, 45 /. The deterioration of the microbiological state of the grain raw materials in this case is explained by the insufficient level of heat generation (due to losses) within the organisms of the phytopathogenic microflora to be destroyed, the relatively weak value of the heating of the liquid phase in which it (microflora) is located, and the lack of supplied microwave energy to initiate and maintain in the grain other types of electrophysical phenomena and reactions that inhibit harmful microbiota.

Since it is impossible to exclude the processes of water evaporation during the implementation of the proposed method of disinfection (at the 2nd stage), then to compensate for the loss of thermal energy spent on vaporization, as well as to create in the localized zone an intensive technological impact on the material, the conditions under which the energy supply exceeds the entire a complex of its non-production costs, the grain is processed in an electromagnetic field of an ultrahigh frequency with a high energy flux density, providing a heating rate of 10 ° C / s or more. This provides a high-intensity heat release in the water contained in the fruit and seed shells of grain, as well as in liquid films on the surface of grain particles, the amount and speed of which is sufficient to kill the phytopathogenic microflora material located in the moistened zones.

According to existing studies / 18 / and as mentioned earlier, in the case of damage to grain and seeds by pathogens (mold, bacteria, yeast, etc.), most of them are concentrated in the surface layers of each individual kernel, and the greatest penetration depth of these infections in grain particles (seeds) affect only the peripheral layers of the endosperm or cotyledons. That is, as can be seen from the essence of the claimed method, the area of concentration in the grains of the etching water medium, in which the technological effects of microwave electromagnetic fields are significantly concentrated and inhibiting microbiota, does not cover the entire area of the spread of phytopathogenic infections, from which at first glance it follows that the grain sections outside the penetration of artificially introduced moisture, they are not disinfected by either a chemical or electroactivated aqueous solution (mixture) (stage 1), or by an microwave microwave field (2nd stage n). The same can be said about certain types of molds, the mycelium of which penetrates deep into the central zones of the endosperm or cotyledons of the grain / 18, 47 /. However, due to the fact that in organisms of harmful microflora, even with their low initial humidity, a certain amount of mobile (weakly bound) water is retained, which is isolated in the cellular structures of a fungal infection with a high lipid content and therefore is inaccessible to the influence of most external technological influences / 48 /, in addition to electromagnetic fields of ultrahigh frequency, this just contributes to the high efficiency of grain disinfection at the 2nd stage of the proposed method. And since the presence of free water is one of the necessary evolutionary components of immunity, ensuring the preservation of viability and high resistance of harmful microflora to developmental conditions critical for lack of moisture / 48 /, the use of microwave treatment, the thermal and non-thermal effects of which are manifested, first of all, in the wet areas of the irradiated biological objects / 45, 49 /, causes the denaturation of proteins and the violation or complete cessation of metabolic processes in mold organisms the heat of nature, sufficient to inhibit their development and lead to death.

Thus, the processing of contaminated grain material in the microwave electromagnetic field provides intensive destruction of the most stable forms of phytopathogenic microflora that are deeply located in the body (in tissues) of the grain, which are not available for the previous antiseptic method used in the combination. The effectiveness of inactivation in the EMF of microwave pathogens of grain diseases is related to the rigidity of its thermal regime in the claimed processing method, which can be dangerous for the quality and viability of the grain material itself. But due to the high selectivity of microwave heating and the manifestation of the maximum specific heat release from it only in the moist zones of the grain / 45 /, which are concentrated inside the organisms of harmful microflora, as well as on the surface of grain particles and in their fruit and seed shells, it turns out that the occurrence of destruction and destruction biological organisms caused by the microwave field, applies only to phytopathogenic infections, because of which the quality of grain and seeds should not deteriorate.

However, the probability of overheating of the grain material during the disinfection process at the 2nd stage of the method under consideration cannot be completely excluded, which is associated with the use of ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field with a high energy flux density for treating surface-moistened grain during this period, providing heating of surface moisture and moisture in the grain shells at a rate of 10 ° C / s or more. That is, as a result of applying this processing regime and even despite the short duration of the microwave disinfection stage, the moisture films (etching water) contained in the grain and seeds still heat up significantly above the maximum permissible temperature / 50, p. 154-157 /, at which grain quality indicators are still preserved. However, obtaining such a high temperature for heating the fruit and seed shells of grain particles (the temperature is transferred to these anatomical parts of the grains by the thermal conductivity from the liquid phase contained in them) does not impair the quality characteristics of the material processed in the microwave field due to the fact that the grain integumentary tissues consist entirely of dead cells / 16 /, for which overheating is not dangerous.

