RU2574232C2 - Closed structure and appropriate methods of installation and dismantling - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to closed structures of civil construction, having substantially round and mainly circular shape, and also any closed geometric shape. The closed structure (1) comprises a fill (2) and a roof (3). The roof rests against the fill and is fixed on the its fill with the help of anchoring systems. Each of anchoring systems comprises an anchoring element arranged inside the lower part of the fill or directly under the lower side of the fill, and at least one connection element that connects the anchoring element and the roof through the fill.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to reduce cost of structure erection, to improve its transportation and possibility of disassembly and/or repeated use, if necessary, in another place.

14 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to a closed structure, that is, an object of civil engineering, having a common essentially circular and mainly annular shape (as well as any closed geometric shape, for example, ellipsoidal, square, rectangular, polygonal, etc.). Such an enclosed structure may, for example, fully or partially correspond to a stadium, arena or similar structure.

Various enclosed structures are known comprising a structure element on which a roof is installed. For example, a sports stadium, at least partially covered by a roof, may be mentioned. In such a stadium, the weight of the roof is vertically affected by the force that is perceived by the stepped base. These stepped bases and, in general, commonly used structural elements are made of concrete or other dense and durable similar materials.

Elements of the structure made of such materials have a number of disadvantages, among which we can mention their high cost, the complexity of their transportation, as well as the practical impossibility of disassembling and / or reusing them.

The present invention is intended to improve this situation and to offer a closed structure containing the embankment and the roof, while the roof rests on the embankment, being fixed on it.

The use of the embankment instead of the usual element of the structure, such as concrete, allows to reduce the cost of erecting such a closed structure, as well as to improve transportability and the ability to disassemble and / or reuse, if necessary, in another place.

Indeed, the embankment contains soil, earth, granular material such as crushed rock, if necessary stabilized by a hydraulic binder, artificial material such as crushed concrete, industrial waste and / or other materials. By their nature, they have a granular structure to a greater or lesser extent, which distinguishes them from the materials used for known building elements.

Preferably, the embankment can be reinforced with at least one reinforcement at least partially located within the embankment. This gives the structure better stability.

Preferably, at least one reinforcement used to reinforce the embankment may be coupled to the outside defining the embankment from the outside.

In addition, it should be noted that if a relatively light roof is used, as in the case of a flexible web stretched over an element of a structure, it may be temporarily or permanently subjected to the “uplift” phenomenon. As a rule, this phenomenon arises as a result of the action of forces with a vertical component directed upward. So, the dynamic effect of a seismic push or just wind circulating inside the stadium, and / or the constant force resulting from the use of a special roof shape are non-limiting examples of such forces.

If the raising phenomenon is not fully compensated for by the weight of the roof, it can lead to the upward movement of at least part of the roof. This movement may result in damage to the structure and / or surrounding objects.

To limit this phenomenon of raising the roof, it is preferable to attach to the embankment using anchor systems, each of which contains an anchor element located inside the lower part of the embankment or directly below the lower side of the embankment, and at least one connecting element connecting the anchor element and the roof through the embankment.

The use of anchoring systems allows you to firmly fix the roof on the embankment and thus limit the risk of raising the roof. In addition, these anchoring systems are well adapted to enclosed structures containing the embankment as an element of the structure, given that the embankment forms a substantial mass, the weight of which prevents the anchoring elements from moving upwards and, therefore, through the connecting elements, to raising the roof.

