RU2489703C2 - Measuring unit of parameters of optically transparent surfaces - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measurement equipment.

SUBSTANCE: unit includes a housing, bunkers for abrasive material, tie rods, a screw mechanism, two specimen holders and a mechanism for their movement, which provides the possibility of movements. The unit is equipped with two injectors, two fans controlled with batchers, and an analogue-to-digital converter. The movement mechanism of specimen holders is made in the form of a gear rack- and-pinion mechanism ensuring movement of the specimen holders by means of a rotation drive.

EFFECT: enlarging functional capabilities.

3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to means for determining the qualitative parameters of the surface layer of optically transparent surfaces by modeling the effects on the optically transparent surface of various natural factors. The installation can be used to determine the level of surface roughness, mass wear resistance, residual stresses, transparency, etc.

Known bead-blasting installation, consisting of a working chamber with nozzles, ejectors and a base on which the mechanism of rotational and translational movement of the part. In this case, the mechanism of rotational and translational movement of the part is made in the form of a platform mounted with the ability to move with a gear mounted on a non-drive gear, mounted on the base of the rack, mounted to interact with the drive gear, a rack located on the rack introduced into the installation, and this rack is made with a smooth central part and kinematically connected to the platform by means of an additional gear (SU No. 917438. Shot blasting machine. IPC B24C 3/08, published on November 27, 2005).

A disadvantage of the known shot blasting installation is the inability to simulate the effects on the outer optically transparent surface of the lens of an automobile headlight of various natural factors at the same time.

A device for testing samples of materials for wear in an abrasive mass, consisting of a base with a tray with abrasive mass mounted on it, a rod with a drive for its movement and an oscillation generator, from a set with a reciprocating movement, from the sample holder. In this case, the tray with abrasive mass is made in the form of an annular container mounted with the possibility of discrete rotation by means of a drive, the sample holder is made in the form of a frame rigidly mounted on the rod, and the rod displacement drive is made in the form of a loading cylinder transmitting force to the rod, the latter being connected with a drive by means of a rocker arm, pivotally fixed at one end to the loading cylinder, and the other at the lower end of the rod (Utility model RU No. 50313, IPC B24C 3/08, published on December 27, 2005).

A disadvantage of the known shot blasting installation is the inability to simulate the effects on the outer optically transparent surface of the lens of an automobile headlight of various natural factors at the same time.

Closest to the proposed invention is a device for testing materials for abrasive wear, comprising a housing, a hopper for abrasive, a rotor with radial channels, a rotor rotation drive, a disk, a sample holder and a mechanism for moving them. The unit is equipped with rods pivotally connected at one end to the respective sample holders, and at the other end with a screw nut, which is mounted coaxially with the rotor. The connection of the sample holders with the disk is made in the form of brackets mounted on the disk at an acute angle to it equal to the angle of attack. The sample holders are installed with the possibility of moving along the brackets parallel to the plane of the wearing surface of the samples (Patent RU No. 2020460, G01N 3/56, publ. 09/30/1994).

A disadvantage of the known shot blasting installation is the inability to simulate the effects on the outer optically transparent surface of the lens of an automobile headlight of various natural factors at the same time.

The basis of the invention is the task to expand the functionality of the installation by controlling and modeling the effects of natural and technogenic factors on the optically transparent surface of the sample.

The objective is achieved due to the fact that the installation for measuring the parameters of optically transparent surfaces, comprising a housing, a hopper for abrasive, a rotation drive, traction, a screw mechanism, brackets, two sample holders and a movement mechanism for them to move, according to the invention, the sample holders are connected between a bracket installed in the first and second guides of the installation case, while the mechanism for moving the sample holders is made in the form of a rack-and-pinion transmission, providing the first movement of the sample holders using the first rotation drive, additionally contains two injectors, the first injector is directed to the sample and has the ability to change its spatial position using the first and second locking nodes in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the first locking node is connected to the third guide, installed on the second rotation drive, and with the nut of the first screw mechanism, the screw of which is connected to the axis of the second rotation drive, is equipped with a first fan, installed on the axis of the third rotation drive, having the ability to change its spatial position using the third and fourth locking nodes in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the third locking node is mounted on the housing of the third rotation drive and connected through the first link to the fourth locking node mounted on the housing the second rotation drive, while the second rotation drive is fixed in the first and second brackets with the possibility of rotation in coaxial first and second kinematic pairs of rotation , using the first gear pair and the fourth drive of rotation, the second injector is directed to the sample and has the ability to change its spatial position with fixation using the fifth and sixth locking units in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the sixth locking unit is connected to a fourth rail mounted on the fifth drive of rotation, and with the nut of the second screw mechanism, the screw of which is connected to the axis of the fifth drive of rotation, and is also equipped with a second fan mounted on the axis of the sixth drive rotation and having the ability to change its spatial position with fixation using the seventh and eighth locking nodes in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the seventh locking node is mounted on the housing of the sixth rotation drive and connected through the second rod with the eighth locking node mounted on the housing of the fifth rotation drive wherein the fifth rotation drive is fixed in the third bracket with the possibility of rotation in coaxial third and fourth kinematic pairs of rotation, the axis of rotation of which are connected respectively, with the fourth and fifth brackets connected by their other ends to the bushings of the coaxial fifth and sixth kinematic rotation pairs, the axis of the sixth kinematic rotation pair being connected to the seventh rotation drive, and the axis of the fifth kinematic rotation pair being fixed in the installation housing, in addition to the fifth an eighth rotation drive is installed in the bracket, the axis of rotation of which is connected to the third bracket through the second gear pair.

