RU2624669C2 - Method of obtaining vegetable oil from seeds of different plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: method of obtaining vegetable oil and meal (cake) from the seeds of different plants, in which first the preparation of seeds to extracting oil is carried out, consisting in that the seeds are cleaned from all kinds of impurities with simultaneous active ventilation and drying the seeds with warm air at the temperature not exceeding 40°C to achieve the residual humidity of the seeds no more than 6-8%. The peeled and dried seeds are crushed by flattening in flattening machines for obtaining pulp, and then refined deodorized oil and the pulp are loaded into the reactor in the ratio of 2:1, carefully mixed and thereinafter the resulting mixture is infused within 48 hours under constant cooling in order the temperature does not exceed 10°C. The mixture is stirred every two hours within 30 minutes at the shaft speed of 20 to 50 rpm; after infusion, the mixture is heated within 18 hours to the temperature of 80°C and the mixture temperature is maintained from 60 to 80°C within 30 hours, stirring every two hours within 30 minutes. The mixture is then forcibly cooled to the temperature of 45°C for 12 hours and drained from the reactor into the receiving tank, in which for 3 hours the process of separating the mixture by vibration into two fractions takes part, one of which contains vegetable oil, and the other fraction contains the pulp. The vegetable oil is poured into the storage tank, and the fraction containing the pulp is sent to the press, where while moving in the press drum the pulp is compressed, the residual oil is separated from it, and the solid pulp particles are pressed to form meal (cake). The vegetable oil is fed to the receiving storage tank, and the meal is withdrawn through the screw, then the cold oil filtration is performed at the temperature of 20 to 25°C, which is carried out on press filters.

EFFECT: invention allows to expand the range of vegetable oils and to increase the content of biologically active compounds therein.

1 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to a method for the production of vegetable oil "Unrefined edible vegetable oil" and meal (meal).

The invention relates to the oil industry and can be used in food, pharmaceutical industries and cosmetics.

Vegetable oils, namely unrefined edible vegetable oils and meal (meal), are obtained from various seeds of oilseeds, as well as oil-containing parts of seeds of non-oily plants by pressing or by extraction with refined deodorized vegetable oils, followed by pressing on a screw press.

The oil production by pressing is a mechanical extraction of oil from prepared oilseed material (pulp) on special screw presses. It can be single and double. Depending on the magnitude of the pressure used during the extraction, the oil cake may contain from 6 to 14% oil. Cake is used for livestock feed, and cake of some valuable oilseeds (soy, mustard, peanuts, etc.) - for food purposes. The disadvantage of producing oil by pressing is the extremely low yield of the product compared to the yield of the product upon extraction. At the same time, the oil obtained by extraction has several disadvantages, namely, in contrast to the oil obtained by pressing, the presence of useful acids in it is much less than in the oil obtained by pressing.

A known method of producing oil from patent RU 2131913 C1, 06/20/1999. In the method, the amaranth seeds are crushed, extracted with vegetable refined deodorized oil, which is used as a solvent, at a temperature of 50-60 ° C for 36-72 hours with a ratio of raw material to oil of 0.6-1.0, and then the oil is extracted from the extracted material .

The objective of this method is to obtain oil with high levels of beneficial acids, due to which the oil itself has antitumor activity and wound healing effect.

The disadvantage of this method is to obtain exclusively amaranth oil.

In the inventive method, it was unexpectedly found that under the optimal process conditions described below, ensuring the best course of the diffusion process, it is possible to obtain not only amaranth oil, but also other edible oils with a high content of healthy acids. Moreover, in terms of the content of these acids, the oil obtained by the described method is comparable to the oil obtained by pressing, however, the product yield in the method described by us is significantly higher than the yield of the product obtained by pressing.

It is known that edible oils contain unsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, oleic acid, saturated fatty acids - palmitic, stearic, arachinic, with a certain ratio of components.

During extraction, vegetable oils are obtained by a method including mechanical treatment of seeds, solvent extraction, followed by filtration of the extract. At the same time, during mechanical processing, seeds are flattened in flattening machines. Any refined deodorized, i.e. (anonymized), oils, and extraction is carried out at certain temperatures, time intervals and stirring.