According to other variants of execution, which can be applied in any possible combinations between each other and / or with the previous distinguishing features:

- said connecting element of each anchoring system is surrounded by a shell to avoid direct contact between said connecting element and the embankment. Thus, friction is limited, as well as possible damage to the connecting element;

- said connecting element of each anchoring system is pre-tensioned between the anchoring element and the roof through the embankment;

- the roof is laid on the beam head mounted on the embankment;

- the roof comprises at least one web stretched starting from the peripheral compression ring using at least one network of cables, including beam cables, stretched essentially perpendicular to the compression ring;

- the compression ring is mounted on the beam head or directly on the embankment;

- the head beam and / or compression ring are loaded with ballast inside and / or from above so as to provide or enhance the resistance of the roof to lift;

- the compression ring is made with the possibility of radial deformation, and between the compression ring and the embankment a movable connection device is installed to provide relative movement accompanying said radial deformation. Thus, the horizontal forces transmitted to the beam head or to the embankment are limited;

- the roof contains two paintings, made in the form of a lens, while both paintings are interconnected using buttons essentially perpendicular to the plane containing the compression ring;

- said web is essentially in the form of two opposite upper parts and of two opposite lower parts (the concepts “bottom” and “top” in this case are relative), such as the shape of a hyperboloid, starting from a peripheral compression ring adapted to the said shape, using only one network of cables, including beam cables, stretched essentially perpendicular to the compression ring; and / or

- the enclosed structure is at least part of the stadium or arena.

The invention also provides a method for mounting the enclosed structure described above. This installation method contains the following steps:

- establish elements of anchor fastening;

- alternating segments of connecting elements and embankment layers are arranged one above the other so that the lower segment of each connecting element is connected to the anchoring element located inside the lower part of the embankment or directly below the lower side of the embankment, and so that the upper segment of each connecting element protrudes above the upper part of the embankment;

- install the roof so that the said roof rests on the embankment and is fixed on the embankment using the upper segment of each connecting element.

The invention also provides a method for dismantling the above-described enclosed structure comprising an embankment and a roof. This dismantling method comprises the following steps:

- the roof is disconnected from the connecting elements connecting it to the anchoring elements located inside the lower part of the embankment or directly under the lower side of the embankment;

- the roof is dismantled;

- alternately remove the segments of the said connecting elements and layers of the embankment;

- remove the anchor elements.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description of non-limiting exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic view of an example of a closed structure in the form of a stadium.

Figure 2 and 3 is a schematic view of a section of the stadium shown in figure 1, respectively, in front and in cross section in the radial direction of the stadium.

4a and 4b are a schematic cross-sectional view and a top view of a first example of a roof, which may be part of a closed structure in accordance with the present invention.

5a and 5b are a schematic cross-sectional view and a top view of a second example of a roof, which may be part of a closed structure in accordance with the present invention.

An object of the invention is the enclosed structure described above. This enclosed structure can be of any type. It may be, for example, about the whole or part of the stadium, which will be considered, in particular, in the future. However, the present invention also covers other examples of enclosed structures, for example, such as an arena, etc.

Figure 1 shows a non-limiting example of a closed structure in the form of a sports stadium. This stadium 1 schematically consists of two main parts, namely the element 2 of the structure, which forms the base of the stadium, and the roof 3, which is located above the element 2 of the structure.

Element 2 of the structure is a bulk, that is, a mass of soil, earth, granular material such as crushed rock, stabilized if necessary with a hydraulic binder, artificial material such as crushed concrete, industrial waste and / or other materials. In addition, this embankment is reinforced, which will be discussed in detail below.

The embankment includes and reaches, therefore, all or part of the sides of the stadium 1 below the roof 3, for example, to the vertical or subvertical outer side of the stadium 1, if necessary, consisting of several spans and entrance racks, step ledges from the side of the stands possible access routes in the form of elevator shafts and / or others. Other optional elements can be located in embankment 2, for example, prefabricated arches for passageways through the structure and / or others.

Roof 3 can be of any type and can take any form. Preferably it is a light roof, preferably stretched with one or more networks of cables and covering all or part of the space bounded by embankment 3, and even beyond. Preferably, the roof 3 is self-stabilizing, that is, it is mainly and even exclusively subjected to vertical forces. Examples of the roof will be discussed in detail below.

In order to avoid or limit the aforementioned phenomenon of raising the roof, the invention preferably provides for the use of additional anchoring systems for holding the roof 3 on the embankment 2, which will be described in more detail below. Preferably, these anchoring systems are located at several places in the stadium, for example uniformly over its entire periphery.

