RU2565347C2 - Machine and internal combustion engine based on it - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to machine building. The machine is intended for both conversion of the pressure difference of gaseous or liquid environment to the shaft rotation, and for conversion of the shaft rotation in these environments pressure. The machine includes casing with end lids, piston and two shafts with similar and equidirection eccentrics. The piston has form of open flattened ring with rounding of the connection places, its ends along the internal edge are directed parallel to each other, are located at different level and with overlapping of one end of the piston on the other with their separation by the casing shoulder. The piston has cylindrical holes for the shaft eccentrics. The casing cavity form is similar to the piston, exceeds it by two distances of displacement of the eccentric centre from the shaft centre, envelopes the casing shoulder with expansion at the end and is uniform with the casing. The internal combustion engine includes two machines. The first machine is compressor. The second machine after excessive pressure of gases reception from the combustion chamber results in the machinery shafts rotation. The combustion chamber is separated from the machine cavities by the controlled valves.

EFFECT: reduced specific weight, simple design and increased machine and engine efficiency.

2 cl, 15 dwg

Description

Devices belong to the field of mechanical engineering, in particular to engine building, compressor engineering and pump engineering.

The prototype can be recognized as a rotary wave engine (Russian patent 2413077), comprising a housing with compressor and expansion compartments, inlet and outlet windows, a combustion chamber equipped with fuel nozzles, connected by means of intermediate channels with cavities in contact with their surfaces with similar surfaces superchargers mounted on a rotor rotating on a shaft crank, using a mechanism with a gear ratio of one. The cavities are made circular, separated by jumpers and in the area of the section are provided with cylindrical niches in which cylindrical cams are mounted, mounted on circular blowers in the area of section by their slots. The eccentric placement of superchargers in cavities and cams in niches allows creating working chambers of variable volumes enclosed between contact points of mating surfaces (Fig. 1).

I consider the disadvantage of this engine the excess weight of the rotor, which, in addition to the supercharger and cams, also has end disks that serve as connecting links of the supercharger and cams with a crank shaft. And excess weight leads to excess forces of inertia, which harm the operation of the engine. I also believe that these discs complicate the design, assembly of the device and, possibly, the sealing of the chambers. In addition, due to the use of rotor disks, the length of the inlet and outlet channels, probably the combustion chamber, is also increasing. In the elongated channels, the prepared compressed gases will not be fully used, and in the elongated combustion chamber, the combustion of the fuel will be extended in time and not completely. I also consider the prototype disadvantage that the exhaust and inlet windows of the device are led out through the niches for the rotor cams to the outside of the housing, and not to the inside of the extension at the end of the jumper, which will not allow the supercharger and rotor cams in the discharge compressor to combine the injected gases from the cavities from the external and internal sides of the supercharger and press the gases into the working window with the rotor position close to the dead point. A similar drawback should also appear in the expansion compartment when the rotor is close to the dead point: upon receipt, the gases will immediately press on the supercharger from both the outside and the inside, and will not do useful work. I believe that these shortcomings arose because the shape of the cavity was chosen circular, and because of the need to use a jumper, not all 360 degrees around the supercharger and inside it are used, but only the majority. But the missing part does not allow the supercharger to block the internal cavities when the rotor is near the dead center.

Basically, from the magazine Modelist-Designer N 3 for 1979, the Ruzhitsky engine is known, the design of which is based on the fact that two knees, or an eccentric with equal eccentricity, rotate and give the rotor or piston planetary motion. The rotor is placed in a housing divided by sealing blades into two or more chambers; the shape of the rotor and the housing are mutually similar (Fig. 2).

This information is not sufficient to understand how the engine works. But it gives an idea that it is possible to use a piston not of a cylindrical shape, but practically any one, using arcs and segments when constructing the contours of the piston end face and the cavity of the housing, taking into account that the cavity size must be greater than the piston size by at least two displacement distances of the center of the eccentric from the center of the shaft. In this case, the arcs are quarters of a circle, spaced apart by the required distance, between which the sealing blades are located. It also shows that for the "planetary" movement of the piston, two shafts with eccentrics or elbows, which can be located in almost any convenient place of the piston, are sufficient. A well-known disadvantage of this engine is the use of sealing blades, which jam under high pressure and create increased friction. In the machine I propose and on its basis in the internal combustion engine (ICE), sealing blades are not used.