The invention allows to expand the range of vegetable oils and increase the content of biologically active compounds in them, allowing them to be attributed to the products of therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

The objective of the invention is to obtain vegetable oils in a manner that provides an increase in the content of biologically active compounds in the oil, as well as expanding the range of vegetable edible oils with enhanced therapeutic and prophylactic properties and with increased biological value.

A method of obtaining oil and meal (cake) from seeds is as follows. First, seeds are prepared for oil extraction, which consists in cleaning them from all types of impurities with simultaneous active ventilation and drying with warm air at a temperature of not more than 40 ° C to achieve a residual moisture content of not more than 6-8%. The cleaned and dried seeds are crushed by conditioning in conditioning machines to produce pulp. Then refined deodorized oil and the resulting pulp are loaded into the reactor in a ratio of 2: 1, mix thoroughly and then the resulting mixture is insisted for 48 hours with constant cooling so that the temperature does not exceed 10 ° C, the mixture is stirred every two hours for 30 minutes at a speed shaft from 20 to 50 revolutions per minute. After infusion, the mixture is heated for 18 hours to a temperature of 80 ° C and maintain the temperature of the mixture from 60 to 80 ° C, stirring every two hours for 30 minutes. Then the mixture is forcibly cooled to a temperature of 45 ° C for 12 hours and then poured from the reactor into a container in which within 3 hours the mixture is divided into two fractions by vibration, one of which contains oil, and the other fraction contains pulp. The oil is poured into the storage tank, and the fraction containing the pulp is sent to the press, where the pulp is compressed during movement along the press drum, the residual oil is separated from it, and the solids of the pulp are compressed to form meal (cake). The oil is fed into the receiving accumulating tank, and the meal is discharged through the screw. At the last stage, cold oil filtration is carried out at a temperature of from 20 to 25 ° C, which is carried out on press filters.

The process of heating the mixture following the stage of infusion of refined deodorized oil with pulp includes the steps of:

1) the mixture is heated to a temperature of 65 ° C in 12 hours;

2) the mixture is heated to a temperature of 80 ° C in 6 hours;

3) the mixture is cooled to a temperature of 60 ° C in 9 hours;

4) the mixture is heated to a temperature of 80 ° C in 6 hours;

5) the mixture is cooled to a temperature of 60 ° C in 9 hours;

6) the mixture is heated to a temperature of 80 ° C in 6 hours.

As raw materials, seeds grown using environmentally friendly technology without the use of pesticides are used, since only in this case, based on the results of studies, it was possible to establish a guaranteed absence of pesticides in oils. The presence of pesticides reduces the consumer properties of the oil in terms of safety. The initial quality of the seeds, characterized by their initial moisture and initial acid number of the oil, affects the consumer properties of the oil obtained from them.

Preparation of seeds consists in cleaning them from all types of impurities with simultaneous active ventilation and drying. The presence of impurities affects the quality of oilseeds during storage and processing. Processing clogged raw materials leads to a decrease in the quality of the resulting oil, while oil losses increase, and the properties of non-fat residues - meal, deteriorate. Impurities are also a source of microorganisms, which causes damage to seeds during storage. Therefore, before processing, oilseeds are cleaned of weeds and metal impurities.

The increased moisture content of the seeds allows the lipid hydrolysis and oxidation processes to proceed more intensively, which worsens the safety indicators and the physicochemical properties of the oils. Therefore, in the process of seed purification, forced ventilation and drying of seeds with warm air are additionally carried out at a temperature of not more than 40 ° C to achieve a residual moisture content of seeds of not more than 6-8% and a minimum content of hydrolysis products and lipid oxidation in seeds. To clean oilseeds from impurities, sieve separators with additional forced ventilation with warm air, magnetic separators are used.

