RU2522522C1 - Method of processing garden trees and grapes for protection against low temperatures and spring frosts - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of processing garden trees and grapes for protection against low temperatures and spring frosts comprises preparing 4.2-4.6% aqueous solution of silicate-carbonate preparation and processing the vegetating plants with it in early winter in dormancy or at the beginning of gemmation to phenophase of "green cone" in early spring. The processing is carried out in the absence of leaves and dormancy of plants at positive temperatures in the daytime and in the absence of rainfall during the 48 hours. The aqueous solution of silicate-carbonate preparation is the basis for the formation of a porous coating that protects plants from low winter temperatures and spring frosts.

EFFECT: method enables to minimise losses from damage to fruit crops and grapes from winter and spring frosts, to provide stability of yields and thus to provide profitableness of the industry.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to fruit growing and viticulture, and can be used for processing perennial garden trees and grapes in order to apply a protective coating and prevent damage to wood from the effects of low temperatures in the winter and damage to fruit buds in the early spring. The processing method can be effectively used in southern Russia and neighboring countries with similar climatic conditions.

Among the perennial garden crops of the south of Russia, such crops as pear, peach, apricot, dogwood, medlar with an uncultivated cultivation culture — red technical grape varieties, white table grape varieties — are subject to damage by low winter temperatures.

This processing method helps to increase the maximum permissible winter temperature for a given crop to 10 ° C due to the formation of a microporous film on the surface of the bark of plants that is resistant to environmental influences.

There is a method of increasing frost resistance of perennial plants by gradually lowering the temperature and subsequent hardening of wood (birch, apple) and shrub (currant) species by holding them for 12-24 days at a negative temperature of 10-20 ° C. After this hardening, these cultures withstood a 24-hour temperature drop to -250 ° C and retained the ability to vegetate [Tumanov I.I. Frost resistance and physiology of hardening of plants. - M .: Science. - 1979. - 352 p.].

Disadvantage: in the field it is impossible to provide similar laboratory conditions for hardening fruit crops, especially with temperature winter anomalies in the European territory of the Russian Federation with frequent thaws and significant sharp drops in temperature.

The main limiting factor in the cultivation of grapes in the southern regions of Russia is the low temperatures of the winter period. In the conditions of the eastern zone of the Krasnodar Territory, European grape varieties are cultivated in a cover culture, which, of course, protects them from freezing and death. Soil is used as a covering material; attempts to use finely dispersed materials are known. The introduction of a non-covering high-stemming culture complicated the technology of viticulture, put forward a number of problems, including the placement of vineyards, selection of varietal composition, the formation of bushes and cultivation techniques. [Pavlyukova TP, Tyagilev OA, Yakub Yu.F. Frost-resistant grape varieties in cognac production / Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. - 2012. - No. 6. - S. 42-44]. Disadvantages of covering technologies: a significant increase in the cost of viticulture products, while the introduction of non-covering culture does not guarantee a stable high yield. It is impossible to arrange shelter for fruit crops in the winter.

The closest is a method of protecting fruit trees from spring frosts, which includes delaying their development, including preparing a solution of a growth inhibitor and treating vegetative plants with it, using a 0.3-0.6% aqueous solution of contact insectofungicide dinitroorthocresol (DNOC) or 2, 4-dinitro-6-methylphenol 40% water-soluble powder of ammonium salt. Processing is carried out at the beginning of budding to the green cone phenophase in early spring. The inhibition effect lasts 8-17 days. Recommended in areas with unstable early spring or winter, where a short-term return of low negative temperatures to -5-9 ° C is possible [RF Patent No. 2198499. A method of protecting fruit trees from spring frosts / Stepanov V.A., Menshikov L.E., Meshcheryakova M.V., Kramarenko Yu.P., Polgorodnik O.G. / Patent holder: OJSC Concern Stirol, Ukraine, application No. 2001103783/13, decl. 07/13/01, publ. 02/20/2003. - Bull. No. 4].

Disadvantage: insufficiently long period of protection against frosts, from the use of phenolic preparations, leaf and kidney burns are possible, an environmentally hazardous preparation, not suitable for protection against low temperatures in the winter period.

The technical result when using the proposed method for processing fruit crops and grapes is to increase the maximum permissible winter temperature to 10 ° C for a dairy crop due to the formation of a microporous film on the surface of the bark of plants that is resistant to environmental influences.

The technical result is achieved due to the fact that in the method of processing wood of fruit trees and grapes from freezing during a sharp drop in temperature in the winter or preventing damage to fruit buds during early spring frosts, a solution of the preparation is prepared and the treatment is carried out by spraying a silicate-carbonate preparation containing a catalyst and a thickener, which is the basis for the formation of a polymer porous film that provides protection from low winter temperatures and weight frosts, while treatment with an aqueous emulsion of the drug is carried out in the absence of leaves and dormancy of plants, at positive temperatures in the daytime and in the absence of rainfall for 48 hours, in the Krasnodar Territory - early to mid-December, when protected from early spring frosts - in the beginning blooming of kidneys to the green cone phenophase.

