RU2596927C2 - Method of breeding beef cattle in mountain conditions and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: animal breeding.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions includes method of breeding beef cattle in mountain conditions, pen and tree wall shed. Method provides for maximum utilisation of pastures by breeding stock and its free keeping under tree wall shed, line breeding (selection) and repair, accumulation cross breeding in corral with splitting for zoo veterinary measures, rounded farrows, production of calves and their keeping on suckling for age of up to 6-8 months. At that, breeding stock is selected and formed from healthy animals with average live weight of 290-300 kg, bred in mountain territories irrespective of breed, blood and origin and keep them on pasture and under tree wall shed, transformable in extreme weather conditions, to closed room. When heifers gain 70 % of adults cows live weight accumulation cross breeding is performed, their artificial insemination with deeply frozen semen or controlled mating is applied in enclosure, use stud bulls of large Aberdeen Angus breed, for which enclosure is divided by two equally sized sections using stock feeder with shoulder bars, in smaller of which dams under sexual hunting self-selection is carried out, and in front of stock feeder controlled mating or artificial insemination machines are mounted while larger contains stud bull, passage of bull is performed split between small section outermost machine and one of walls of greater.

EFFECT: using inventions enables to obtain calves with high genetic potential of meat productivity and more effective use of Alpine pastures.

4 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the livestock industry, and in particular to technology for breeding beef cattle in the mountains.

A known method of raising beef cattle ("Cattle breeding" under the editorship of LK Ernst, AN Beguchev, DL Levantin. Moscow "Kolos", 1977, pp. 270-288, 457-474), including three interconnected process: herd reproduction and calf rearing under mothers on suction up to 6-8 months of age; growing and fattening of young animals; pedigree work, and the most important responsible technological operation of beef cattle breeding is to get young stock for growing, which includes all the costs of feed and other resources and funds for the maintenance and care of the breeding stock, including cows that remain cow. Therefore, trends in increasing economic efficiency are carried out in two directions: intensification of the industry through the use of highly specialized meat breeds in various climatic conditions of the world with the direction of selection for large-sized, large-sized animals and reducing all costs associated with feeding, care and maintenance of the mother livestock.

However, with the increase in live weight of the breeding stock of adult cows, their habitats (body size) and costs increase, new technologies based on intensive fodder production from irrigated lands, year-round stall keeping of animals appear, which is unacceptable for high mountain conditions.

There is a known method of breeding Aberdeen-Angus beef cattle in the conditions of mountain pastures of the North Caucasus (Elburgansky breed reproducers of the Stavropol Territory and Kichmalkinsky of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic), the closest to the proposed one is the prototype, since there were purebred and higher animals reproductions in which, using absorption crosses with local livestock and selection (selection) by growth intensity, live weight of cows aged 3, 4.5 years and older was 460.5-465.5 kg (average), and average live mass of calves at weaning 166 and 189 kg. The live weight of adult cows recorded in the State Book of Breeding Cattle of Aberdeen Angus breed is 503.7 kg with lim 397-666 kg, which indicates significant potential selection (selection) by live weight for various climatic and environmental factors, in particular with the objective capabilities of the feed base (Plan for breeding with cattle of Aberdeen-Angus breed in the USSR for 1988-2000, Orenburg, 1989).

Both in the indicated analogue and in the “prototype”, the technology for breeding and keeping beef cattle includes three periods - keeping cows with calves on a suction, rearing and fattening of young animals; pedigree work, and cows with calves on suction are kept on pasture or loose in rooms or walking areas under awnings, in the south of the country before the onset of cold weather under awnings and indoors create a den, laying a layer of straw with a thickness of 40-50 cm, and during the winter supplement litter at the rate of 1-3 kg per head per day; free mating with an optimal load on the bull of 20-30 queens per season is considered appropriate; the diet of adult cows is 1.5 feed units, 150 g of digestible protein, 14-15 g of calcium, 8 g of phosphorus and 70 mg of carotene per 100 kg of live weight per day, in summer, the main feed for a meat cow is green mass, if possible , pasture, in winter 60% of the total amount of roughage is straw; it is practiced early (from about 15-20 days of age) the training of calves for coarse and concentrated feeds, and in the corral, feeds are laid in feeders that can only be used by calves, but not adult animals. Zoo events are carried out in separate pens. The maternity ward with calves for calving is located in a separate room.