In addition, the installation is equipped with additional hoppers, while the first, second and third hoppers for abrasive, respectively, through the first, second and third controlled dispensers are connected through a pipe with an internal volume limited by the outer casing of the first and second injectors, while with an internal volume limited the outer casing of the first and second injectors is connected through the fourth controlled dispenser with the help of a nozzle the compressor output, and the compressor output through the fourth and fifth controlled dispensers using the nozzle is connected to the inner nozzle of the first and second injectors; the fourth, fifth and sixth hoppers, through respectively the sixth, seventh and eighth controlled dispensers, by means of a nozzle are connected to the internal volume of the first tank, into which a mixer is mounted, mounted on the axis of the ninth rotation drive; the internal volume of the first tank through the first pump, using a pipe connected to the internal volume of the second tank equipped with a level sensor, while the internal volume of the second tank through the second pump using the pipe is connected to an internal volume bounded by the outer casing of the first and second injectors; a funnel is installed under the first and second injectors, which is fixed in the installation casing above the perforated tray, at the end of which there is a third tank, and a fourth tank is installed under the perforated tray.

In addition, the installation is equipped with a control unit, the outputs of which are connected to the control inputs of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth rotation drives, with a compressor control input, with control inputs of the first and second pumps, with control inputs the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth, controlled dispenser, while the input of the control unit is connected to the output of the manual information input device and to the output of the analog-to-digital converter I, whose input is connected to the input of the level sensor, while the outputs of the power supply are connected to the inputs of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth rotation drives, with the compressor input, with the inputs of the first and second pumps, and also with the inputs of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth controlled dispenser.

Neither figure 1 shows the kinematic diagram of the inventive installation;

figure 2 shows the hydraulic and pneumatic diagram of the inventive installation, corresponding to each injector;

figure 3 shows an electronic block diagram of the inventive installation.

The installation consists of a housing 1, on which are mounted sample holders 2, two injectors (nozzles) 3 and 4, a rotation drive 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, screw mechanisms 13 and 14, guides 15, 16 , 17 and 18, kinematic pairs of rotation 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24, fans 25 and 26, gear pairs 27 and 28, brackets 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34, gear rack and pinion 35, fixing nodes 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43, rods 44 and 45, as well as the test sample (lights) 46.

Hoppers 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52, a compressor 53, pumps 54 and 55, a rotation drive 56, controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65 are also installed on the housing 1 of the installation , liquid level sensors 66, reservoirs 67, 68, 69 and 70, mixer 71, tray 72, outer housing 73 of injector 3 or 4, inner nozzle 74 of injector 3 or 4, funnel 75 and nozzles 76.

The installation also consists of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 77, a control device 78, a power supply 79, a manual input device 80.

In this case, the test sample (headlight) 46 is installed using the holders of sample 2 on the bracket 34, which using the movement mechanism has the ability to make reciprocating movements. The movement mechanism consists of guides 15, 16 and a rotation drive 5, connected through a gear rack and pinion 35 with an arm 34.

The kinematic pairs of rotation 20 and 23 carry the brackets 30 and 31. The bracket with one of its ends is connected to the guide 17, which is mounted on the drive of rotation 8. Along the guide 17 there is a locking unit 40 connected to a fixing unit 41 carrying an injector 4. The fixing unit 40 is connected with a screw mechanism nut 13, which is a continuation of the axis of the rotation drives 8. The axis of the fixing unit 40 is perpendicular to the axis of the fixing unit 41.

On the rotation drive 8, a fixing unit 37 is installed through the rod 44, connected to the fixing unit 36, the axis of which is provided with a rotary drive 7 having an axis 26 on the axis. The axis of the fixing unit 37 is perpendicular to the axis of the fixing unit 36.

