RU2570020C1 - Method for improving explosive substances and explosive substance (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: claimed are versions of explosive substances, including borohydride and hydride of beryllium, lithium, aluminium, lithium-aluminium or silicon or tetraborate and nitrogen-containing oxidiser - ammonium dinitramide, ammonium nitrate, boron nitrate, beryllium nitrate, nitrogen pentoxide or nitrogen hexoxide.

EFFECT: increased rate of shrapnel dispersion, pressure on shockwave front and radius of shrapnel and charge explosive action due to increase of reaction energy and obtaining releasing gases with low molecular weight - hydrogen.

26 cl

Description

The invention relates to civilian and, especially, to military explosive charges. The invention is applicable in all types of civilian blasting and in all military munitions, especially cumulative.

Explosive charges containing boron or some boron compounds are known, see US Pat. No. US 3111439, or my US Pat. RF pat. No. 2486436 or No. 2513848. In the latter, in particular, the reaction of ammonium nitrate, beryllium hydride, beryllium borohydride is considered.

The velocity of the expansion of the fragments and the pressure at the front of the shock wave depend on the speed of sound in the compressed gas, which is formed in the volume occupied by the explosive (hereinafter BB). In the mixture of gases that forms after the explosion of most explosives, and at that temperature and pressure, the speed of sound usually does not exceed an average of 1100 m / s. And it drops rapidly as adiabatic expansion of explosive gases.

Meanwhile, the speed of sound in hydrogen even at normal temperature and pressure of 1330 m / s. That is, if a hydrogen cylinder in the form of a shell at room temperature simply bursts from internal pressure, it will create a stronger shock wave and give the fragments a much higher initial velocity than a high-explosive fragmentation charge with a conventional explosive of the same weight.

In addition, most explosives contain bound nitrogen, which during the explosion is released in free form. It can be made to exothermically react in order to increase the heat release of the explosion with finely dispersed (preferably nanoscale) boron, as in the prototype. Or with hydrides and borohydrides of boron, as in US Pat. RF number 2513848.

This is the basis of the idea of this invention. The objective and technical result of the invention is to increase the speed of expansion of fragments, the pressure at the front of the shock wave and the radius of the fragmentation and high explosive charge. In two ways - by increasing the energy of the reaction (the second energy reaction of boron with nitrogen) and by producing released gases with a low molecular weight - hydrogen.

METHOD. That is, the essence of the invention is that boranes and / or borohydrides are added to nitrogen-containing explosives, and the reaction is organized so that hydrogen is released.

EXAMPLE. Boranes and / or borohydrides are added to any explosive. At a temperature of 800-1200 ° C, the reaction of formation of boron nitride occurs:

That is, an additional heat release of 23.37 kJ / g is obtained per unit of added boron. Such an additive will improve the heat release of any explosive. For example, it is known to increase the octogen explosion power by adding boron.

It is clear that the number of boron and nitrogen atoms should be related as 1: 1 ± 20% (not counting those cases when boron is also used as the main fuel).

The reaction of formation of boron nitride is better in the presence of reducing agents - coal, soot, graphite, graphene, hydrogen. In some reactions, carbon is released, therefore, they do not need additional reducing agents; in other cases, it is recommended to add finely divided coal, graphite, soot or graphene in an amount of 0.0001-1% (optimally 0.01-0.1%). The presence of hydrogen in the reaction products reduces or even eliminates the need for carbon.

BERILLIA COMPOUNDS

The use of beryllium and aluminum hydrides is known in rocket technology, but they are used in other combinations and with a different amount of oxidizing agent. Consider the reactions of the most energetic beryllium hydride and borohydride with other oxidizing agents (except for ammonium nitrate in the prototype, see reaction \ 6 \ in the prototype). When burning in oxygen, beryllium gives the greatest heat of reaction = 23.91 kJ / g of mixture:

The ratio of components: ammonium dinitramide (hereinafter referred to as DND) is 55.50 ± 15%, beryllium borohydride is 34.63 ± 10%, and beryllium hydride is 9.87 ± 5% (hereinafter, wt.%).

When sealing the cavity of an explosive device, the following reaction with nitrogen pentoxide is possible:

The ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 20.88 ± 10%, nitrogen pentoxide - 56.6 ± 15%, beryllium hydride - 23.12 ± 10%. Heat dissipation is quite high - 17.76 kJ / g.

Possible reaction of beryllium borohydride with boron nitrate:

The ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 37.1 ± 15%, boron nitrate 62.9 ± 15%.

Or it’s better to add beryllium hydride to the previous reaction:

The ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 17.20 ± 15%, boron nitrate - 58.30 ± 20%, beryllium hydride - 24.50 ± 10%.

Possible reaction of beryllium borohydride and beryllium hydride with beryllium nitrate:

The ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 17.93 ± 15%, beryllium nitrate - 61.63 ± 20%, beryllium hydride - 20.44 ± 10%.