These anchoring systems are adapted to the design of the enclosed structure 1. In particular, they are designed to provide effective fastening, despite the bulk nature of the embankment 2. For example, they differ from fasteners that were designed only to hold the roof on a fully compact structure element such as a building element made entirely of concrete.

Next, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, a description of a non-limiting example of an anchoring system for the enclosed structure described above follows.

Figure 2 and 3 shows a section of a closed structure, which is, for example, the stadium shown in figure 1, respectively, in front and in cross section in the radial direction of the stadium (the center of the stadium 1 is to the right of figure 3). Mound 2 is also shown here. Roof 3 (not shown) is located above the elements. The various elements shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 may be located in different places of the stadium 1, for example, at regular intervals throughout the periphery of the stadium 1.

In the example shown in these figures 2 and 3, the embankment 2 is reinforced with at least one reinforcement, and in this case with several reinforcements 9, at least partially located inside the embankment 2. Preferably, this or these reinforcements 9 are connected to the outer side 10, bounding outside the embankment 2, for example with the outside of the stadium 1. In addition, if necessary, the embankment 2 is sealed.

For reinforcements 9, any materials and / or corresponding shapes can be used. For example, they may contain metal reinforcements: from plain or galvanized steel, welded wire mesh, multi-row fittings and / or interwoven wire mesh, whether or not coated with PVC (polyvinyl chloride), etc. In a variant or in addition, reinforcements 9 may contain geosynthetic reinforcements: strip reinforcement, for example, made of polyester yarns in a polyethylene sheath, woven or non-woven geotextile membranes, for example, polyester, polypropylene and / or other material, and / or geogrids in the form of perforated and elongated plastic sheets, intersecting strips, etc.

Preferably, the outer side 10 is a combination of elements. These elements can be more or less rigid. We are talking about panels of various shapes (hexagonal, cruciform, T-shaped, etc.). At least some of these elements may be made of concrete rubble. In an embodiment or in addition, part of the front side elements may include: deformable elements, a welded bent mesh, for example, of simple or galvanized steel, and / or baskets filled with stones, etc.

Fasteners that allow you to fix the gain 9 on the front side 10, can also have a different design and different shapes.

Any of the technologies offered by Terre Armee® or any similar or equivalent technology can be used to make embankments, reinforcements, the outside and / or fasteners.

In the presented example, the roof is installed on the beam 11 of the head mounted on the embankment 2. This beam 11 of the head covers, for example, the embankment 2 along the entire periphery of the stadium. It is made, for example, of pre-prepared concrete or steel. Preferably, it consists of a series of contiguous segments.

As will be described in more detail below, the roof may further comprise one or more webs stretched on the peripheral compression ring. Such a compression ring 12 is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In this example, it rests on the head beam 11 and extends essentially along the same path (i.e., along the entire periphery of the stadium). In an embodiment, compression ring 12 may rest directly on embankment 2.

If necessary, the compression ring 12 can be performed in place, for example, by laying reinforced concrete. Alternatively or additionally, it may consist of prefabricated segments, for example, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, concrete with fiber reinforcement, steel and / or composite material.

The compression ring 12 can be made with the possibility of radial deformation, that is, with the possibility of local or general compression or expansion, for example, in response to external influences. As a result, relative movement occurs between the compression ring 12 and the head beam 11. To ensure and accompany this relative movement between the compression ring 12 and the head beam 11 (or between the compression ring 12 and the embankment 2, if they come in direct contact with each other), a movable connection device 13 can be installed. Thus, it is possible to limit the horizontal forces transmitted to the beam beam 11 or to the embankment 2.

Such a device 13 comprises, for example, a lower part fixed to the head beam 11 and an upper part connected to the compression ring 12. Preferably, the lower part of the device 13 comprises a socket for the protrusion of the upper part of the device 13. The socket and the protrusion have, for example, complementary shapes (for example, a straight hole and a rod) so that both parts of the movable connection device 13 can be moved by sliding relative to each other. You can provide various other movable connection devices and / or other options for tracking the relative movement between the compression ring 12 and the beam 11 of the head (or bulk 2).