The extraction method of oil extraction is the most economical, provides maximum degreasing of raw materials, allows to obtain high quality oil and non-fat residue - meal. Extraction is a diffusion process, the driving force of which is the difference in the concentrations of miscella - oil solutions in the solvent inside and outside the particles of the extracted material. The solvent, penetrating the cell membranes of the extracted particle, diffuses into the oil, and the oil from the cells into the solvent. Under the influence of the difference in concentration, the oil moves from the particle to the external medium until the concentration of oil in the particle and in the solvent outside it level out. At this point, extraction stops. For this method we use a reactor. The reactor is a vertical barrel-shaped vessel with double walls, between which water circulates, allowing to cool and heat the product, with a slowly rotating shaft on which the blades are placed.

The peeled seeds are crushed by conditioning in conditioning machines. The crushing of seeds by flattening is optimal in the production of oils by extraction. With a gap between rotating smooth rollers, all anatomical parts of the seeds are deformed, the kernel is crushed, the shells of the seeds and the embryo break, the bonds between them and between the embryo and the nucleus are broken, but the integrity of the mass of the nucleus and the shells is preserved, and the embryo is partially stained from the seed. Whereas when crushing seeds it is difficult to achieve such a result, and when working with small seeds as amaranth, part of the seeds remained intact, which affected the properties of the resulting product. Refined deodorized oil (solvent) and the resulting flakes (pulp) are loaded into the reactor in a ratio of 2: 1. The resulting mass is thoroughly mixed. In the future, we use mixing of the mixture to improve the penetration of the solvent through the cell membranes of the extracted particles with the rest modes of the mixture, which also contributes to a faster and better diffusion process. Then there is a mode of infusion of the mixture, which lasts 48 hours with constant cooling so that the temperature does not exceed 10 ° C, with stirring every two hours for 30 minutes at a shaft speed of 20 to 50 revolutions per minute.

Then follows the mode of heating the mixture, which lasts 48 hours, with stirring every two hours for 30 minutes, the mixture is heated to a temperature of 80 ° C. The time intervals of the modes of infusion and heating of the mixture, as well as the temperature ranges of these modes, were obtained and established by practical means with constant laboratory research and comparison of the resulting products. It should be especially noted that short-term heating of the mixture to 80 ° C does not lead to a decrease in the quality of the resulting oil and oilcake, but contributes to an improved extraction process to separate the oil from the extracted raw material as an independent product. Changing the percentage, time intervals of all processes and temperature ranges does not lead to an improvement in the products obtained, but only to a deterioration in their properties, since the described method allows to obtain the highest quality product with this method of producing oils. After the hot mode, the mixture is forcedly cooled to a temperature of 45 ° C in 12 hours and discharged from the reactor into a receiving tank. Within 3 hours, the process of separation of heterogeneous systems occurs under the influence of gravity and vibration through a stainless steel woven mesh, where the cell size in the light is from 0.04 to 0.12 mm, the oil is poured into the storage tank, and the resulting oily pulp in the result of the separation is sent to the press. Vibration during the separation of the mixture into oil and oily pulp was added to speed up the process as much as possible, minimizing the time interval for removing mechanical particles and finding fresh unfiltered oil in the open air to reduce oxidation processes. When moving along the drum of the press, the pulp is compressed, oil is separated from it, and the solid particles of the pulp are compressed and form a meal. The resulting oil enters the receiving storage tank. The meal leaves through the auger, is cooled and packaged in sterile multi-layer kraft bags.

Already crushed cake in the form of loose grains is easy to use, packaged in cans of polymer materials or in paper bags.

Oil purification is carried out by filtration in a filter press to remove mechanical particles and colloidal dissolved substances. Mechanical impurities not only worsen the presentation of the oils, but also cause enzymatic, hydrolytic, oxidative processes. Protein substances contribute to the Maillard reaction and the formation of lipoprotein complexes. Mechanical impurities are removed immediately after receiving the oil.

Filtration is the process of separating heterogeneous systems using a porous septum that traps solid particles and allows fluid to pass through. We carry out cold filtration at a temperature of 20-25 ° C to remove mechanical impurities and coagulate small particles of phosphatides. We use filter presses consisting of 20-40 vertically arranged filtering cells located on one common horizontal bed. A layer of sediment is formed on the filtering wall of the belting located in the cell. In the initial period of filtering, solid particles accumulate on the surface of the filtering partition. Further filtration passes through a sediment layer that traps solid impurities. These filters need periodic cleaning of the filtering surface from the sediment layer. Storage of oil containing solid impurities will inevitably lead to a deterioration in its quality as a result of intensive chemical and biochemical processes. Therefore, primary purification is an obligatory technological stage of obtaining vegetable oils.