The aim of the invention is to remedy these disadvantages. The technical result is to reduce the specific gravity of the engine and pump, simplifying the design, increasing the efficiency.

According to the invention, a machine is designed to convert the pressure difference between gaseous or liquid media into shaft rotation, and to convert the shaft rotation to pressure of these media. Its main components are a body with end caps, a piston and two shafts with identical and equally directed eccentrics. The piston has the form of an open tapered ring with a rounding off of the places of separation, the ends of which along the inner edge are parallel to each other, are located at different levels and with the imposition of one end of the piston on the other with their separation by the protrusion of the housing. The piston also has cylindrical holes for mounting it on the cam eccentric in the body cavity. The cavity is similar in shape to a piston; it is greater than two times the displacement of the center of the eccentric from the center of the shaft; it surrounds a protrusion emerging from the housing with an extension at the end and being one with the housing. The radius of the rounding of the cavity is greater than the radius of the opposing roundings of the piston by the distance of the displacement of the center of the eccentric from the center of the shaft, and the radius of the rounding of the extension of the protrusion of the housing is less than the internal opposing rounding of the piston by the same distance of the center of the eccentric from the center of the shaft. The working window of the machine passes through the protrusion of the housing and through the end cover and is blocked by the working end of the piston, and the second window comes directly from the bypass channel, which is an expansion of the cavity on the outside of the piston at its auxiliary end and eliminates the creation of an insulated chamber with a variable volume by the piston. The eccentric placement of the piston in the cavity with its movement during the synchronized rotation of the shafts allows you to create working chambers of variable volumes enclosed between the piston and the wall of the housing.

An internal combustion engine including two such machines. The first serves as a compressor for taking a fresh portion of air, or an air-combustible mixture, and forcing this medium into the combustion chamber with a fuel nozzle or spark plug, where the fuel burns. The second, after receiving excess gas pressure from the combustion chamber, will cause the shafts of the mechanisms to rotate. The combustion chamber is separated from the cavities of the machines by controlled valves.

Taking into account that the working body is far from the cylinder in shape, does not rotate, but moves, I will call it not a rotor, but a piston. By analogy with the prototype of a part of the piston I’ll name: cams - extensions for cam shafts; supercharger - part of the piston connecting the cams. In addition, the part of the piston having a cam on one side only will be called an auxiliary supercharger. Cams can be located not only at the ends of the supercharger, but anywhere in the piston. At the same time, the extension of the piston is structurally necessary at its end, which overlaps the working window, so it is advisable to place the main shaft in this extension. I propose to call this end of the piston working, and the second - auxiliary. The second shaft will provide piston movement without pressure on the wall of the housing cavity. Also, I will call it an auxiliary shaft. It is desirable to synchronize the rotation of both shafts with a gear, chain or other similar transmission, which will prevent piston jamming and will allow creating the minimum necessary gap between the wall of the body cavity and the piston. The gap eliminates the friction of the piston against the wall of the cavity and allows you to not use grease in the working cavities. Lubrication will need to be applied to the shaft bearings in the housing covers, to the bearings of the eccentrics or cranks in the piston, from which the oil will spread and be smeared by the piston along the end covers of the housing. Sealing the piston from the ends can be provided with two parallel sealing tapes, which wrap the piston around the entire perimeter. At the junction between them, they should have frequent rectangular cavities and protrusions that enter into each other, be pushed to the end caps by additional springs located in recesses on the piston surface, under the tapes. The same tapes will not allow the bulk of the lubricant to flow into the working cavities of the machine. For simplicity, and also considering that there are no structural differences between them, I will call the compressor for pumping gas and the pump for pumping liquid a pump. Also, for simplicity, an expansion machine that converts excess gas pressure into shaft rotation will be called an engine. For the engine and for the suction pump, the working window is the inlet, and for the injection pump the same window will be the exhaust. At the auxiliary end of the piston in the housing there is a second window: inlet - at the discharge pump, exhaust - at the engine and the suction pump. It can exit in the same way as the working window, that is, through the protrusion of the housing and through the housing cover, or it can directly through the housing wall from the bypass channel. A bypass channel is provided on the outside of the auxiliary end of the piston, that is, an expansion of the cavity, preventing this part of the piston from contacting the housing. The channel will not allow the piston to create a separate chamber not connected to any window. In the absence of a bypass channel, such a camera, without performing any useful work, after overlapping from both ends, would first expand or contract in volume, and then return to a volume close to the original.

