RU2537528C2 - Method for production of triticale grain groats (similar to pearl barley) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: method for production of triticale grain groats similar to pearl barley involves impurities removal from grains, moistening, conditioning, separation into coarse and fine fractions, per fraction hulling, isolation of hulled grains from hulling products, hulled grains polishing to produce triticale grain groats similar to pearl barley. Separation of hulling products on fine and coarse fraction sieves ensures reduction of frequency of hulled grains penetration through the vertical hulling machine. Repeated hulling and polishing of both the fine and coarse fractions ensures reduction of unhulled seeds content.

EFFECT: reduction of ground groats yield resulting in significant increase of triticale grain groats yield combined with improved quality of such groats and extension of cereal products range.

2 tbl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of food (flour and cereal) industry, and in particular to a technology for the production of cereals from triticale, and can be used in cereals.

The purpose of the invention is the expansion of technological capabilities by using triticale grains in the production of cereal products.

Protein deficiency in food is one of the most important problems in developing countries. To solve this problem, special attention should be paid to the cultivation of varieties of cereals with a high protein content, since these crops are the cheapest and easily available as a source of protein. Triticale is a new type of cereal that can basically satisfy these needs. [one].

Triticale contains: water - 14.0%, proteins - 12.8%, carbohydrates - 68.6%, fats -1.5%, fiber - 3.1% and ash - 2.0%. Compared to wheat, triticale grain contains more free essential amino acids, such as: lysine, valine, leucine, threonine, glycine, arginine and others, which is why the biological value of triticale is higher than that of wheat. Triticale grain proteins on average contain 5-10% albumin, 6-7% globulins, 30-37% prolamins and 15-20% glutemins. The content of vitamins, micro and macro elements of triticale is not inferior to traditional cereals. A large amount of phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, calcium, sodium, manganese, and iron is also present in triticale grains; it contains vitamins of groups B, PP, and E [2].

Triticale grains are noticeably longer than wheat grains, reaching 10-12 mm in length and up to 3 mm in width. The longitudinal groove running along the entire length of the ventral side of the caryopsis has different depths in different grades. Often, varieties with a punctured caryopsis have large spaces at the beginning of the groove where endosperm cells do not develop.

Triticale grains are usually yellowish brown, but this is often masked by folds and scales of the outer longitudinal shell, which significantly distract attention from the appearance of the grain itself.

The fruit shell of the triticale kernel has a developed surface with many wrinkles with a radius of 2-10 μm, recesses of 2-4 μm with a conical and spherical shape with a diameter of 4-10 μm, which significantly increase the surface of the triticale in comparison with wheat and rye. When considering longitudinal and transverse sections of the fruit and seed membranes and the aleuron layer, the presence of many cavities 2-10 microns in size was revealed. The fruit membrane is not tightly attached to the seed. Between them there are pores with a width of 0.2-4 microns. The cells of the aleuron layer on the cross section have an irregular, and in the longitudinal section, regular geometric shape. Inside the cells contain a large number of aleuron grains, between which there are pores with a width of 0.5-1.5 microns. When examining the central part of the endosperm of triticale grains, it was found that starch grains, as depressed, lie in the protein matrix. However, between the protein matrix and starch grains there are pores with a width of 0.5-2 microns. The embryo of triticale resembles a wheat germ and consists of an embryonic axis and a shield [3].

As for the technological indicators of grain quality, it should be noted that the triticale genome consists of chromosomes of wheat and rye, and the presence of rye chromosomes naturally reduces the volume of bread from triticale flour. Studies in this direction have shown that triticale bread is inferior in volume to wheat and superior to rye. However, it is superior in nutritional value to both wheat and rye [4].

Triticale has good yield potential, increased frost resistance, resistance to viral and fungal diseases and low demands on soil fertility.

The consumption of such a useful crop as triticale is unreasonably low, which is largely due to the limited range of products from it.

A known method for the production of oatmeal, including cleaning oats from impurities, steaming, drying to a moisture content of 8-10%, cooling, separation into two fractions by size, two-stage peeling baking, separation of peeling products, providing for the separation of flour, husks, crushed and unbroken from the mixture grains, grinding oat kernels into cereals, sorting of grinding products, sieve control of the obtained cereals [5].