The axis of the kinematic pairs of rotation 23 and 20 belong to one straight line touching the test wear surface of the sample (headlamp) 46.

The bracket 30 is connected to the outer ring of the kinematic rotation pair 23, on which the gear wheel of the gear pair 27 is also mounted. In this case, another gear wheel of the gear pair 27 is mounted on the axis of the rotation drive 6.

Kinematic pairs 24 and 21 have rotational axes that belong to one straight line touching the wear surface of the test specimen (headlamp) 46 and a perpendicular straight line to which the rotational axes of kinematic pairs 20 and 23 belong. The rotational axis of the kinematic pair 21 is connected to the rotational axis of the rotation drive 12.

Kinematic pairs 24 and 21, respectively, through the brackets 29 and 32 are connected to the axes of the kinematic pairs 22 and 19. In this case, the axes of the kinematic pairs 22 and 19 belong to one straight line coinciding with the straight line to which the axes of the kinematic pairs 23 and 20 belong.

A rotation drive 11 is mounted on the bracket 32, connected through a gear pair 28, connected to the bracket 33. The bracket 33 is mounted in the kinematic rotation pairs 19 and 22, mounted respectively in the brackets 32 and 29.

At one end of the bracket 33, a rotation drive 9 is mounted, on which a guide 18 is mounted, connected to the screw mechanism 14, and also connected through the fixing nodes 42 and 43 with the injector 3. The axes of the fixing nodes 42 and 43 are mutually perpendicular.

The rotation drive 9 is also connected through the rod 45 and the fixing nodes 38 and 39 with the rotation drive 10, the rotation axis of which is carried by the fan 25. The axes of the fixing nodes 38 and 39 are mutually perpendicular.

Each injector 3 and 4 consists of an outer casing 73 and an inner nozzle 74 located inside a volume bounded by the outer casing 73.

Moreover, each hopper 47, 48 and 49 through respectively controlled dispensers 59, 60 and 61 and nozzles 76 are connected to the space under the outer casing 73 of the injector 4 or 5.

Each hopper 50, 51 and 52 through respectively controlled dispensers 61, 62 and 63 and nozzles 76 are connected to the volume of the reservoir 68.

The compressor 53 through a controlled dispenser 57 by means of a pipe 76 is connected to the inner space under the outer casing 73 of the injector 3 or 4, and also through a controlled dispenser 58 is connected to the inner space of the inner nozzle 74 of the injector 3 or 4.

The reservoir 68 is connected through a pump 55 and a pipe 76 to a reservoir 67. The contents of the reservoir 68 are mixed using a mixer 71, mounted on the shaft of the rotation drive 56.

The level of the contents of the reservoir 67 is monitored by a level sensor 66. The contents of the reservoir 67 by means of a pump 54 through the nozzle 76 and a controlled dispenser 65 is fed into the inner volume of the outer casing 73 of the injectors 3 or 4.

Under the injector 3 and 4, as well as under the sample (headlight) 46, a funnel 75 is installed to collect the spent water-abrasive mixture that participated in the tests. Under the funnel 75 is a tray 72 with a finely perforated surface. Under the tray 72 and under the funnel 75, a reservoir 70 is installed to collect the spent liquid. At the end of the tray 72, a reservoir 69 is installed to collect the spent abrasive fraction. Tray 72, funnel 75, tanks 69 and 70 are mounted on the housing 1.

In this case, the power supply 79 is connected to the rotation drives 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 56, as well as to the compressor 53 and to the pumps 54 and 55, to the liquid level sensor 66 and to the controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65. In addition, the liquid level sensor 66 is connected via an ADC to the control device 78. The manual input device 80 is connected to the control device 78, which is also connected to the compressor 53, with pumps 54 and 55, as well as with controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65.

The present invention, namely, the installation for determining the quality parameters of optically transparent wear surfaces, works as follows.

The test specimen (headlight) 46 is installed using the holders of the sample 2 on the bracket 34, which using the movement mechanism has the ability to make reciprocating movements. The speed and accelerations of the reciprocating movements are determined by the rotation drive 5 through a rack and pinion gear 35 connected to the bracket 34 and the axis of rotation of the rotation drive 5. The speed of the reciprocating movements, the frequency of changing directions of movements, the change of accelerations is determined by the control unit 78. Controlled by the control device 78 the rotation drive 5 is capable of changing both the frequency and the direction of rotation of its axis.

The injector 3 is capable of reciprocating circular motions using a rotation drive 11 mounted on an arm 32.