A special condition of the machine is one in which the piston is pressed against the working window. In this position, when gas is supplied under pressure from the working window, the gases will not be able to perform work, but will only press through the piston on the shaft eccentric. This position of the piston is a dead center. At the Dead Point (MT), the piston is in contact with or closest to the wall of the body cavity with the cavity overlapping in three places: under the working cam, covering the working window with the piston; the auxiliary end of the piston from the inside, blocking from the second end the inner chamber between the wall of the extension of the protrusion of the housing and the internal cavity of the piston; on the bend of the outside of the piston, at the extreme point, the tangent of which is parallel to the tangents of the other two points of contact. The bypass must pass from the second to the third of the indicated points of contact. In this case, only in MT the piston will touch the wall of the body cavity with three points, and at the other moments of the shaft rotation the piston will touch the wall with only two points, dividing the entire internal cavity into the working chamber connected to the working window and to the auxiliary chamber connected to second window. After the eccentric is displaced with the MT with the piston shifted towards the jumper of the housing protrusion, in the engine the gases coming under pressure from the working window will press on the piston, which will transfer the pressure to the shaft eccentric and cause the shafts to rotate, doing work. In this case, the contact point of the piston with the housing at the working window will be divided into two, they will diverge from the working window in different directions, and the volume of the expansion chamber will increase. Theoretically, an increase in the volume of the expansion chamber occurs over a full revolution of the shaft until it comes back to MT. But the constructive drawback of the machine is that when the shaft rotates almost 90 degrees, starting from pressing the piston to the working window (MT), the gases push the piston away from the housing and can exit the working chamber into the auxiliary chamber without completing work.

At the same time, the design feature of the machine is that at the same moments of rotation of the shaft, the working chamber does not increase significantly. Also, it does not significantly increase at the end of the expansion stroke. Therefore, to reduce gas losses, it will be necessary to use the engine and pressure pump on the valve operating window.

A valve is not needed on the suction pump, since the piston does its job of closing the window, and the suction gases or liquids will not push the piston away from the housing, but rather press it. During operation, the suction pump shafts rotate in the same direction as the motor. It’s not only the overpressure of the working fluid that creates the force that rotates the shafts, but the rotation of the shafts that creates a vacuum that sucks the pumped liquid or gases through the working window. It would be better if the suction pump differs from the discharge pump and the engine in that in the vicinity of the working window at the time of MT, the piston would not contact the housing wall with a straight line segment, blocking the working window on both sides. For this rounding, the jumpers and the extension of the protrusion of the housing must be moved apart. At the same distance, it is necessary to separate the curves of opposing piston angles. Such a shape is reflected in FIG. 10, in which the shafts are rotated 90 degrees. In the working chamber in this drawing, a parallelogram is highlighted, the area of which arose due to the extension of the curves. In this case, the volume of the expansion - working chamber after MT will increase faster, which is why it is not advisable to do such an expansion in the engine and pressure pump.