The disadvantages of this method are the lack of efficiency of the process of separation of the products of peeling, which makes it difficult to carry out the second stage of peeling, since the undamaged grain sent to the secondary peeling contains a husk.

A known method for the production of pearl barley from barley grain, including cleaning grain from grain and weedy impurities, fractionation into coarse and fine fractions, steaming for 3 minutes at a vapor pressure of 0.2 MPa, followed by drying, peeling of the grain by successive passage of grain through four peeling systems when used on the 1st and 2nd systems of scouring machines, on the 3rd and 4th systems - machines of the A1-ZShN type. The product obtained after each passage through the scouring machine is screened in aspirators to separate the husks. Shelled barley (penjac) is sent for grinding (three systems) and polishing (three systems) with intermediate screening after the 2nd grinding and 2nd polishing system and intermediate screening after the 3rd grinding system. Grinding and polishing are carried out in machines of the A1-ZShN type [6].

The disadvantages of this method are the high duration of technological operations, a high degree of crushing of grain in the process of peeling on scouring machines, as well as a low yield of cereals.

A known method of processing grain of millet into millet groats (millet), including cleaning grain from grain and weed impurities, its hydrothermal treatment by moistening with drinking water to a moisture content of 18-24%, curing for 9-12 hours, drying in air at a temperature of 120- 150 ° C for 3.5-4.5 min, dry peeling, three-time separation, sifting and double sifting [7].

The disadvantages of this method are the high duration of the technological operations of smoothing and drying unshelled grain, separation and winnowing of peeled grain, as well as a low yield of cereals,

A known method of producing cereal from spelled, including weighing grain of a glazed spelled, cleaning it from impurities by double separation, hydrothermal treatment of whole grain by moistening it with drinking water to 15-17%, tracking for 1.5-2 hours, peeling moistened grain with sorting husked grain from unshelled, shells and crushed, screening with removal of flour and control of finished products. [8]

The disadvantages of this method are that the process has a large length of technological operations, resulting in a low yield and low culinary properties of cereals.

The closest of these analogues is the method of production of oatmeal according to copyright certificate 776633 В 02 В 5/02, which we adopted as a prototype.

The present invention is aimed at creating an effective and inexpensive method for the production of cereals from triticale grains (such as pearl barley), simplifying the manufacturing process, reducing manufacturing costs, improving consumer properties and expanding the range of finished products.

To obtain such a technical result, the proposed method for the production of cereals from triticale grains (such as pearl-barley) provides for grain cleaning from impurities, moistening, smoothing, perfractional peeling, separation of peeled grain from peeling products, grinding of peeled grain to obtain cereals (such as pearl-barley).

The process of producing cereals occurs in two stages: preparation of raw materials and surface treatment of the grain (peeling and grinding) in order to remove the shells and give the kernel the appearance of grain. Depending on the structural-mechanical, physico-chemical properties and characteristics of the grain, its biological characteristics, peeling is carried out in machines of various designs.

The difference of the proposed method is that the triticale grain is moistened before processing and kept at a temperature of 18-20 ° C to a technological moisture content of 15 wt.%, Providing the content of crushed cereals in the grain product no more than 15 wt.%. We experimentally established the dependence of the content of crushed cereals in a grain product on the moisture content in pre-moistened and aged grain and fineness, the data are shown in table 1. From the data of table 1 it is seen that when peeling grain in a moisture range of 9-17 wt.% The content of crushed cereals in the resulting cereal product does not exceed 15 wt.%.

Table 1 The content of crushed cereals in the grain product with different moisture content of the original grain The size of the fraction, mm The content of crushed cereals in the grain product, wt.%. when the moisture content of the original grain, wt.%. 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 Grain after cleaning: sieve pass 3.2 × 20 gather 1.7 × 20 15.0 13.6 12.1 10.6 9.3 Coarse fraction: 2.8 × 20 sieve gathering 14.3 13.0 11.6 10,2 8.9 Fine fraction: sieve gathering 2.2 × 20 13.8 12.3 10.9 9.8 8.6 Fine grain: sieve pass 2.2 × 20 gather 1.7 × 20 - - - - -

The difference is that in the method of processing triticale into groats, which includes the separation of the source grain into small and large fractions, their separate peeling on two systems for each fraction and grinding, after the first peeling, grain fractions are separated on sieves with openings of 2.4- 2.2 × 20 mm for a fine fraction, and for a large fraction - 2.8-2.6 × 20 mm, the fractions obtained immediately from these screens are sent for re-peeling, and the passage fractions from these screens are sent directly to grinding. The grain fraction selected by a sieve passage with a hole size of 2.2x20 mm and a descent of 1.7 × 20 does not participate in the processing process due to the small yield of up to 10%.