Refined oil from a stationary tank is supplied for further filling into consumer packaging in the filling shop. A bottle of polymeric materials and a glass bottle are used for filling oil.

This method allows you to use any refined deodorized, i.e. (non-personalized) oils, such as linseed, sunflower, corn, soy, cotton and others. The use of linseed, corn, soybean and other oils that do not destroy most biologically active substances, in combination with the regime and quantitative characteristics of this method, implemented in the indicated optimal ratios, allows to obtain an effective product. In each case, a pair of solvent and extracted raw materials is selected according to the analysis to maximize the approximation of physico-chemical properties and oil and fat composition.

By extraction under the above technological conditions, we achieve the isolation of oil from extracted raw materials as an independent product.

As a result, we get a highly effective method for producing environmentally friendly vegetable oil (amaranth, oat, fenugreek, hemp, etc.) with high organoleptic characteristics and a high content of beneficial acids.

Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the properties of the vegetable oils obtained by the claimed method. Organoleptic properties are described in table No. 1. The achievement of the technical result is illustrated in table No. 1.

From the indicators in table No. 2 it is clearly seen that the vegetable oils obtained by our proposed method have all the necessary useful acids. Moreover, in terms of the composition of beneficial acids, vegetable oils obtained by the claimed method are comparable to oils obtained by pressing, while the yield of the product in our method is substantially greater than the yield of the product during pressing.

The figure 1 shows a diagram of the process.

The process technology in general is as follows.

The feedstock (1) enters the stage of purification from all types of impurities with ventilation and air drying of 40 ° C (2). The purified raw material enters the conditioning stage in the conditioning machine (3). Then the raw materials (pulp and flakes) enter the diffusion process reactor (5) connected to the solvent tank (4), where the diffusion process takes place. After that, the mixture enters the receiving tank at the vibration stage (9) to separate the mixture into two fractions by vibration, one of which contains oil, and the other fraction contains pulp. The fraction containing the oily pulp is fed to the press (8) to obtain the meal, which is fed to the mill (7) and then fed to the packaging stage (6). The oil from the receiving tank (9) and the residual oil from the press (8) enters the storage tank (12) and then to the stage of purification of oil from mechanical particles by filtering to a press filter (11). Oil freed from mechanical particles enters the commodity workshop (10).

Claims (1)

A method of obtaining vegetable oil and meal (cake) from the seeds of various plants, in which the seeds are first prepared for oil extraction, which consists in cleaning the seeds from all types of impurities while actively ventilating and drying the seeds with warm air at a temperature of not more than 40 ° C to achieve the residual moisture content of the seeds is not more than 6-8%, the cleaned and dried seeds are crushed by conditioning in conditioning machines to obtain pulp, then refined deodorized oil and the resulting oil are loaded into the reactor pulp in a ratio of 2: 1, mix thoroughly and then insist the resulting mixture for 48 hours with constant cooling so that the temperature does not exceed 10 ° C, the mixture is stirred every two hours for 30 minutes at a shaft speed of 20 to 50 revolutions per minute, after infusion, the mixture is heated for 18 hours to a temperature of 80 ° C and maintain the temperature of the mixture from 60 to 80 ° C for 30 hours, stirring every two hours for 30 minutes, then the mixture is forced to cool to a temperature of 45 ° C for 12 hours and drained from the reactor to the receiving a container in which within 3 hours the mixture is separated by vibration into two fractions, one of which contains vegetable oil, and the other fraction contains pulp, vegetable oil is poured into a storage tank, and the fraction containing the pulp is sent to the press, where, when moving along the press drum, the pulp is compressed, residual oil is separated from it, and the solids of the pulp are pressed together to form meal (cake), vegetable oil is fed to a receiving storage tank, and meal is discharged through the auger, m cold oil filtration is carried at a temperature of from 20 to 25 ° C, which is carried out at a press filters.

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