Preferably, the head beam 11 and / or compression ring 12 can be loaded with ballast inside and / or from above by any suitable means. Ballast may, for example, contain liquid and / or one or more solid elements. It can be of any shape. The force with which the ballast acts downward on the embankment 2 is added to the weight of the roof and thus provides or enhances its resistance to lifting. This measure may be complementary to the anti-lift measures provided by the possible use of anchor systems connecting the roof and the embankment, which will be described below.

The anchoring system 4, shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, comprises an anchoring element 6 and at least one connecting element 5 connecting the anchoring element 6 and the roof 3 through the embankment 2.

The anchor element 6 may be of any suitable shape and may be of any design. In the presented example, it contains an anchor plate, which preferably has a large contact area with embankment 2. It can be done in place, for example, by laying reinforced concrete, or it can be prefabricated, for example, from reinforced concrete, from prestressed concrete, from concrete with fiber reinforcement made of steel and / or composite material.

In the example shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the anchoring element 6 is located inside the lower part of the embankment 2. In other words, it is not on the surface of the embankment or in its immediate vicinity. It is most often located in the lower half of embankment 2. Preferably, the anchoring element 6 can be located on the first third of the height of embankment 2 (counting from the bottom of the embankment). Preferably, the anchoring element 6 can even be positioned on the first quarter of the height of the embankment 2 (starting from the bottom of the embankment).

In another configuration, instead of installing inside the embankment 2, the anchor element 6 can be positioned directly below the underside of the embankment 2, that is, in the support position on this lower side of the embankment 2.

In all cases, the anchoring element 6 is positioned so that it rests on the bulk of the embankment 2, the weight of which makes it impossible to move it up.

One (or several) connecting elements 5 connects the anchoring element 6 and the roof 3 through the embankment 2. In the presented example, the connecting element 5 is fixed with its lower end to the anchoring element 6, and its upper end in the beam 11 of the head, which is connected with a roof 3 by means of a compression ring 12. For this, you can use any mounting options. Other configurations may also be provided, for example, direct mounting of the connecting element 5 to the roof 3.

The connecting element 5 of the anchoring system 4 comprises, for example, at least one of the following elements: a steel rod, such as a threaded rod, a cable, such as a steel cable and / or a textile wire rope, a composite connecting element, such as a carbon fiber rod made by extrusion with drawing, a connecting element containing concrete, wood and / or steel.

Preferably, the connecting element 5 is surrounded by a sheath 8 in order to avoid direct contact between the connecting element 5 and the embankment 2 and thus reduce the negative effects of friction. Shell 8 may be made of any suitable material and / or have any appropriate shape. For example, we can talk about the shell of HDPE (high density polyethylene) or from another material.

Preferably, the connecting element 5 (as well as the enclosing sheath 8, if any) may consist of a plurality of segments interconnected by means of connectors 7. These connectors can be made of any suitable material and / or have any suitable shape. For example, they may contain steel clamps or other means.

Preferably, the connecting element 5 can be prestressed between the anchoring element 6 and the roof 3 through the embankment 2. In the example shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the connecting element is prestressed along its entire length, that is, between the anchoring element 6 and the beam 11 tips. Thus, it is possible to prevent stresses created by the weight of the roof 3 on the part of the embankment 2 located between the element 6 of the anchor fastening and the beam 11 of the head. This allows you to limit the differential seals resulting from the installation of the roof 3 in place.

Next, with reference to figa-4b and 5a-5b follows a description of examples of roofs 3.

Preferably, these roofs are relatively light. For example, they comprise at least one web extending from the aforementioned peripheral compression ring 12 by cables, including beam cables, stretched substantially perpendicular to the compression ring. Each web is made, for example, of a relatively lightweight material, such as a silicone-impregnated fabric or other material. It can be continuous and thus cover the entire stadium or can be open in its central part, as in the example shown in Fig. 1. In the framework of the present invention, the specialist may optionally provide other examples of roofs.