The difference is that the separate peeling of the fine and coarse fractions is due to the significant heterogeneity of the batches of triticale grains in size and different strength properties of the grains of these fractions. Separation of peeling products on sieves for fine and large fractions of grain is necessary in order to reduce the number of passes of peeled grain through a vertical peeling machine. Repeated peeling and grinding of both fine and coarse fractions is necessary in order to reduce the content of unpeeled grains to the value established by the standard.

The grinding of the passage fractions of grain immediately after the separation of the peeling products is carried out due to the fact that this fraction contains the minimum number of unpeeled grains. Such a construction of the process provides a decrease in the yield of crushed cereals, which leads to a significant increase in the yield of cereals from triticale (such as pearl barley) with a simultaneous improvement in its quality.

The difference of the proposed method is that the separation of grain into coarse and fine fractions allows not only to increase the efficiency of the primary peeling, but also contributes to a more efficient separation of the products of primary peeling into fractions with different contents of unpeeled grains.

The use of commercially available equipment in the method provides it with industrial applicability and does not require the development of new means of control.

In our opinion, the method is new and industrially applicable, and the differences identified are significant.

The invention is illustrated in the figure, which shows a peeling scheme.

The method is as follows.

The triticale grain that is previously purified in the grain cleaning department of the grain mill is sent to screening 1, equipped with sieves with oblong holes of 3.2-1.7 × 20 mm in size, where the grain is divided into two fractions: coarse and fine, which are processed separately. The coarse grain — leaving the 2.8 × 20 mm sieve — enters through the magnetic shielding 2 to the first peeling system — a vertical peeling machine 3 and a duo-aspirator 4. After separation of the shells, flour and beaten core in the duo-aspirator 4, a peeling product containing a mixture of peeled and unshelled grains of triticale, sent to sieving 5, equipped with sieves with oblong holes of size 2.8 × 20 and 2.6 × 20 mm The product obtained by descending from 2.8 × 20, 2.6 × 20 mm sieves and consisting mainly of unpeeled triticale grains enters through the magnetic shield 6 to a second peeling system - a vertical peeling machine 7 and a duo-aspirator 8. The product obtained by passing the sieve 2.6 × 20 mm of sieving 5, which is mainly semi-shelled grain, enters through the magnetic shield 9 together with the second peeling product to the third peeling system - grinding - a horizontal grinding machine of the BShM type with an abrasive rotor of finer grain size 10 and uoaspirator 11. Next, the resultant product is fed to control.

Fine grain is processed similarly to a large fraction. The difference is that the product of the first peeling system (magnetic shielding 12, vertical peeling machine 13, duo-aspirator 14) enters the screening 15, where it is sorted on 2.6 × 20 and 2.4 × 20 mm sieves. The exits from these screens are sent to a second peeling system (magnetic shielding 16, a vertical peeling machine 17, a duo-aspirator 18), and the passage together with the product of the second peeling system is directed to a third peeling and grinding system (magnetic protection 19, a horizontal grinding machine of the BShM type with an abrasive finer rotor 20, duoaspirator 21). Next, the resulting product goes to control.

Before packaging cereal from triticale grains (such as pearl barley) is monitored for the content of large, light impurities and crushed particles.

Thus, the technological scheme consists of two parts. The first part is intended for the processing of large fraction triticale grains, the second part is for the processing of small fractions. The scheme contains for the coarse fraction sieving 1, the first peeling system, including magnetic protection 2, a vertical peeling machine 3, a duo-aspirator 4, sieving 5, a second peeling system, including a magnetic protection 6, a vertical peeling machine 7, a duo-aspirator 8, a third peeling-grinding system including magnetic protection 9, a horizontal grinder type BShM with an abrasive rotor of finer grain size 10, duoaspirator 11.