With the recently discovered substance N3O6, a reaction is possible:

The ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 23.26 ± 10%, nitrogen dioxide - 56.17 ± 10%, beryllium hydride - 20.20 ± 10%.

A side reaction may occur of the formation of water from hydrogen, but at such temperatures, beryllium hydride or beryllium itself will react with water vapor and decompose the water back to hydrogen.

A side reaction of the formation of boron oxide may occur, but in the presence of the above-mentioned reducing agents, it will react with nitrogen to form boron nitride.

LITHIUM-ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS

A cheaper chemical reaction can also be a triple (three components are involved) two-energy (there are two energy reactions: oxygen-metal and nitrogen-boron) reaction of lithium or aluminum and their compounds with the participation of boron. Lithium has the second heat release after beryllium per unit mixture — 19.93 kJ / g, and aluminum — in fourth place — 16.43 kJ / g mixture. But aluminum has other advantages - it is not deficient and non-toxic. Lithium is difficult to separate with aluminum, and therefore their complex compound is most common.

The ratio of components: lithium borohydride - 35.85 ± 10%, ammonium dinitramide - 51.06 ± 15%, lithium hydride - 13.09 ± 5% (hereinafter - wt.%).

Or the same reaction with aluminum is possible:

The ratio of components: aluminum borohydride - 23.66 ± 10%, ammonium dinitramide -57.76 ± 15%, aluminum hydride - 18.58 ± 5%.

The reaction with lithium-aluminum borohydride and hydride is the sum of these two reactions (and it should further be borne in mind that the reaction with lithium-aluminum is equivalent to two reactions - with lithium and with aluminum):

The ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 29.75 ± 10%, ammonium dinitramide - 54.41 ± 15%, lithium aluminum hydride - 15.84 ± 5%.

Possible reaction with more available anhydrous ammonium nitrate:

The ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 28.33 ± 10%, ammonium nitrate - 48.62 ± 15%, lithium aluminum hydride - 23.05 ± 10%.

High-energy reaction with nitrogen pentoxide:

The ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 20.23 ± 10%, nitrogen pentoxide - 46.85 ± 15%, lithium aluminum hydride - 32.92 ± 10%.

The ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 11.80 ± 10%, boron nitrate - 49.80 ± 15%, lithium aluminum hydride - 38.40 ± 10%.

The ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 16.99 ± 10%, beryllium nitrate - 46.85 ± 15%, lithium aluminum hydride - 34.56 ± 10%.

With the recently discovered substance N3O6, a reaction is possible:

The ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 23.85 ± 10%, nitrogen dioxide - 47.05 ± 15%, lithium aluminum hydride - 29.10 ± 10%.

SILICON COMPOUNDS

Silicon is in fifth place in terms of heat release from the reaction with oxygen - 15.06 kJ / g of mixture. But it has another advantage - it is one of the most widely distributed elements in nature, and its oxide is completely non-toxic.

Silicon borohydride and silane with different oxidizing agents can be used. Since monosilane is a gas, and it can only be stored in sealed and sufficiently strong containers, it can only be used in sealed explosive devices.

The ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 28.05 ± 10%, anhydrous ammonium nitrate - 51.35 ± 15%, silane - 20.6 ± 10%.

The ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 28.05 ± 10%, ammonium dinitramide - 51.35 ± 15%, silane - 20.6 ± 10%.

The ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 20.73 ± 10%, nitrogen pentoxide - 48.82 ± 15%, silane - 30.45 ± 10%.

The ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 11.85 ± 10%, boron nitrate - 53.34 ± 15%, silane - 34.81 ± 10%.

The ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 18.14 ± 10%, beryllium nitrate - 55.20 ± 15%, silane - 26.66 ± 10%.

With the recently discovered substance N3O6, a reaction is possible:

The ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 23.77 ± 10%, nitrogen dioxide - 50.03 ± 15%, silane - 26.20 ± 10%.

BORN COMPOUNDS

Boron is in third place in terms of heat release from the reaction with oxygen - 18.02 kJ / g-mixture.

Boron can act both as a fuel and as a source of a second energy reaction with nitrogen. The most promising is tetraborane - it contains slightly less hydrogen than diborane (2.5 hydrogen atoms per 1 boron atom instead of 3), but it easily liquefies (+ 18 ° C), and has about 4 times higher density in the liquefied state than diboran in a supercritical state. Decaboran is even more convenient to handle - it is solid, but it contains little hydrogen - only 1.4 hydrogen atoms per 1 boron atom.

Consider the reactions of tetraborane with different oxidizing agents (it can only in sealed enclosures):

The ratio of components: tetraboran - 39.98 ± 15%, ammonium nitrate - 60.02 ± 15%.