The advantages of the proposed method are that it provides an effective protective coating of wood of fruit trees and grapes, which protects against freezing at low winter temperatures or prevents damage to fruit buds during early spring frosts, prevents the plant from waking up during provocative thaws in January or February. Delays premature vegetation in early spring for up to 14 days. Used silicate-carbonate preparation containing a catalyst and which is the basis for the formation of a polymer porous film, does not require special equipment for processing, non-toxic, non-combustible, odorless, maintains stability throughout the winter period.

The following substances are used in the silicate-carbonate preparation used, which consists of two components - liquid and powder: carbamide (urea), sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, tartaric acid, magnesium carbonate, liquid sodium glass, liquid potassium glass, dolomite for the glass industry. Other substances and components that can cause similar polymerization to form a porous coating suitable for processing fruit trees and grapes in order to increase their winter hardiness can be used in the composition.

Using the proposed combination of essential features set forth in the claims, it is possible to achieve the desired technical result - to increase the winter hardiness of wood of garden trees and grapes, to protect against freezing in winter or to prevent damage to fruit buds during early spring frosts, superior in its characteristics to the low-level protection system temperatures of the spring or winter period, made according to the prototype method.

Examples of specific performance.

Example 1. A preparation for treating pear trees of the Lubimitsa Klapa variety (the maximum permissible winter temperature for this variety is -25 ° C) is prepared as follows. In the sprayer tank with a working volume of 1000 liters, into which water of a purity level no worse than tap water is preliminarily poured at a temperature of at least 4 ° C, pour the liquid component, consisting of 90% by weight sodium liquid glass and 10% by weight potassium liquid glass, weighing 22 (± 1) kg, mix thoroughly until completely dissolved in any way for at least 10 minutes. Then add to the resulting solution with constant stirring 22 (± 1) kg of the dry component (thickener), consisting of 70% by weight dolomite, 20% magnesium carbonate, 2% urea, 8% potassium carbonate, preventing the formation of lumps. The resulting preparation (with stirring, preventing the formation of sediment) is treated by spraying trunks and branches. Apply the protective composition of the drug only at positive temperatures in the daytime and no precipitation for 48 hours. Estimated consumption: 900-1000 liters of the drug solution per 1 ha of fruit crops and 800-900 liters of solution per 1 ha of grapes. Within 48 hours, a polymer porous film is formed from the applied preparation, which can then be visually (or magnified) observed as a slightly shiny coating. The maximum permissible winter temperature of fruit crops and grapes due to the processing of the drug increases to 10 ° C. The film in the field of a garden or vineyard (light, wind, rainfall) retains mechanical stability for up to 3 months. It is destroyed in the spring in a natural way at the beginning of sap flow in plants.

Example 2

Analogously to example 1, except that the liquid component, consisting of 80% by weight of sodium liquid glass and 20% by weight of potassium liquid glass, weighing 22 (± 1) kg, mix thoroughly until completely dissolved in any way for at least 10 minutes. Then add to the resulting solution with constant stirring 22 (± 1) kg of dry component (thickener), consisting of 60% by weight dolomite, 30% magnesium carbonate, 5% sodium bicarbonate, 4% potassium carbonate, 1% tartaric acid, avoiding the formation lumps.

Example 3

Analogously to example 1, except that the dogwood is subjected to processing, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the culture is -24 ° C.

Example 4

Analogously to example 2, except that the dogwood is subjected to processing, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the culture is -24 ° C.

Example 5

Analogously to example 1, except that the apricot is subjected to processing, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the culture is -24 ° C.

Example 6

Analogously to example 2, except that the apricot is processed, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the culture is -24 ° C.

Example 7

Analogously to example 1, except that the liquid component, consisting of 70% by weight of sodium liquid glass and 30% by weight of potassium liquid glass, weighing 22 (± 1) kg, mix thoroughly until completely dissolved in any way for at least 10 minutes. Then add to the resulting solution with constant stirring 22 (± 1) kg of dry component (thickener), consisting of 50% by weight dolomite, 30% magnesium carbonate, 5% carbamide, 10% potassium carbonate, 5% tartaric acid, avoiding the formation of lumps . The medlar is treated with a garden, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the culture is -21 ° C.

Example 8

Analogously to example 7, in addition to processing peach, the maximum allowable winter temperature of the culture is -22 ° C.

Example 9

Analogously to example 1, in addition to processing grapes from Moldova, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the crop is -22 ° C.

Example 10

Analogously to example 2, in addition to processing grapes from Moldova, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the crop is -22 ° C.

Example 11

Analogously to example 7, in addition to processing grapes from Moldova, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the crop is -22 ° C.

Example 12

Analogously to example 1, in addition to processing grapes of the Bianca variety, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the crop is -26 ° C.