The disadvantage of this method according to this technology is the use of all its elements, regardless of the climatic conditions of various zones and natural landscapes, as well as the size (habit) of cows whose live weight exceeds the parameters of a local uterine livestock adapted to mountain conditions, 1 6-1.8 times, which is associated with the increase in costs of not only feed, but also other resources. In addition, large animals in the pasture lag behind the general herd and do not use grass efficiently on the steep slopes of the highlands.

The purpose of the method is to reduce the costs associated with feeding, care and maintenance of breeding stock, the effective use of high mountain pastures and obtaining calves with high genetic potential for meat productivity.

This goal is achieved by the fact that the breeding stock is selected and formed from healthy animals with a live weight of 290-300 kg, bred in mountainous areas, regardless of breed, blood supply and origin, effectively using high mountain pastures, on heifers that have reached 70% of the live weight of adult cows , carry out absorption crossbreeding, inseminating them artificially with deep-frozen seed or by hand mating in machines using large-type Aberdeen-Angus breed bulls, for which purpose on tyrlovka breeding stocks arrange a backwater for self-selection of queens who are in a state of sexual hunting, and conducting veterinary measures.

Our analysis showed that from the crossbreeding of local livestock with Aberdeen-Angus bulls, we get crossbreeds that deviate from the normal distribution in the direction of decreasing live weight. (Fig. 1 - Distribution schedule of 166 cows bred in local conditions, by live weight).

A corral with dimensions of, for example, 5 × 10 m, is divided into two different-sized sections I and II by a double-sided feeder. In section I, the size of 5 × 4 m in front of the feeder with a catching timber is mounted for manual mating or artificial insemination with clamps for the female’s head and a passage with double-leaf spring-loaded doors that open only inside the pen so that the cow can enter but not come back, and section II (it should be larger in size, it contains a manufacturing bull) on three sides they are enclosed by a blank fence, the end part of which serves as a gate, due to which section II can be transformed into a drive for carrying out zoovetobrabotki . Between the extreme random machine of section I and one of the walls of the blank fence of section II, a split is arranged for the bull to pass into section I and vice versa. The main function of the pen is the self-selection of queens who are in a state of sexual hunting, for which their natural reflexes (visual, olfactory, sound, and others) are used. The cow through the double-leaf spring-loaded doors of the passage enters section I of the corral, approaches the feeder, its head is fixed in the machine, and the bull is launched through the split. Instead of manually mating cows in machines, you can inseminate artificially using one-time tools. Such insemination to reduce barrels is carried out twice: in the morning and in the evening. For repeated insemination, the uterus is overexposed here. In the autumn-winter period, cows with suckling calves are kept under a three-walled canopy from inexpensive light materials (wood or plastic). Bilateral feeders with a hardwood bar divide the area under the canopy into sections, in one of which there is a maternity ward with stalls for calving and training the calves for mothers for 5-6 days, in other resting places for cows with calves and places for pregnant animals. On both sides of the feeders, using partitions, place a den with dry manure, between which form manure passages. At the end of each section, fences create places for feeding and resting calves, where adult cows do not have access. Each section of a three-walled canopy in extreme conditions (snowstorm, blizzard), if necessary, can easily be transformed into an enclosed space by installing a shield at the beginning of the manure passage.

In FIG. 1 is a graph of the distribution of crossbreeds of local cows with bulls of Aberdeen-Angus breed by live weight.

In FIG. 2 - pen for self-selection of queens who are in a state of sexual hunting.

Pa fig. 3 - Three-walled canopy.

Figure 4 - Machine for manual mating or artificial insemination.

The distribution diagram of crossbreeds of local cows with large type Aberdeen-Angus bulls shows that they (crossbreeds) deviate towards a decrease in live weight. Such hybrids are well adapted for movement in the mountains and efficient use of highland pastures.