On figa and 4b, respectively, in cross section and from above (from the upper canvas) shows an example of a roof containing two paintings 15 and 16, made in the form of a lens around the compression ring 23, essentially located, for example, in a horizontal plane. The compression ring 23 has a round, ellipsoidal, or generally annular shape, which may depend on the general shape of the stadium or the enclosed structure in which it is used.

Both webs 15 and 16 are extended from the peripheral compression ring 23 using two networks of cables, including beam cables 14, stretched essentially perpendicular to the compression ring 23. In addition, they are interconnected using buttons 17, essentially perpendicular to the plane containing the compression ring 23. For example, buttons are positioned vertically between two webs when the compression ring 23 is contained in a horizontal plane.

On figa and 5b, respectively, in cross section and from above (from the top sheet) shows another example of a roof containing only one sheet 20. It passes essentially in the form of a hyperboloid, that is, in the form of a saddle, starting from the peripheral compression ring 33, adapted to the shape of a hyperboloid (that is, having, for example, the shape of the intersection of a hyperboloid with a round cylinder, ellipsoid or other element). This tension is carried out using only one network of cables, including beam cables, stretched essentially perpendicular to the compression ring 33. These beam cables 18 can be interconnected not only through the compression ring 33, but also with the help of ring cables 19, the contour of which essentially corresponds to the contour of the compression ring 33. In an embodiment, the web may have any other shape other than the hyperboloid, and may consist of two opposite upper parts and two opposite lower parts (as in the case of the shape of the hyperboloid).

The two above examples of roofs are self-stabilizing structures, which are mainly and exclusively subject to the action of the vertical components of the force, while the horizontal forces are perceived by the peripheral compression ring. In the example shown in FIG. 4a and 4b, stability is also ensured by the weight of the upper web partially perceived by the lower web. In the example shown in FIG. 5a and 5b, stability is also ensured by the shape of a single web that has curvature in two different directions.

From all of the foregoing, it is clear that the rise phenomenon, which the roof of a closed structure can be temporarily or permanently exposed to, is significantly reduced and even eliminated due to the action of anchor fastening systems. Indeed, the raising of the roof 3 slows down and even stops due to the strong resistance to the translational upward movement of each element 6 of the anchor fastening provided by the mass of the embankment 2 located above this element 6 of the anchor fastener. This resistance is transmitted from the anchoring element 6 to the roof 3 through the corresponding connecting element 5 (and, if necessary, through the head beam 11 and / or compression ring 12). Thus, they create a force that is added to the weight of the roof 3 and which can hold it in place on the embankment 2.

The following is a detailed description of the installation method of a closed structure, such as a stadium 1.

According to this method, the anchoring elements 6 are arranged in a specific order (for example, in accordance with the general peripheral shape of the stadium 1). Elements 6 anchor fastening can be placed directly on the ground, if they should come in direct contact with the bottom side of the embankment 2, or on already poured one layer of the embankment 2, if they should be inside the bottom of the embankment 2.

In addition, alternating segments of the connecting elements 5 and the layers of the embankment 2 are arranged one above the other so that they are arranged one above the other so that the lower segment of each connecting element 5 is connected to the anchoring elements 6 and the upper segment of each connecting element 5 protrudes from the upper part of the embankment 2. If the connecting elements 5 are made as a single part, their lower and upper segments coincide. This alternating installation is extremely simple and allows you to refuse to make holes in the embankment for the subsequent location in them of 4 anchoring systems.

Finally, the roof 3 is installed so that it rests on the embankment 2 (if necessary, through the beam 11 of the head and / or compression ring 12), and is fixed on the embankment 2 using the upper segment of each connecting element 5.

The following is a detailed description of the method of dismantling a closed structure, such as a stadium 1.

According to this method, the roof 3 is disconnected from the connecting elements 5 connecting it to the anchor fastening elements 5 located, depending on the case, inside the lower part of the embankment 2 or directly below the underside of the embankment 2.