Example 13

Analogously to example 1, in addition to processing grapes of the Pervenets Magaracha variety, the maximum permissible winter temperature of the crop is -24 ° C.

Example 14

The processing of pear trees according to the prototype method.

Example 15

Processing peach according to the prototype method.

Example 16

Processing dogwood garden according to the prototype method.

Example 17

Processing grapes from Moldova according to the prototype method.

Example 18

Processing grapes Bianca according to the prototype method.

Example 19

Moldova grapes without processing and shelter for the winter. The performance indicators of the method are shown in the table.

Table The efficiency of processing fruit crops and grapes in the field in 2009-2012, Krasnodar Territory Example No. Damage to wood and fruit buds Winter 2009/2010 (-26 ° C) Winter 2010/2011 (-10 ° C) Winter 2011/2012 (-26 ° C) Winter 2012/2013 (-15 ° C) one No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 2 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 3 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds four No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 5 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 6 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds

7 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 8 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 9 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 10 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds eleven No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 12 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds 13 No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds No damage to wood and fruit buds fourteen Total crop loss No damage to wood and fruit buds Total crop loss No damage to wood and fruit buds

fifteen The death of 90% of plants No damage to wood and fruit buds The death of 90% of plants No damage to wood and fruit buds 16 The death of 90% of plants No damage to wood and fruit buds The death of 90% of plants No damage to wood and fruit buds 17 Full freezing No damage to wood and fruit buds Full freezing No damage to wood and fruit buds eighteen Full freezing No damage to wood and fruit buds Full freezing No damage to wood and fruit buds 19 Full freezing No damage to wood and fruit buds Full freezing No damage to wood and fruit buds

Analysis of the proposed method for processing garden trees and grapes from low temperatures in the spring or winter period made it possible to determine the following.

The resulting increase in the maximum permissible winter temperature for garden crops and grapes is due to the fact that a microporous film has formed on the bark, which protects plants from sudden changes in temperature and provocative thaws.

Field frost tests for Examples Nos. 1–13 showed that the wood did not freeze during the winter of 2009/2010 and 2011/2012, when the minimum temperature was 5 ° C below the maximum permissible for the tested varieties. For examples No. 14-18 in the same years, wood damage of 90% or more and complete death of fruit buds were observed. According to example No. 19, Moldova grapes completely frozen during the winter period of 2009/2010 and 2011/2012. Checking the physiological state of fruit tree wood showed the following: the sugar concentration in the intercellular juice reached 30-50 g / kg of wood, for examples No. 14-19 (without treatments) was 5-10 g / kg of wood. For examples No. 1-13, starch was not found in the intercellular juice, in contrast to examples No. 14-19. The absence of starch indicated the readiness of plants for low temperatures and, accordingly, for overwintering. After laboratory testing in a thermostat at a low temperature, cuttings of fruit crops and grapes processed according to the proposed method, their ability to tolerate temperatures below the maximum allowable by 8-10 ° C was established. As a result of laboratory tests, there was no damage to the wood processed according to the proposed method at -35 ° C in pear of the variety Lyubimitsa Klapa, at -34 ° C in dogwood and apricot, at -32 ° C in peach and grape variety Moldova, at -36 ° C - grape varieties Bianca and the Firstborn of Magarach. As a result of laboratory tests according to the treatments of examples No. 14-18, the complete death of plants at negative temperatures of 24-26 ° C was established and for example No. 19 (without treatments) the complete death of the vine at -21 ° C.

After overwintering the plants, a conditional crop of fruits and grapes was obtained, which is characteristic of the cultivation conditions of this crop. In agricultural areas without treatment, in the 2011/2012 season, freezing of peach, dogwood and grapes took place and, accordingly, the crop was completely lost. Given the fact that peach, grapes, and cornel are completely frozen out, losses amount to 400 thousand rubles per 1 ha, which are attributed to the restoration of plantings at 2012 prices and then nursing work for 3 years before these crops are brought into fruit at the rate of 60 thousand. rubles per year per 1 ha. Total for three years, but for planting care, 180 thousand rubles per hectare will be spent, so the total losses will amount to 580 thousand rubles per hectare. Thus, the treatment according to the method prevents the plant from waking up during provocative thaws in January or February and delays premature vegetation in early spring for up to 14 days. The proposed method allows to minimize losses from damage to fruit crops and grapes by winter and spring frosts, to ensure the stability of the crop and thereby ensure the income of agricultural enterprises.

Claims (1)

A method of processing garden trees and grapes to protect against low temperatures and spring frosts, characterized in that it involves the preparation of a 4.2-4.6% aqueous solution of a silicate-carbonate preparation, which is the basis for the formation of a porous coating, and processing vegetative plants with it at the beginning of winter at rest or at the beginning of bud budding to the green cone phenophase in early spring, treatment is carried out in the absence of leaves and dormancy of plants, at positive temperatures in the daytime and is absent and precipitation within 48 hours.