RU2610453C1 - Premix for preventing metabolism disorders in high yielding cows - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention is intended for use in agriculture and related to feeding dairy cows. The premix for cattle comprises vitamins of biocatalytic and inductive action and trace elements, including selenium in the form of DAFS-25 selenium-containing medicine and iodine as Yoddar iodine-containing medicine. The components are taken in the following ratio: vitamin A (retinol) - 500 thousand. ME, D₃ (cholecalciferol) - 150 thousand. ME, E (tocopherol) - 1200 mg, B₃ (niacin) - 100 g, B₄ (choline) - 300 g, B₇ (biotin) - 200 mg, B₁₁ (levocarnitine) - 50 g; trace elements: manganese - 2,200 mg, copper - 650 mg, zinc - 3,500 mg, cobalt - 250 mg, iodine in the form of 10% Yoddar - 2,000 mg, selenium in the form of DAPS 25 - 100 mg; filler (bran) - up to 1,000 g.

EFFECT: invention allows to prevent metabolism disorder in high yielding cows and fresh cows, as well as to increase their productivity.

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Description

The invention relates to animal husbandry, namely to feeding cattle, and can be used to prevent metabolic disorders, increase milk productivity, stimulate reproductive function, increase the productive longevity of cows.

Premixes are used in recipes for all types of animals to normalize vitamin and mineral feeding. It was determined that trace elements, as metal components, are part of many systems, activate or inhibit a number of vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and this ensures the physiological function and intensity of metabolic processes. With a lack of vitamins in the diets, the formation of enzymes is disrupted, therefore, the course and regulation of biosynthesis, the specific functions of the cells are violated, which entails a decrease in animal productivity.

Highly productive cows have an intensive metabolism and therefore they are more sensitive to its imbalance than animals with low productivity. The most vulnerable period for the body of a highly productive cow is the first 20 days after calving. Regardless of the feeding conditions (nutritional balance), at this time they lack energy, which is spent in large quantities on the formation of milk. Even when feeding with a diet balanced in all nutrients, new-born highly productive cows have prerequisites for the development of ketosis, acidosis, fatty degeneration of the liver, which complicate diseases of the limbs and reproductive system, weakened immunity, decreased productivity and shortened their economic use.

Known methods for the prevention of ketosis, preventing excessive obesity of cows before calving; a sharp replacement of feed, especially rough, in critical phases of the animal's life; providing complete eatability of coarse fodder of good quality by repeatedly feeding it, as well as concentrates; constant monitoring of the balance of rations for crude protein, eliminating its excess, especially when feeding a large amount of silage; satisfaction of the needs of animals in winter conditions in full vitamin and mineral nutrition [1]. However, for the prevention of ketosis in highly productive cows, the listed measures are not enough. The low level of feed intake by cows in the post-hotel period contributes to an acute deficiency of vitamins and minerals, which must be additionally introduced into the diet of animals.

A known method for the prevention of ketosis in highly productive cows, including feeding an organic biologically active additive in the diet, characterized in that choline chloride is fed as an additive - 50 g / gol / day / day, dihydroquercetin - 200 mg / gol / day / day. and a feed supplement containing 18% L-carnitine at a dose of 15 g / head / day, which is added to the feed when feeding cows [2]. However, this supplement does not contain trace elements and fat-soluble vitamins.

Known premix for lactating cows, which includes a filler, vitamins, trace elements, sodium selenite, while additionally containing amino acids in the form of L-lysine monochlorohydrate and DL-methionine, toxin adsorbent in the form of dry Toxfin, a probiotic in the form of Bacell, an antioxidant complex in the form of Lucanox , sodium selenite is used as a selenium-containing preparation, camelina cake is used as filler, with the following ratio of components: vitamin A (retinol) - 92 thousand ME; Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) - 70 thousand ME; Vitamin E (tocopherol) - 76 mg; copper sulfate pentahydrate - 69 mg; heptahydrate zinc - 1074 mg; pentahydrate manganese - 767 mg; cobalt hexavalent chloride - 15 mg; potassium iodide - 22 mg; sodium selenite - 3 mg; L-lysine monochlohydrate - 6360 mg; DL-methionine - 2920 mg; Toxfin dry - 500 mg; Bacell - 5000 mg; Luctanox - 45 mg; camelina cake - up to 1000 g [3].