The discharge pump is structurally no different from the engine, it can be replaced when the shafts rotate in the opposite direction, or when the piston and housing are mirrored on the shafts. That is, in the injection pump, when the piston is in the MT, the piston will create two separate chambers in the body cavity, the first of which surrounds the protrusion of the housing and is cut off from the other by both ends of the piston from the inside, and the second chamber surrounds the working cam and part of the blower on the outside . When the shafts rotate with the piston moving away from the body protrusion jumper, the piston in the area of the working window moves away from the body, and the working window channel opens, and both internal chambers are combined. At this moment, the pressure in the chamber will not be increased, and in the absence of a valve, the working fluid pumped into the working window in the previous cycle can return to this chamber. With further rotation of the shafts in the same direction, the piston contact points with the housing will come closer, reducing the working chamber in volume, that is, create pressure in it and pump the working fluid into the working window. At the same time, at the auxiliary end of the piston, a new portion of the working fluid will be pumped through the second window into the increasing chamber from both the outside and the inside of the piston.

In a pneumatic motor, in pumps operating under normal conditions, it is possible to use a spool type valve having through-holes and whose rotation is synchronized with the main shaft. But in difficult conditions, in particular in internal combustion engines, it is better to use poppet valves. I propose to install the valve stem through the end caps and through the extension of the body protrusion with the seat in the protrusion, or opposite it in the body cover, with the valve pressed against the seat with a coil spring, worn on the valve stem from the opposite side and fixed with a cracker plate. Such a valve can be opened with a cam mounted on a camshaft driven into rotation from the engine shaft through a bevel gear.

The shape of the piston and the cavity of the housing in the expansion machine that I offer is similar to the letters "C" or "G". And if you do not seek to reduce the weight of the machine by reducing the thickness of the superchargers relative to the cams, then the shape of the piston will be similar to these letters. Only as a result of the search for the most compact arrangement of machine elements, I have drawn several possible forms of the piston with different, relative to each other, arrangement of cams and piston ends. In the drawing of FIG. Figure 3 shows the most compact expansion machine, which is similar in shape to the Ruzhitsky engine, that is, having a cavity in the form of a rectangle with rounded corners, and instead of a single sealing blade, the protrusion is a jumper with an extension at the end in the form of a rounded rectangle. In such a cavity, a piston, similar in shape to a cavity, when moving on shaft eccentrics, will create chambers with variable volumes and pump the working fluid from one window to another. But it is of little use to use such a machine as an element in ICE with common shafts, because the compressor outlet window is located near one shaft, and the engine inlet window is located near the second shaft, because of which the combustion chamber will be elongated, which, as is known from operating experience Wankel engine, leads to incomplete combustion of fuel. At the same time, this arrangement is suitable for use as an ICE element with separation of the shafts and changing the direction of rotation of the shafts in the expansion compartment relative to the compressor using, for example, a gear transmission. However, this will greatly complicate the design and increase the number of parts. To avoid this drawback, I propose to use modified pistons and cavities in the housings, in which the working windows would be located on the midline, or near such a line dividing the machine into two parts of the same dimensions, and arrange the shafts symmetrically in an arc relative to the same midline, or on her. Under such conditions, the forms of the machines shown in the drawings of FIG. 4, 7 in the form of the letter “C” and in the drawing of FIG. 9 in the form of the letter "G". The shapes of the machines shown in the drawings of FIG. 3, 5, 6 in the form of the letter "C" and shown in the drawings of FIG. 8, 10 in the form of the letter “G” do not fall under the above conditions, but can be adjusted under them by instructing a part of the case that is not involved in the work, or ignoring the protrusions of the case of one compartment relative to the other, or by unilateral increase of the piston and cavity. The direction of the supercharger loop and the increase in the right side of the housing for symmetry are shown in FIG. 10. The piston shapes shown in the drawings of FIG. 4, 7, as well as 5, 6 and 8 have a common significant drawback - this is a significant length of the auxiliary supercharger, which has support on one side only. At significant loads, the auxiliary supercharger deviates and does not fulfill its function. There may be other forms of the piston, characterized by an increase or decrease in its part or radii of curvature, rearrangement of the shafts, including the worker. When searching for the optimal shape, I did not reduce the radius of curvature relative to each other and arbitrarily chosen by me, but increased it where possible without compromising the overall dimensions of the machine.