In addition, the preservation of grain quality during microwave disinfection at the 2nd stage of the method is ensured by selective heat generation due to exposure to microwave EMF, and occurring in aqueous films covering grain particles, and in seed-saturated and fruit-coated grain shells saturated with moisture. The localization of microwave heating mainly in a liquid medium is associated with the peculiarities of the dielectric properties of the processed materials, which cause significantly higher dielectric losses of microwave EMF in disinfecting aqueous solutions (mixtures) compared with dry matter of grain at its relative humidity close to conditional, which can be seen from equation (1), which is used to calculate the amount of heat released per unit volume of grain particles when they are processed in a microwave field / 51 /.

where Q _v is the amount of heat released per unit volume of a material or substance when it is processed in an electromagnetic field of an ultrahigh frequency, W / cm ³ ;

E is the intensity of the external electric field, V / cm;

f is the frequency of the microwave electromagnetic field, Hz;

ε is the dielectric constant or dielectric constant of the material or substance processed in the EMF microwave, rel. units;

δ is the dielectric loss angle of the microwave electromagnetic field in a material or substance, deg.

и в слое покрывающей его водной протравливающей пленки

, с использованием формулы (1).To confirm the hypothesis that when treating a surface-moistened grain in a microwave electromagnetic field with a high energy flux density, the release of heat, which inactivates the parasitic microflora in the integumentary tissues of the grains, occurs mainly in liquid films enveloping grain particles, we determine the ratio of the amount of heat released per unit volume of grain

and in a layer of a water etching film covering it

using the formula (1).

Given that the parameters of the microwave field with which it acts on the grain particle and on the disinfecting aqueous medium located on its surface are the same at the 2nd stage of the method, then to calculate the desired ratio of the amount of heat released in different zones of the grain, after abbreviations in both parts of the expression used to carry out calculations of the same components contained in it, we obtain the following formula:

.Since at the microwave stage of the proposed method of disinfection, all the grain material undergoing processing is dry (of conditioned humidity or close to it in magnitude), then for the calculation we take the physical parameters of wheat grain with relative humidity W _z.n = 13%, whose dielectric constant is ε _z.n = 3.8, and the tangent of the dielectric loss angle is tanδ _z.n = 0.1 / 52 /. Due to the fact that the disinfecting solutions, suspensions or emulsions used in the method consist mainly of water, and the used electroactivated or chemical components are contained in them in a small amount, which is not able to substantially change the dielectric properties of the liquid medium for the technological process, then In view of the foregoing, for the calculation we will use the electrophysical parameters of water with an initial temperature t _in = 20 ° C, in which ε _in = 81, and tanδ _in = 0.11 / 53 /. Substituting the accepted numerical values into formula (2) and performing the calculations, we find that the ratio of the release of thermal energy inside the grain particles and in thin liquid films, when processed in microwave electromagnetic fields, is

.

The obtained ratio shows that the heat dissipation in the surface liquid shells contained in the processed material at the 2nd stage of the method is 23.45 times higher than in the dry matter of the grain, and the amount of heat generated in the volume of grain particles is slightly more than 4% of its amount generated in water films that cover the grain.

This explains the high efficiency of the destruction of harmful surface microflora in the grain material; prevents the occurrence of damage to the grain, as well as damage to its structure during microwave processing due to the fact that the processes of vaporization in the layer of material occur only on the surface and in the fruit and seed shells of grain particles, and not inside them, which is why not a single kernel there is no pressure that can destroy it. The risk of a significant overheating of grain at the 2nd stage of the disinfection method is reduced due to the fact that the formation of thermal energy in the material occurs on the surface of individual grains, which facilitates the removal of excess heat (capable of reducing the quality of the material), which is intensively released through developed the heat exchange surface of grain particles in the layer and transferred to the intergranular space, to the structural elements of the working microwave camera and to the environment.

