RU2564284C1 - Gun powder enhancement method and gun powder - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: gun powder contains fixed nitrogen and fine boron or fine combustible boron compounds, with a defined ratio of components. The fixed nitrogen is nitrocellulose with degree of nitration x=2 or nitroglycerine, and the combustible boron compound is decaborane. Liquid tetraborane or gaseous diborane can be added to the gun powder.

EFFECT: high muzzle velocity of projectiles and bullets not only due to high reaction energy, but also by obtaining escaping gases with low average molecular weight - hydrogen and water.

5 cl

Description

The invention relates to nitrogen-containing powders emitting gases with a low average molecular weight, mainly hydrogen and water.

There are various types of gunpowder, see, for example, the Internet, Wikipedia.

The speed of a bullet or projectile depends on the speed of sound in the compressed gas that forms in the volume of the barrel. In the mixture of gases that forms after the combustion of most gunpowders, and at that temperature and pressure, the speed of sound usually does not exceed 2300 m / s and quickly drops with the adiabatic expansion of the powder gases. The speed of bullets and shells, of course, is even lower.

Meanwhile, the speed of sound in hydrogen even at normal temperature and pressure of 1330 m / s. And if you increase the temperature and pressure of hydrogen, then the speed of sound will increase. For example, hydrogen with a temperature of only 650 ° C (this is below its ignition temperature) will have a sound speed of 2360 m / s, and will be able to accelerate a bullet or projectile to a speed of 2200 m / s. At the temperature and pressure of the shot, the speed of sound in hydrogen can reach 6400 m / s, which will make it possible to disperse a bullet or projectile to speeds of the order of 3000-4000 m / s. The presence of water and “heavy” carbon dioxide in powder gases, of course, does not allow achieving such indicators. Nevertheless, even with this gunpowder, it is possible to achieve projectile and bullet speeds of about 3000 m / s.

Most gunpowders contain bound nitrogen, which is released during the explosion in free form. It can be made to exothermically react with the goal of increasing the heat release of the reaction with finely dispersed (less than 10 microns, preferably nanoscale) boron.

This is the basis of the idea of this invention. The objective and technical result of the invention is to increase the initial velocity of shells and bullets. Not only by increasing the energy of the reaction, but also due to the production of gases with low average molecular weight - hydrogen and water. Free nitrogen and especially “heavy” CO _{2 are} undesirable.

METHOD. That is, the essence of the invention is that finely dispersed boron or its combustible compounds are added to nitrogen-containing powders, preferably with hydrogen, and the reaction is organized so that hydrogen is predominantly released.

Mentioned compounds may be boranes (boron hydrides), borohydrides, borides, boron carbide.

Naturally, the addition of boron to nitrogen is 1: 1 in the ratio of molecules, + -20%. For example, finely dispersed boron is added to any powder. At a temperature of 800-1200 ° C, a reaction with nitrogen occurs with the formation of boron nitride:

That is, an added heat output of 23.37 kJ / g is obtained per unit of added boron. Such an additive will improve the heat release of any powder.

The reaction of formation of boron nitride is better in the presence of reducing agents - coal, soot, graphite, graphene, hydrogen. In the reaction \ 2 \ carbon is released, therefore, it does not need additional reducing agents, in other cases it is recommended to add finely divided coal, graphite, soot or graphene in an amount of 0.0001-1% (optimally 0.01-0.1%) . The presence of hydrogen in the reaction products reduces or even eliminates the need for carbon.

It is possible to add not boron, but its reactive compounds, for example liquid tetraborane (in munitions with a sealed sleeve), or solid tetraboran. A sleeve or cap in any case is desirable airtight, or they must be stored in sealed packaging until shot, as boranes are very reactive. The production of such ammunition is preferably carried out in nitrogen or in chilled, dried air.

POWDER. Most powders contain two main components - pyroxylin or colloxylin (nitrocellulose of varying degrees of nitration), and nitroglycerin. This powder in comparison with the original differs in that it is made according to the above method, that is, it contains finely dispersed boron or its combustible compounds. Consider how the addition of boron, or better - its hydrides (boranes), will improve the performance of gunpowder. For example, consider the reaction of nitrocellulose with boron:

The approximate main reaction of a variable decomposition reaction of nitrocellulose is shown. The ratio of components: nitrocellulose (with a degree of nitration x = 2) - 92.10%, boron - 7.90%, all + -5%. In this case, the addition of boron is 8.57% of the amount of nitrocellulose (hereinafter, the mass percent). More interesting is the addition of decaborane, as it contains hydrogen:

The reaction is also exemplary, especially since free hydrogen is added to it. The ratio of components: nitrocellulose (with a degree of nitration x = 2) - 91.38%, decaborane - 8.62%, all + -5%. Moreover, the addition of decaborane is 9.43% of the amount of nitrocellulose.

The reaction between nitroglycerin and boron looks like this:

The ratio of components: nitroglycerin - 87.50%, boron - 12.50%, all + -5%. In this case, the addition of boron is 14.28% of the amount of nitroglycerin. More interesting is the addition of decaborane, as it contains hydrogen:

Free oxygen and free hydrogen are indicated in the reaction products, this implies that this oxygen could have been consumed completely or partially in the reaction with decomposition products of nitrocellulose (reactions / 2 / and / 3 /).

The ratio of components: nitroglycerin - 86.42%, decaborane - 13.58%, all + -5%. In this case, the addition of boron is 15.71% of the amount of nitroglycerin.

As you can see, the addition of boron, and especially boranes, increases the energy of gunpowder and increases the speed of sound in powder gases. In the case of the use of sealed sleeves or caps, it is possible to use liquid tetraborane or gaseous diboran. The result will be even more positive. Moreover, the number of boranes in relation to the initial amount of gunpowder depends on the type of gunpowder and the type of boran, and ranges from 5-40%.

An excess of boranes and other hydrides in comparison with the indicated method will not harm gunpowder, since they will thermally decompose with hydrogen evolution, and some hydrides with a positive enthalpy of formation, for example, diborane, will also generate heat.

Claims (5)

1. Gunpowder containing bound nitrogen and fine boron, characterized in that it contains components in the following ratio: nitrocellulose with a degree of nitration x = 2 - 92.10 ± 5%, boron - 7.90 ± 5%, while the addition of boron is 8.57% of the amount of nitrocellulose. 2. Gunpowder containing bound nitrogen and finely divided combustible boron compounds, characterized in that it contains components in the following ratio: nitrocellulose with a degree of nitration x = 2 - 91.38 ± 5%, decaboran - 8.62 ± 5%, with the addition decaborane is 9.43% of the amount of nitrocellulose. 3. Gunpowder containing bound nitrogen and fine boron, characterized in that it contains components in the following ratio: nitroglycerin - 87.50 ± 5%, boron - 12.50 ± 5%, while the addition of boron is 14.28% of the amount nitroglycerin. 4. Gunpowder containing bound nitrogen and finely divided combustible boron compounds, characterized in that it contains components in the following ratio: nitroglycerin - 86.42 ± 5%, decaboran - 13.58 ± 5%, while the addition of boron hydride is 15.71 % of the amount of nitroglycerin. 5. Gunpowder according to any one of paragraphs. 1-4, characterized in that it further comprises a liquid tetraborane or gaseous diborane in an amount of 5-40% of the original amount of gunpowder.