The pen for self-selection of queens who are in a state of sexual hunting has two sections I (small) and II (large), separated by a two-sided feeding trough 1. Section I, fenced by slats 6, is equipped with machines for manual mating or artificial insemination with fixing devices for the female’s head 4 and equipped with spring-loaded doors 7, opening only inward so that the cow could enter, but could not exit. Section II for keeping the producer bull is fenced off on three sides by a blank fence 2, the end side of which serves as a gate 3, has a split 5, through which the bull passes into section I and back, after the bull (s) are mated, are released through gate 3 and thus the section II, if necessary, transform into a drive for conducting veterinary measures.

The three-walled canopy for keeping the brood stock with calves in the autumn-winter period has section I — the maternity ward, section II — for cows with calves, and section III and beyond for dry-settled (unpartitioned) animals. The sections are separated by a double-sided feeder with a catch log 2, on one side (in section I) of which, for example, there are pregnant or newly calving cows with litter in stalls 4 with fences 3, in boxes filled with dry manure, and on the other side (section II) - cows with calves transferred 5-6 days after calving (in the maternity ward), etc. Between stalls for calving 4 and lodges 7 with fences 3 in section I and between lodges with fences 3 in sections II and III there are manure passages 1, and at the ends of the sections there are pens 5 for feeding and resting calves fenced so that adult cows cannot get here. The canopy is fenced with blank walls 6 and, in extreme conditions (snowstorm, blizzard), can be transformed into an enclosed space by closing shields of manure passages 1.

The machine for manual mating or artificial insemination consists of a device for fixing the head of the female 3 and two inclined supports for the front legs of the manufacturing bull 2 and is installed in front of the feeder 1 with a catch timber 4 in section I of the pen.

Thus, when we absorbed crosses of selected cows and (or) heifers with large-type Aberdeen-Angus bulls, we get a litter with high genetic potential, which in future provides good weight of about 400-500 kg with good feeding, care and maintenance.

Claims (4)

1. A method of breeding beef cattle in the mountains, including the maximum use of pastures by a broodstock and its loose housing under a three-walled canopy, selection (selection) and repair, absorption crossbreeding in the pen with a split for carrying out pet events, tour calving, receiving calves and keeping them on suction up to 6-8 months of age, characterized in that the breeding stock is selected and formed from healthy animals with a live weight of, on average, 290-300 kg bred in mountainous areas, regardless of the breed care, blood and origin, and they are kept on pasture and under a three-walled canopy, transformable, in extreme weather conditions, indoors, when the heifers reach 70% of the live weight of adult cows, they carry out crossbreeding, inseminating them artificially with deep-frozen seed or using hand mating in corral machines, using large-sized Aberdeen-Angus breed bulls, for which the corral is divided into two different-sized sections with a double-sided feeder with fly bars, the smaller of which They carry out self-selection of queens who are in a state of sexual hunting, and before the feeder they mount machines for manual breeding or artificial insemination, and for the larger they contain a producer bull, the bull passes through a split between the extreme machine of the small section and one of the walls of the larger one. 2. The pen, including a split for zoo-events, characterized in that for self-selection of queens who are in a state of sexual hunting, it is divided by a two-sided feeder with fly bars into two different sections, the largest of which has a blank fence, the end side of which is pivotally mounted and presented the gates for launching animals, for example, a bull, the smaller section has a fence with gaps, the end wall of which is equipped with double-leaf spring-loaded doors that open inward, and in front of the feeder with aholnymi bars placed machines for artificial insemination or mating manual, consisting of a retainer for a female head and two inclined supports for the front of the bull-producer feet. 3. A three-walled canopy, including a den, characterized in that it is divided into sections by bilateral feeders with pick-up boards: a maternity ward with stalls for calving and training the calves for mothers, resting places for cows with calves and places for pregnant animals, and the den filled with dry manure, divided by partitions, between which manure passages are formed. 4. A three-walled canopy according to claim 3, characterized in that with the help of shields placed at the beginning of the manure passages, he or his individual sections are transformed into an enclosed space.

Images