In the internal tissues of grain particles, despite their low (conditional or close to it) humidity upon admission to the 2nd stage, a fairly intense release of thermal energy still occurs during microwave processing, causing the material to heat up. Given the rigidity used in the claimed method of disinfection of thermal regimes of electromagnetic fields microwave, to prevent the occurrence of overheating of grain in this period can not be. This is due to the fact that it is very difficult to control the process of increasing the temperature of the material and even more so to control it under microwave exposure due to the significant differences in the physical properties of grains and seeds, which are due to their large species and varietal diversity, poor predictability of the initial technological parameters of the grain mass (primarily moisture and its distribution over the anatomical parts of the grains), which are highly dependent on the methods and conditions of storage of grain, on natural and climatic conditions and technologies for growing and harvesting each individual crop, and other factors. However, a positive feature of the method under consideration is that the excess in it obtained that is safe for the grain quality indicators of the heating temperatures of the material, which, depending on the intended purpose of the grain raw materials, is usually [t _s ] = 40-55 ° C, does not impair its technological and seed properties, since the grain material arrives at the microwave processing stage in a dry state (except for fruit and seed shells), which increases its heat resistance and significantly increases the maximum permissible temperature for heating the grain . So, according to the well-known data / 54 /, for grain in the humidity range W _s = 10-15% with exposure (duration) of treatment τ _mo = 5 min, the permissible heating temperatures are [t _s ] = 63.6-67.4 ° C, and these are not maximum maximum values, since the duration of the 2nd stage of disinfection, with the continuous movement of grain through the microwave zone, is much less than 5 minutes, which gives the potential for an even larger increase [t _h ] .

In addition, it should be noted that a positive contribution to the process of grain disinfection is made by reactions of non-thermal effects of an ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field on biological objects, the physical mechanism of which is associated with a disruption in the normal course or complete cessation of ion exchange in the cells of organisms and on cell membranes of phytopathogenic microflora / 49 / and the occurrence of ionic failures occurs not only in areas of high humidity of grain pathogens.

Immediately after completion of the disinfection process by the claimed method, the surface moistened and neutralized from pathogens grain material can be used directly or after processing as feed, and also used as raw material for processing for technical and food purposes.

The need to cool grain and seeds of crops after the second processing stage is due to the fact that due to the rigidity of the thermal microwave exposure regimes, the films of disinfecting aqueous solutions (mixtures) located on the surface of grain particles and in their fruit and seed coatings are heated to temperatures substantially exceeding values safe for the quality of grain materials. Due to the small size of individual grains and the peculiarities of their structure, composition and thermophysical properties, the grain material itself has the property of quickly heating up / 50 - p. 34, 42 /, including by contact heat transfer, which is why the heating temperature is high from water shells are transferred to the grain itself, which can cause it to overheat and thereby reduce sowing and deterioration of technological, food and feed properties.

The process of cooling grain material can be carried out in various ways, for example, by active ventilation with atmospheric, artificially cooled or electroactivated, containing ozone, air ions or their mixtures, with air while the grain is in the processing process in a thick stationary (in bins, silos, collars, cooling columns) or falling layer. In addition, a decrease in the temperature of the grain that has been decontaminated can be achieved by mixing it with dry, unheated and uninfected grain, by shoveling the grain mass (manually, by grain throwers, transfer conveyors, etc.), during pneumatic conveying, when placing the grain with a thin fixed layer on special sites (passive cooling due to the natural transfer of heat from heated grain to the environment) and other methods.

Since all known methods of cooling grain materials provide the technological result necessary for the developed disinfection process, in connection with this, the universal formula is used in the claims to denote this grain processing operation, which covers all the existing variety of methods for reducing the heating temperature of grain materials and allows the implementation of the claimed disinfection method use any of the cooling methods used in practice that is most convenient n or cost effective for the consumer.

After the cooling operation, the decontaminated grain can be used as seed and feed, as well as for processing for food, technical and feed purposes.