The ratio of components: tetraboran - 39.69 ± 15%, nitrogen pentoxide - 60.31 ± 15%.

The ratio of components: tetraboran - 39.69 ± 15%, boron nitrate - 60.31 ± 15%.

The ratio of components: tetraboran - 34.83 ± 15%, beryllium nitrate - 65.17 ± 15%.

The ratio of components: tetraboran - 41.74 ± 15%, DND - 58.26 ± 15%.

The ratio of components: tetraboran - 40.34 ± 15%, nitrogen hexoxide - 59.66 ± 15%.

Claims (26)

1. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: ammonium dinitramide (hereinafter DND) - 55.50 ± 15 wt.%, Beryllium borohydride - 34.63 ± 10 wt.%, Beryllium hydride - 9.87 ± 5 wt.%. 2. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 20.88 ± 10 wt.%, Nitrogen pentoxide - 56.6 ± 15 wt.%, Beryllium hydride - 23.12 ± 10 wt.%. 3. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 37.1 ± 15 wt.%, Boron nitrate 62.9 ± 15 wt.%. 4. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 17.20 ± 15 wt.%, Boron nitrate - 58.30 ± 20 wt.%, Beryllium hydride - 24.50 ± 10 wt.%. 5. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 17.93 ± 15 wt.%, Beryllium nitrate - 61.63 ± 20 wt.%, Beryllium hydride - 20.44 ± 10 wt.%. 6. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: beryllium borohydride - 23.26 ± 10 wt.%, Nitrogen dioxide - 56.17 ± 10 wt.%, Beryllium hydride - 20.20 ± 10 wt.%. 7. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: lithium borohydride - 35.85 ± 10%, ammonium dinitramide - 51.06 ± 15 wt.%, Lithium hydride - 13.09 ± 5 wt.%. 8. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: aluminum borohydride - 23.66 ± 10 wt.%, Ammonium dinitramide - 57.76 ± 15 wt.%, Aluminum hydride - 18.58 ± 5 wt.%. 9. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 29.75 ± 10 wt.%, Ammonium dinitramide - 54.41 ± 15 wt.%, Lithium aluminum hydride - 15.84 ± 5 wt.%. 10. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 28.33 ± 10 wt.%, Ammonium nitrate - 48.62 ± 15 wt.%, Lithium aluminum hydride - 23.05 ± 10 wt.%. 11. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 20.23 ± 10 wt.%, Nitrogen pentoxide - 46.85 ± 15 wt.%, Lithium aluminum hydride - 32.92 ± 10 wt.%. 12. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 11.80 ± 10 wt.%, Boron nitrate - 49.80 ± 15 wt.%, Lithium aluminum hydride - 38.40 ± 10 wt.%. 13. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 16.99 ± 10 wt.%, Beryllium nitrate - 46.85 ± 15 wt.%, Lithium aluminum hydride - 34.56 ± 10 wt.%. 14. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: lithium aluminum borohydride - 23.85 ± 10 wt.%, Nitrogen dioxide - 47.05 ± 15 wt.%, Lithium aluminum hydride - 29.10 ± 10 wt.%. 15. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 28.05 ± 10%, anhydrous ammonium nitrate - 51.35 ± 15 wt.%, Silane - 20.6 ± 10 wt.%. 16. An explosive substance, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 28.05 ± 10%, ammonium dinitramide - 51.35 ± 15 wt.%, Silane - 20.6 ± 10 wt.%. 17. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 20.73 ± 10 wt.%, Nitrogen pentoxide - 48.82 ± 15 wt.%, Silane - 30.45 ± 10 wt.%. 18. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 11.85 ± 10 wt.%, Boron nitrate - 53.34 ± 15 wt.%, Silane - 34.81 ± 10 wt.%. 19. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 18.14 ± 10 wt.%, Beryllium nitrate - 55.20 ± 15 wt.%, Silane - 26.66 ± 10 wt.%. 20. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: silicon borohydride - 23.77 ± 10 wt.%, Nitrogen dioxide - 50.03 ± 15 wt.%, Silane - 26.20 ± 10 wt.%. 21. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: tetraborane - 39.98 ± 15 wt.%, Ammonium nitrate - 60.02 ± 15 wt.%. 22. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: tetraborane - 39.69 ± 15 wt.%, Nitrogen pentoxide - 60.31 ± 15 wt.%. 23. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: tetraborane - 39.69 ± 15 wt.%, Boron nitrate - 60.31 ± 15 wt.%. 24. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: tetraborane - 34.83 ± 15 wt.%, Beryllium nitrate - 65.17 ± 15 wt.%. 25. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: tetraboran - 41.74 ± 15 wt.%, DND - 58.26 ± 15 wt.%. 26. Explosive, characterized in that it has the following ratio of components: tetraborane - 40.34 ± 15 wt.%, Nitrogen hexane - 59.66 ± 15 wt.%.