Known premix for lactating cows, including vitamins, minerals, as a filler contains pumpkin and milk thistle meal in a ratio of 1: 1, contains selenium in the form of selenium-containing preparation DAFS-25, potassium iodide and additional feed sulfur and glycine in the following ratio of components: vitamins A (retinol) - 1500 thousand IU; D ₃ (cholecalciferol) - 150 thousand IU; E (tocopherol) - 1200 mg; pentahydrate manganese - 4090.5 mg; heptahydrate zinc - 8035.2 mg; copper sulfate pentahydrate - 1144 mg; potassium iodide - 159.4 mg; cobalt hexahydrate chloride - 362.8 mg; DAFS-25 (organic selenium) - 53.34 mg; feed sulfur - 80 g; glycine - 20 g; filler - pumpkin and milk thistle meal (1: 1) - up to 1000 g [4].

The disadvantages of these premixes are their multicomponent nature and low content of trace elements, which does not ensure the prevention of metabolic disorders in cows.

Known premix for highly productive cows P-60-3, recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation [5], including mineral components in higher dosages in the following ratio of components, mg / kg: manganese -1500; copper - 600; zinc - 3000; cobalt - 200; iodine - 250; selenium - 20; iron - 1000; antioxidant - 12500; crushed grain - up to 1000 g. This composition does not include vitamins of biocatalytic action that prevent energy deficiency in the body of newborn cows.

The closest in combination of features to the claimed invention is a vitamin-mineral premix for dairy pregnant cows “Condor” [6], which, in addition to trace elements and vitamins A, D ₃ , E, also has a biocatalytic vitamin pantothenic acid (B ₅ ) in the following ratio of components : A (retinol) - 500 thousand ME; D ₃ (cholecalciferol) - 150 thousand ME; E (tocopherol) - 2000 mg; pantothenic acid (B ₅ ) - 2000 mg; Manganese - 2000 mg; zinc - 4000 mg; copper - 600 mg; cobalt - 150 mg; selenium - 20 mg; iodine - 200 mg; filler (bran, chalk) - up to 1000 g. The composition of the specified premix is determined by the physiological state of the cows - pregnancy, therefore, cannot satisfy the needs of new-born cows.

The objective of the invention is to expand the arsenal of premixes, preventing the development of metabolic disorders in highly productive cows during milking.

The technical result consists in adjusting the metabolism, ensuring the preservation of the health of highly productive cows during the milking period, as a result of increasing their productivity and the period of economic use.

As one of the measures to prevent the occurrence of metabolic disorders during coughing, activation of gluconeogenesis enzymes, that is, elimination of energy deficiency, can be considered. To do this, it is enough to provide an additional intake of cofactors of these enzymes with food, which are some vitamins and minerals.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that highly productive dairy cows after calving in the first month of lactation are fed a diet containing vitamin-mineral premix in the amount of 100 g per head per day, including trace elements - manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc; vitamins - tocopherol, retinol, cholecalciferol, choline, biotin, niacin, levocarnitine; preparations - selenium-containing DAFS-25, iodine-containing Ioddar-10%; filler - bran in the following ratio of components: copper - 650 mg; zinc - 3500 mg; Manganese - 2200 mg; cobalt - 250 mg; iodine in the form of Ioddar-10% - 2 g; selenium in the form of DAFS-25 - 100 mg; niacin (B ₃ ) - 100 g; choline (B ₄ ) - 300 g; Biotin (B ₇ ) - 200 mg; levocarnitine (B ₁₁ ) - 50 g; retinol (A) - 500 thousand ME; cholecalciferol (D ₃ ) - 150 thousand ME; tocopherol (E) - 1200 mg; bran - up to 1000 g.