I believe that the layout shown in the drawing of FIG. 9, in which the elements are located along the midline in the following order: main shaft; a working window entering the valve cavity; valve stem in the through hole of the housing; a cavity in the housing at the end of the auxiliary supercharger with it; the extension of the protrusion of the housing, which may be a hole for installing the rocker pusher of the second ICE valve; auxiliary shaft. The use of such an arrangement will make it possible to dispense with one camshaft in the internal combustion engine both for controlling the valves and for synchronizing the shafts and for controlling other equipment, such as high pressure fuel pumps or magnetos, pumps and more. In this case, the camshaft must be connected to the main and auxiliary shafts using bevel gears and will play the role of not only distribution, but also synchronizing. It can be common for the second engine, which is docked to the shafts, in which the eccentrics on the shafts are rotated 180 degrees. The second engine will provide almost complete balancing of the operation of the combined bypass engine. On the shafts of the single-circuit engine for balancing, it will be necessary to hang balancers, which will also play the role of flywheels. For one engine, the eccentrics on the shaft are painted by me with the same direction of displacement for both the compressor and the expansion compartment. But they can be divorced, which can increase or decrease the burning time of the fuel in a closed combustion chamber. The expansion compartment must be wider than the compressor so that the working gases are more fully utilized during expansion, which increases the efficiency of the engine. The second windows for such machines are conveniently located on the sides of the case, with an exit from the bypass channels. Near the end, at the auxiliary supercharger, an extension of the piston can be made, which would block at any position of the piston a hole in the housing cover for draining used oil. Offset expansion from the midline allows you to not increase the length of the midline, and therefore the dimensions of the entire engine. The second place for the intake of used oil from the engine should be located near the lower main shaft. Two outlets provide oil circulation in the machine and the possibility of cleaning it with external filters. Oil can be supplied to the internal combustion engine on the semi-cylindrical liners-bearings of the shafts installed in the central baffle of the internal combustion engine, from where oil would be distributed through the drilled channels in the shafts to the remaining bearings and flowed along the ends of the pistons, lubricating them to the outlet openings, flowing to the middle baffle along the bypass holes in the pistons. In the machine I propose and on its basis in the internal combustion engine, one extension of the piston at the working window is structurally necessary. In this extension, I suggest placing a working shaft with an eccentric. The second extension of the piston is a necessary measure to accommodate the auxiliary shaft. Although the crankshaft is more difficult to manufacture with an eccentric shaft, in this machine it occupies a smaller piston area. Therefore, I propose using a crankshaft as an auxiliary shaft. In this case, the dimensions of the engine are reduced by about 5 percent.

The use of a separate combustion chamber, in which there are no moving parts, allows fuel to be burned with virtually no damage to lubricating oils. Also, in order to increase the efficiency, I propose to insert a “vapor” phase, that is, after burning fuel in the same closed chamber, an additional nozzle can inject water. Water, boiling and evaporating, will turn into steam, while cooling both the gases and engine parts, but will increase the mass and pressure of the gases. To prevent the destruction of the chamber from the harmful effects of water and steam, the inner surface of the combustion chamber and valve can be coated with a moisture-resistant material, such as ceramic. Also, the engine can be cooled by well-known methods, in particular by pumping liquid through additional internal cavities, which are not shown in the figures.

The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine with an approximate scheme of the gas distribution phases: degrees 120 before the compressor piston approaches the MT, the exhaust valve from the Combustion Chamber (CS) to the expansion compartment closes, after which the CS intake valve from the compressor compartment opens. The piston of the expansion compartment will continue to make a working stroke to MT, using the pressure of the gases in the expansion compartment, as well as push the gases exhausted in the previous cycle through the outlet window. Gases from the compressor will be pressed into the compressor station, while a fresh portion of gas or air will be sucked in through the inlet window. 30 degrees before the compressor piston approaches the MT, the intake valve in the compressor will close, fuel will need to be injected into the compressor and set on fire. Then the fuel will burn in a closed compressor station at a constant volume of about 60 degrees of rotation of the shaft. Next, the exhaust valve from the compressor will open, and gases from it will push the piston of the expansion compartment, doing the job.