The roof 3 is then dismantled, for example, by disconnecting the webs and / or the cable networks forming them.

Alternately remove the segments of the connecting elements 5 and the layers of the embankment 2, which is a relatively simple operation.

Then, after removing the layers of the embankment located above the elements 6 of the anchoring, remove these elements.

From this description it is clear that using the above or other methods, it is possible to easily mount or dismantle stadium 1 or any enclosed structure in accordance with the present invention. This is due, for example, to the absence of anchoring in the foundation in the ground and to the use of reversible joints.

When the various elements used (the embankment and its reinforcements and the outside, the roof and its webs and cables, the head beam, compression ring, anchor systems, etc.) have limited mass and dimensions, for example, due to the fact that they consist of separable segments, transportation of such a stadium is much easier.

Claims (14)

1. An enclosed structure (1) containing an embankment (2) and a roof (3), the roof resting on the embankment and secured to this embankment, while the roof (3) is secured to the embankment (2) using anchor systems (4) fasteners, each of which contains an anchor fastening element (6) located inside the lower part of the embankment or directly under the lower side of the embankment, and at least one connecting element (5) connecting the anchor fastening element and the roof through the embankment. 2. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 1, wherein the embankment (2) is reinforced with at least one reinforcement (9), at least partially located inside the embankment. 3. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 2, wherein at least one reinforcement (9) used to reinforce the embankment (2) is connected to the outside (10) that limits the embankment from the outside. 4. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 1, wherein said connecting element (5) of each anchor system (4) is surrounded by a shell (8) in order to avoid direct contact between said connecting element and the embankment (2). 5. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 1, wherein said connecting element (5) of each anchor system (4) is pre-tensioned between the anchor element (6) and the roof (3) through the embankment (2). 6. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 1, in which the roof (3) is laid on the beam (11) of the head mounted on the embankment (2). 7. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 1, in which the roof (3) comprises at least one sheet (15; 16; 20) extending from the peripheral ring (12; 23; 33) by means of at least one network of cables, including beam cables (14; 18), stretched essentially perpendicular to the compression ring. 8. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 6 or 7, in which the beam (11) of the head and / or compression ring (12) are loaded with ballast inside and / or above so as to provide or enhance the resistance of the roof (3) to lifting. 9. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 7, wherein the compression ring (12) is capable of radial deformation and in which a movable connection device (13) is installed between the compression ring and the embankment (2) to provide relative movement accompanying said radial deformation. 10. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 7, in which the roof (3) contains two canvases (15; 16) made in the form of a lens, while both canvases are interconnected using buttons (17), essentially perpendicular to a plane containing a compression ring (23). 11. An enclosed structure (1) according to claim 9, wherein said web (20) is essentially in the form of two opposite upper parts and of two opposite lower parts, such as the shape of a hyperboloid, starting from a peripheral compression ring (33) adapted to the aforementioned form, using one network of cables, including beam cables (18), stretched essentially perpendicular to the compression ring. 12. An enclosed structure (11) according to claim 1, which represents at least part of a stadium or arena. 13. The method of installation of a closed structure (1) according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, the installation method includes the following steps:
- install the elements (6) of the anchoring;
- alternating segments of connecting elements (5) and layers of the embankment (2) are arranged one above the other so that the lower segment of each connecting element is connected to the anchoring element located inside the lower part of the embankment or directly below the lower side of the embankment, and that the upper segment each connecting element protruded above the upper part of the embankment;
- install the roof (3) so that the said roof rests on the embankment and is fixed to the embankment using the upper segment of each connecting element. 14. The method of dismantling a closed structure (1) according to any one of paragraphs. 1-12, containing the embankment (2) and the roof (3), while the method of dismantling contains the following steps:
- the roof is disconnected from the connecting elements (5) connecting it to the anchoring elements (6) located inside the lower part of the embankment or directly under the lower side of the embankment;
- the roof is dismantled;
- alternately remove the segments of the said connecting elements and layers of the embankment;
- remove the anchor elements.

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