The need to dry grain and seeds of agricultural crops after their disinfection by the claimed method (at the exit from the second stage of the process) is due to the fact that after wetting, the aqueous medium added to the grain material is not removed from it, therefore, after processing, in terms of humidity, it (material ) corresponds to the wet or wet category / 12 /, and in this state, grain and seeds cannot be stored for a long time without deterioration in quality and secondary infection with phytopathogenic microflora.

However, due to the rigidity of the temperature regimes used to process the grain material at the 2nd stage of the disinfection method, it turns out that at the exit from the process the product has a very high heating temperature of the shells, which even after redistribution uniformly throughout the volume of grain particles in the layer, it can still exceed temperatures that are safe for the quality of grain raw materials. In this regard, during the operation of removing moisture from the grain under the conditions of the disinfection method under consideration, a technological limitation is introduced, according to which the heating temperature of the grain material in the drying process should be maintained at a level that does not reduce its quality indicators. Thus, the disinfected material can be dried in different ways (low-temperature convective method, active ventilation, passing different types of electroactivated air through the grain layer, exposure to ultrasonic vibrations, IR processing, etc.) and ends when the grain reaches humidity safe for storage, t. e. when the grain becomes dry / 12 /. At the same time, the high-temperature convective method can be used for drying within the framework of the claimed disinfection process, but not directly, but in combination with milder dehydration methods, for example, using a pulsed mode of application, in technology with a stepwise increase in the heating temperature of the drying agent from the ambient level to values corresponding to a high-temperature convective coolant, as well as in other known methods for reducing grain moisture based on a high-temperature, but it is mandatory providing the keeping quality of processing silnonagretogo incoming material to be dried.

Grain that has been decontaminated and brought to a conditional moisture can be stored for a long time without deterioration of its entire set of properties, and after that it can be freely used for a variety of household purposes (feed, food, technical, seeds and others).

The essence of the proposed technical solution is illustrated by three drawings.

Figure 1 shows one of the layout options of the structural-technological scheme of the line for implementing the method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using an electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency. Figure 2 is a section aa of the humidification machine of figure 1, showing the direction of movement of the grain material in the working chamber when it is moistened and mixed with a disinfecting aqueous medium. Figure 3 is a section bB of the humidification machine of figure 2, showing the location in the installation of the windows of loading and unloading of grain material, the shape of the working bodies of transportation and mixing and the device of the working chamber (its dual).

The proposed method of combined disinfection is performed in the production line (Fig. 1), which includes a humidification machine 1/21 /, consisting of a grain loading window 2, a machine body 3, a working chamber for introducing a disinfecting aqueous medium into dry grain and pre-mixing it 4, working chambers of final mixing of the disinfecting aqueous medium with grain 5, a partition 6 separating chambers 4 and 5, passage 7 for moving the components to be mixed from chamber 4 to chamber 5, transporting working bodies and mixing 8, which are shafts 9 with fork elements 10 installed on them along the entire length of the helix and with windings of a screw with reverse winding 11 located at the beginning and at the end of the shafts (at the end walls of the chamber), nozzles 12 installed along the chamber 4 along the entire length of the shaft 9 and serving to feed the humidifying machine in the sprayed state of the disinfecting aqueous medium, throttles 13, designed to equalize the pressure and regulate the performance of the nozzles that are installed in front of the nozzles 12 on the pipe 14 for giving a disinfecting aqueous medium, a window for unloading surface-moistened grain 15, a drive 16, which is connected through a gear 17 and a gear 18 with the shafts 9 of the working bodies of transportation and mixing 8, a continuous installation for processing grain in a microwave electromagnetic field 19/40 /, which includes a vertical flow-through working chamber of a waveguide type for microwave processing of grain 20, a grain storage hopper 21, a microwave energy source 22, which is connected via a matching waveguide 23 to a microwave processing chamber 20, a product pipe from p dioprozrachnogo material 24, protective housing 25 microwave installation barred opening 26 for taking ambient air into the cooling system of the individual microwave energy source (cooling system of the individual sources not shown in Figure 1) and the grain discharge cone 27 of the microwave processing chamber.