The choice of the composition of vitamins and minerals in the proposed premix is due to the features of their participation in the metabolism of animals. By their role in cell metabolism, all vitamins are divided into vitamins with a biocatalytic effect and vitamins with an inductive effect. Vitamins that act catalytically participate in the construction of enzymes and are their constituent parts. These include B vitamins (B ₁ ... B ₁₂ ) and vitamin K. Most of these vitamins cannot be synthesized by the animals themselves, therefore they receive them with food and partially with the help of symbiotic microflora. Inductive vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and C. Their main importance is to maintain tissue differentiation and ordering of cellular structures.

Of all 13 known vitamins of biocatalytic action, thiamine (B ₁ ), niacin (B ₃ ), choline (B ₄ ), pantothenic acid (B ₅ ), biotin (B ₇ ) have the greatest impact on the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. levocarnitine (B ₁₁ ) and cyanocobalamin (B ₁₂ ). Part of them, animals receive both from feed, and as a result of the synthetic activity of symbiotic microflora (B ₁ , B ₃ , B ₅ , B ₇ ). Vitamin B ₄ enters the body of animals only with feed, vitamin B _{12 is} synthesized exclusively by microorganisms of the digestive tract. Vitamin B ₁₁ - the only one of all the vitamins of this group is synthesized in the kidneys and liver. Inductive vitamins are also necessary for animals for normal growth (A), reproduction (A, E) and for the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism (D). Vitamin D is practically absent in natural feeds.

Cofactors of many enzymes and constituent parts of vitamins serving fat metabolism are trace elements copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese. Provision of lactating cows with iodine and selenium is a factor in the normal functioning of the endocrine and reproductive systems. It is important to consider the compatibility of various vitamins and minerals while taking it. For example, under the influence of manganese, copper, vitamins B ₁ , B ₃ and E, vitamin B ₁₂ becomes inactive. Copper also impedes the absorption of vitamin B ₅ . To minimize the mutually destructive effect of vitamins, micronutrients, which are their constituent parts, can be used in premixes. To improve the synthesis of thiamine, it is enough to introduce an additional amount of manganese into the diets; for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin, cobalt is introduced. Pantothenic acid is contained in sufficient amounts in feed and is produced by Cicatricial microorganisms, provided that they function normally.

Thus, the following components are included in the premix:

- Niacin - takes part in 50 enzyme reactions that regulate metabolism; inhibits lipolysis and stimulates energy conversion.

- Choline - promotes the transport and metabolism of fats in the liver, is necessary for the synthesis of acetylcholine, phospholipids, is associated with the exchange of methionine.

- Biotin - is part of the enzymes that regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates in energy metabolism, as well as protein and fat balance.

- Levocarnitine - activates fat metabolism, improves the transport of fatty acids to the mitochondria, which increases their energy use and reduces liver obesity.

- Manganese is a precursor to thiamine (B ₁ ), which is involved in the production of energy (ATP), carbohydrates and fatty acids. It has an effect on carbohydrate metabolism, increases the rate of fat utilization and counteracts the deposition of excess fat in the liver.

- Cobalt is a precursor of vitamin B ₁₂ , which is involved in hematopoiesis, in the conversion of propionate through succinate to glucose, thus preventing ketosis. Cobalt also contributes to the digestibility of fiber and better absorption of nitrogen, has a great effect on the processes of carbohydrate metabolism, improves protein synthesis.

- Copper is an integral part of enzymes, is involved in the transport of amino acids, the biosynthesis of hemoglobin, elastin, thyroid hormones, and regulates insulin.

- Zinc is a component of many enzymes that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, lipids and nucleic acids.