With such a gas distribution scheme, the loss of gases and efficiency is inevitable. So premature shutdown of the compressor station will cut off part of the compressed gases, which, without completing work, will expand and combine with the next portion of gases. There will also be a loss due to the late opening of the compressor to the expansion compartment. This is a necessary measure due to the design features of the machine described above. I believe that it will be possible to reduce losses after accurate calculations, or operational experience, by changing the angles of the late opening / closing of the KS valves, the divorce of the eccentric machines, etc.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where the figures show:

1. rotary wave engine according to the patent of Russia 2413077

2. Ruzhitsky engine

3.-10. - various machine layouts

11. the cross section of figure 15 on BB - view of the piston and compression compartment of the internal combustion engine in the MT position when the shafts rotate clockwise

12. section of figure 15 along BB — view of the piston and expansion compartment of the internal combustion engine in the MT position when the shafts rotate clockwise

13. ICE view from the side of the rocker arm

14. ICE view from the camshaft side

15. the cross section of figure 14 along AA is a section of the internal combustion engine along the shafts. The figures are numbered:

1. The wall of the body cavity

2. Piston

3. Piston sealing tape

4. Work shaft

5. Auxiliary shaft

6. Eccentric

7. Working window

8. Valve

9. The working cam of the piston

10. Piston blower

11. Eccentric bearing

12. Jumper

13. The extension of the piston protrusion

14. Auxiliary cam piston

15. The second window

16. The boundary of the bypass channel

17. Auxiliary supercharger

18. Auxiliary crankshaft

19. Through hole for the bar

20. Bypass oil hole in the piston

21. The contour of the hole in the baffle of the engine for drainage of oil

22. The contour of the combustion chamber in the partition

23. The intake valve circuit in the COP

24. Inlet window

25. Semi-cylindrical piston bearing shell

26. Balancer

27. Key

28. Rocker for control exhaust valve from the COP

29. Bevel gear

30. Cam washer control intake valve in the COP

31. An arm of fastening of a camshaft

32. Camshaft

33. Cam washer control exhaust valve from the COP

34. Main bearing

35. A washer for fixing the bearing

36. housing cover

37. The housing of the expansion compartment

38. Compressor housing

39. Partition cover

40. Partition

41. Barbell

42. Valve spring

43. Camshaft bearing

Claims (2)

1. A machine designed both to convert the pressure difference between gaseous or liquid media into shaft rotation, and to convert the shaft rotation to pressure of these media, the main details of which are a body with end caps, a piston and two shafts with identical and equally directed eccentrics, the piston has the form of an open tapered ring with a rounding off of the points of separation, the ends of which along the inner edge are parallel to each other, are located at different levels and with the imposition of one end of the piston on nother division of projection of the housing; the piston has cylindrical holes for mounting it on the shaft eccentrics in the body cavity, which is similar in shape to the piston, more than two times the displacement of the center of the eccentric from the center of the shaft, surrounds the protrusion coming out of the body with an extension at the end and being the same with the body; the radius of curvature of the cavity is greater than the radius of the opposing piston roundings by the distance of the displacement of the center of the eccentric from the center of the shaft, and the radii of curvature of the extension of the protrusion of the housing is less than the internal opposing roundings of the piston by the same distance of the center of the eccentric from the center of the shaft; the working window of the machine passes through the protrusion of the housing and through the end cover and is blocked by the working end of the piston, and the second window comes directly from the bypass channel, which is an expansion of the cavity on the outside of the piston at its auxiliary end and eliminates the creation of an insulated chamber with a variable volume by the piston; the eccentric placement of the piston in the cavity with its movement with synchronized rotation of the shafts allows you to create working chambers of variable volumes enclosed between the piston and the wall of the housing. 2. An internal combustion engine, including two machines according to claim 1, the first of which serves as a compressor for taking a fresh portion of air or an air-combustible mixture and forcing this medium into a combustion chamber with a fuel nozzle or spark plug, where the fuel burns, and the second , after receiving excess gas pressure from the combustion chamber, the shafts of the mechanisms will rotate, while the combustion chamber is separated from the cavities of the machines by controlled valves.

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