The method of combined disinfection of grain and seeds using an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency is as follows. Dry cleaned infected grain enters through a loading window 2 into a working chamber for introducing a disinfecting aqueous medium into dry grain and pre-mixing 4, where it is captured by fork elements 10 of the working transport and mixing member 8, rotating in the machine body 3, and moves in a continuous stream. In the direction of the grain in the working chamber 4 on the surface of its layer there is a uniform spraying in continuous mode with the nozzles 12 of the disinfecting aqueous medium (figure 2), after which, during transportation, the working body 8 of the machine pre-mixes the liquid reagent with the grain material. Having moved to the end of the working chamber 4, the moistened grain by the working transport and mixing unit 8 is sent through the passage 7 to the final mixing chamber of the disinfecting aqueous medium and grain 5, where it is captured by the forked elements 9 of the working transport and mixing body 8 located in it and moves to the discharge window 15 surface moistened material from the machine, while stirring and increasing the uniformity of the distribution over the surface of the grain particles of the liquid reagent. Thus, the disinfecting aqueous solution or mixture, when wetted into the grain, is partially absorbed into its fruit and seed coatings and, due to the chemicals and (or) electroactivated particles contained in it, as well as the products of their decay and interaction with water, destroys and (or) damages (violates the integrity of the membranes and tissues of harmful microorganisms) the surface microflora of grain. In addition, during the moistening process, moisture films are formed on the surface of the grains, which are retained on them due to surface tension forces and are necessary at the next processing stage. After the humidification operation is completed, the grain through the discharge window 15 is removed from the humidifier and enters the grain storage bin 21 located above the microwave processing chamber, and from there it is transferred to the product pipe from radio-transparent material 24 located in the vertical flow-through working chamber of the waveguide type 20, where a four-sided treatment is carried out continuously moving in a dense layer of material in the microwave electromagnetic field with a high energy flux density, which provides surface heating moisture and shells of grain at a rate of 10 ° C / s or more, but it does not reduce the quality of the grain material. Moreover, the microwave energy source 22, generating the microwave EMF and transmitting it (field) via the matching waveguide 23 to the working chamber of the installation, turns on and works only when the working chamber is filled with grain, and turns off when the storage hopper becomes empty, which must be observed to prevent failure of the microwave energy source. Microwave exposure to surface-moistened grain material during processing causes thermal destruction of most pathogens of grain diseases immersed in water shells, and in the most stable forms of harmful microflora it leads to thermal and electrical damage to their shells, into which the active chemical and (or) electroactivated components of the etching water mixtures, causing the death of pathogenic organisms. In zones of grain that are inaccessible to the penetration of disinfecting aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, the parasitic microbiota is inhibited due to thermal and non-thermal microwave effects arising in the tissues and cells of phytopathogens containing isolated free moisture, the mandatory presence of which is associated with physiological characteristics and immunity of harmful microorganisms with low initial humidity. Microwave treatment of the wet disinfected grain through the grain unloading cone 27 is removed from the working chamber of the microwave installation, after which it is fed to cooling or drying or immediately (within one day after processing) is used as raw material for processing for fodder and technical purposes.

The present invention provides the intensity and uniformity of grain disinfection, increases the efficiency of the process by the number and species composition of the destroyed phytopathogenic microflora, including those found in the internal tissues of the grains, increases the productivity of the method, ensures its environmental safety and versatility when processing grain for various purposes.

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Claims (3)

A method for the combined disinfection of grain and seeds using an ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field, including moistening the grain and its subsequent processing, characterized in that the decontamination receives dry grain purified from impurities, the processing of which is carried out in two successive stages: at the first stage, the grain moving in the stream is moistened uniformly in volume of the layer with a disinfecting aqueous solution, a disinfecting aqueous suspension or a disinfecting water emulsion, the amount of which (o) o it is completely saturated with moisture in its fruit shells and ensures uniform distribution of the aqueous solution or water mixture over the surface of the grains in the form of thin films held on the grains due to surface tension forces; in the second stage, the surface-moistened grain, continuously moving in a dense layer, is processed in an electromagnetic field ultra-high frequency with a high energy flux density, providing heating of surface moisture and shells of grain at a rate of 10 ° C / s or more, but not reducing ate the quality of the grain material. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that after the second processing stage, the grain is cooled. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that after the second stage of processing, the grain is dried to a moisture content safe for storage at a temperature of the grain material, which does not reduce its quality indicators.

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