- Iodine is a component of the hormone thyroxine, which regulates the level and course of metabolism.

- Selenium - a biologically active trace element, a powerful antioxidant, is included in more than 100 selenium-dependent enzymes in animals. It affects the metabolism of vitamins A, D, E and K, the speed of redox processes, and is involved in aerobic oxidation.

- Retinol - provides cell growth and differentiation.

- Cholecalciferol - regulates the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

- Tocopherol - is a biological antioxidant.

Premix is used in a mixture with concentrated feed at the rate of 100 g per 1 head per day.

The essential features of the claimed premix are:

1. The use of high dosages of pure substances (trace elements and vitamins) during the period of the greatest physiological load - from calving to 4-5 weeks of milking.

2. As a source of bioavailable organic forms of iodine, the drug Yoddar was introduced into the premix (developed and manufactured by Fili N-Pharm LLC, Moscow). As an organic source of selenium, a selenium-containing preparation DAFS-25 was introduced (manufacturer: ZAO Sulfat, Saratov).

Example

A production check of the proposed premix was carried out on the basis of the Viryatinsky agricultural production complex in the Sosnovsky district of the Tambov region. When analyzing the average daily ration of dairy cows, which included (kg): corn silage - 20, pea haylage - 8, sainfoin hay - 4.5, grain mix - 5.5 and fodder beets - 15, it was noted that the diet was generally balanced by essential nutrients.

Table 1 presents the chemical composition of the main feed used in the diet.

With sufficient energy and raw protein, the level of digestible protein was slightly lower, although the sugar-protein ratio was within normal limits. Fiber and carbohydrate levels were also satisfactory. If the optimal proportions of these nutrients are not met, then the normal functioning of cicatricial microorganisms in ruminants is disrupted, which can lead to a lack of most vitamins synthesized by microflora. In addition, in cows with high milk productivity, the need for trace elements is much higher than they get with food. At the same time, according to the table, the content in the diet of zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese and iodine did not reach the level required by the norm from 11 to 59%. The content of selenium in feed is lower than the required values by an order of magnitude [7].

To test the effectiveness of the proposed premix, two groups of dry, highly productive cows were selected by the method of pair-analogues, one of which served as a control. The fatness of the cows before calving corresponded to conditional estimates from 4 to 5 on a five-point scale (at a rate of 3-3.5) [8], which indicated an excessive deposition of fat in the body of animals.

In the dry period, both groups were fed a standard premix P-60-3 as part of a grain mixture. After calving, the experimental group of cows was introduced into the diet for a month the proposed premix at the rate of 100 g per head per day, using the corresponding element salts and vitamin preparations in the recipe (table 2).

In the reference period, the composition of blood and milk of experimental animals was analyzed. The research results are presented in table 3.

As a result of feeding the proposed premix three weeks after calving, the content of total protein and albumin fraction in the blood of cows of the 2nd group was higher by 6.5 and 8.7%, respectively, in relation to animals that consumed the standard premix. The synthetic liver function in the cows of both groups was normal, as evidenced by high protein ratios (A / G). The level of total lipids in the blood of animals of the 2nd group was 1.6 times lower, and glucose was higher by 14.8%. Such a difference in the content of these indicators testified to the better provision of the body of cows of the 2nd group with energy and sources for the life of the symbiotic microflora, as a result of which the use of their own energy reserves (fat deposits) in these animals was more rational. As a result, the content of ketone bodies in the blood of cows was 21.3% lower, which prevented the development of ketosis and other metabolic disorders.

One of the indicators of improving the synthetic activity of the symbiotic microflora of the digestive tract of ruminants (synthesis of B vitamins) is the hemoglobin content and the number of red blood cells. The introduction into the diet of animals of additional amounts of vitamins that regulate protein synthesis, as well as copper and cobalt involved in hematopoiesis, contributed to an increase in hemoglobin by 20.6%. The number of red blood cells increased by 2.8%, their saturation with hemoglobin increased by 18.7%.