The scheme includes, for the fine fraction, a first peeling system containing magnetic protection 12. a vertical peeling machine 13, a duo-aspirator 14, sieving 15, a second peeling system including magnetic protection 16, a vertical peeling machine 17, a duo-aspirator 18, and a third peeling-grinding system including magnetic protection 19, horizontal grinder type BShM with an abrasive rotor of finer grain size 20, duoaspirator 21.

The data characterizing the quality indicators of the product are shown in table 2.

table 2 Product quality indicators Processed products The output of pearl barley, depending on the moisture content of the grain,% 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 Grain after cleaning: Triticale groats (pearl barley) 47.4 49.3 51.3 54,4 56.3 Feed meal 22.9 21,4 20.1 17.8 16,2 Husk 6.4 7.2 7.9 8.5 9.3 Crushed groats 13.5 12.3 10.9 9.5 8.4 Fine grain 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Waste and mechanical loss 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 Shrinkage 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Total: one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred Coarse fraction: Triticale groats (pearl barley) 49.5 51,2 53,2 55.9 57.4 Feed meal 21.1 19.7 18.2 16,4 15.1 Husk 6.7 7.6 8.3 8.7 9.7 Crushed groats 12.9 11.7 10.5 9.2 8.0 Fine grain 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Waste and mechanical loss 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 Shrinkage 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Total: one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred Fine fraction: Triticale groats (pearl barley) 48,4 50.1 51.8 54.7 56.7 Feed meal 23.3 22.1 21 18,4 17.0 Husk 6.1 6.9 7.6 8.2 8.8 Crushed groats 12,4 11.1 9.8 8.9 7.7 Fine grain 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Waste and mechanical loss 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 Shrinkage 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Total: one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred

As can be seen from table 2, the processing of triticale grains into cereals with a moisture content of 9.0-17.0% significantly affects the yield of the finished product, cereals from triticale grains of pearl barley. Processing of triticale grains with a moisture content of less than 9.0% leads to the fact that the core becomes less durable, resulting in reduced peeling efficiency. With a grain moisture content of more than 17%, the fruit shells are excessively moistened, become less fragile and are more difficult to remove during peeling operations, as a result of which the peeling efficiency decreases, which leads to an increase in the proportion of unpeeled grains.

A positive effect is possible only in combination with processing with technological humidity (15%) and with aligned grain size, which allows to increase the yield of the whole core, i.e. at a grain moisture content of 15%, the endosperm acquires a more viscous state, which allows to increase the yield of the whole kernel, to improve the technological properties and culinary advantages of the obtained cereals.

In addition, high grain moisture causes high energy consumption when drying the finished product, since the requirements of the standards for cereals provide humidity not higher than 14.0%.

Information sources

1. Triticale - the first grain crop created by man. Translation from English M.B. Evgenieva. Edited and preface by Yu.L. Guzhova, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Moscow Kolos, 1987. - 284 p.

2. Maksimchuk B.M., Kolkunova G.K., Mosolova N.M. Technological properties of triticale grains. Flour and cereal industry. Survey information, TsNIIITEI, Moscow 1980 - 39 p.

3. Shulyndin A.F. Triticale agricultural technology and harvest. Rural life, 1977

4. Kurkiev U.K., Semenova L.V., Mamoshina P.L. Technological properties of wheat-rye amphidiploids. Collection "Triticale, study and selection" - L., VIR, 1975.

5. Auth. St. 776633 B02B 5/02 (prototype).

6. Rules for organizing and conducting the technological process at cereal enterprises. VNPO "Zernoprodukt", VNIIZ, M., 1991, p.65-74

7. RF patent No. 2115476, B02B 5/02, 1998

8. RF patent No. 2371250, B02B 3/00, B07B 1/00, 2009

Claims (1)

A method for the production of cereals from triticale grains, which includes cleaning, moistening, smoothing, separation of grain into two fractions - coarse and fine, peeling, fractional peeling, separation of peeled grains from peeling products, grinding it to produce cereals, characterized in that the triticale grain is moistened before processing and maintained at a temperature of 18-20 ° C to a moisture content of 15 wt.%, grain separation is carried out on sieves with a hole size for a coarse fraction of 2.8-2.6 × 20 mm, for a fine fraction with a hole size of 2.4-2.2 × 20 mm, repeat th peeling directed fractions obtained from these sieves gathering and prohodovye fraction of said sieve fed directly to grinding.

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