Indicators of milk in new-born cows of group 2, consuming the proposed premix, indicated that the animals did not experience excessive functional load on fat and energy metabolism. So, the ratio of fat and protein was within normal limits (1.21 conv. Units), while in cows that consumed a standard premix, this ratio was overestimated, which is a sign of intensive mobilization of fat from the body and the development of ketosis.

A reliably significant decrease in the level of urea in the blood and milk of animals of group 2 (by 35.3 and 36.4%, respectively) indicated an increase in the synthetic activity of microorganisms utilizing non-protein nitrogen in the rumen, which, as already indicated, is confirmed by an increase in the total protein and albumin fraction . The milk protein content also corresponded to the level characteristic of the onset of lactation.

The milk production of cows is directly dependent on the state of metabolism. According to table 4, the average daily milk yield of cows of the 2nd group for 3 months of lactation averaged 24.6 kg compared to 21.5 for cows of the 1st group, which is 14.4% more.

Thus, the proposed premix prevents metabolic disorders in new-born cows, helps to increase the productivity and quality of milk, even in conditions of deficiency of digestible protein in the diet.

The inventive premix recipe is new in comparison with the standard recipe, differing from it in the presence of increased dosages of trace elements, vitamins of both inductive and biocatalytic effects, iodine-containing drug Ioddar-10%, selenium-containing drug DAFS-25.

The applicant is not aware of technical solutions in which a premix with the same composition and in the same quantities of components would be used with the same effect, therefore, he considers that the premix claimed by him meets the criterion of “inventive step”.

The inventive premix recipe can be widely used in livestock, feed industry and therefore meets the criterion of "industrial applicability".

INFORMATION SOURCES

1. Private physiology [Text]: in 3 hours: a training manual. Part 2: Physiology of productive animals / V.G. Skopichev, V.I. Yakovlev. - M .: Colossus. - 2008 .-- 555 s.

2. RF patent No. 2454228. A method for the prevention of ketosis in highly productive dairy cows A61K 31/205, A61K 31/14. Patent Publication: 06/27/2012.

3. RF patent No. 2515136. Premix for lactating cows A23K 1/175. Patent publication: 05/10/2014.

4. RF patent No. 2405376. Premix for lactating cows A23K 1/16. Patent publication: December 10, 2010.

5. Guidelines for the calculation of feed recipes. // Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. M., 2003.148 s.

6. Quality certificate for the products of premix "Condor" (Premix 061-3 cattle 1%), manufacturer LLC Vetfarm, Volgograd.

7. Norms and rations for feeding farm animals. Reference manual. 3rd edition revised and enlarged / Ed. A.P. Kalashnikova, V.I. Fisinina, V.V. Shcheglova, N.I. Kleimenova. - Moscow. 2003 .-- 456 p.

8. Kharitonov, E.L. Physiology and biochemistry of dairy cattle / E.L. Kharitonov. - Borovsk: Publishing house "Optima Press", 2011. - 372 p.

Claims (1)

Premix for the prevention of metabolic disorders in highly productive cows, including vitamins of biocatalytic and inductive effects, microelements, including selenium in the form of selenium-containing drug DAFS-25 and iodine in the form of iodine-containing drug Ioddar, with the following ratio of components: vitamins A (retinol) - 500 thousand ME, D ₃ (cholecalciferol) - 150 thousand ME, E (tocopherol) - 1200 mg, B ₃ (niacin) - 100 g, B ₄ (choline) - 300 g, B ₇ (biotin) - 200 mg, B ₁₁ (levocarnitine) - 50 g; trace elements manganese - 2200 mg, copper - 650 mg, zinc - 3500 mg, cobalt - 250 mg, iodine in the form of Ioddar-10% - 2000 mg, selenium in the form of DAFS-25 - 100 mg; filler (bran) - up to 1000 g.