The movement of the injector 3 is provided by the guide 18 and the screw mechanism 14, as a result of the rotation of the screw of which the injector 3 is moved by means of the nut of the screw mechanism 14. Changing the direction and frequency of rotation of the shaft of the drive of rotation 9 leads to reversing and changing the speed and acceleration of the movement of the injector 3. Preliminary the adjustment of the fixing nodes 42 and 43 allows the injector 3 to begin to move from an arbitrary point on the wearing surface of the specimen (headlamp) 46. A drive controlled by the control device 78 Growth 9 is able to change both the frequency and the direction of rotation of its axis.

The bracket 33 is able to perform rotary movements with the help of kinematic rotation pairs 19 and 22, as well as with the help of a rotation drive 11 and a gear pair 28. The rotation of the rotation drive shaft 11, mounted on the bracket 32, rotates the bracket 33, as a result of which the injector also rotates 3. The rotation drive 11 controlled by the control device 78 is capable of changing both the frequency and the rotation directions of its axis.

The axes of the kinematic rotation pairs 19 and 22 are connected to the brackets 29 and 32, the ends of which are connected with the sleeves of the kinematic rotation pairs 24 and 21, respectively. The sleeve of the kinematic rotation pair 21 is mounted in the installation housing 1, and the shaft of the kinematic rotation pair 21 is connected to the drive shaft rotation 12. In the kinematic pair of rotation 24, the sleeve is connected to the bracket 29, and the axis is installed in the housing 1 of the installation. Such a design allows rotational movements of the brackets 29 and 32 to rotate during rotation of the drive shaft 12, which in turn leads to rotation of the bracket 33 and, as a result, rotation of the injector 3. Rotational movements of the injector 3 due to rotation of the shafts of the rotation drives 9 and 12, can be reversible, uniform and multi-accelerated.

The fan 25 is driven into rotation by a rotation drive 10, the position of which relative to the wearing surface of the specimen (headlamp) 46 is pre-set using the fixing nodes 38 and 39, which are interconnected. In this case, the fixing unit 38 is attached through the rod 45 to the rotation drive 9. The rotation drive 10 controlled by the control device 78 is capable of changing both the frequency and the rotation direction of the fan 25.

The injector 4 is capable of reciprocating movements using a rotation drive 8 mounted on an arm 30. The injector 4 is moved by a guide 17 and a screw mechanism 13, as a result of the rotation of the screw of which the injector 4 is moved using the nut of the screw mechanism 13. Change of direction and frequency rotation of the drive shaft rotation 8 lead to the reversal and change in the magnitude of the speed and acceleration of the movement of the injector 4. Pre-setting the locking nodes 40 and 41 allows you to start moving the injector 4 from an arbitrary point on the wear surface of the specimen (headlight) 46. The rotation drive 8 controlled by the control device 78 is capable of changing both the frequency and the directions of rotation of its axis.

The brackets 16 and 31 are able to perform rotary movements using kinematic pairs of rotation 20 and 23, as well as using a rotation drive 6 and gear pair 27. The rotation of the rotation drive shaft 6, mounted on the housing 1, leads to rotation of the brackets 16 and 31, resulting of which the injector 4 also rotates in the horizontal plane. The rotation drive 6 controlled by the control device 78 is capable of changing both the frequency and the rotation directions of its axis. The rotation of the rotation drive 8 through the screw mechanism 13 leads to a linear movement through the fixing nodes 41 and 40 of the injector 4.

The axes of the kinematic pairs of rotation 19 and 22 are connected to the brackets 29 and 32, the ends of which are connected respectively with the sleeves of the kinematic pairs of rotation, respectively 24 and 21. In this case, the sleeve of the kinematic pair of rotation 21 is fixed in the housing 1 of the installation, and the shaft of the kinematic pair of rotation 21 is connected to the shaft rotation drive 12. In the kinematic rotation pair 24, the sleeve is connected to the bracket 29, and the axis is installed in the housing 1 of the installation. Such a design allows rotational movements of the brackets 29 and 32 to rotate during rotation of the drive shaft 12, which in turn leads to rotation of the bracket 33 and, as a result, rotation of the injector 3. Rotational movements of the injector 3 due to rotation of the shafts of the rotation drives 11 and 12, can be reversible, uniform and multi-accelerated. Managed by the control device 78 of the drive rotation 11, 12 are able to change both the frequency and the direction of rotation of its axis.

The fan 25 is driven into rotation by a rotation drive 10, the position of which relative to the wearing surface of the specimen (headlamp) 46 is pre-set using the fixing nodes 38 and 39, which are interconnected. In this case, the fixing unit 38 is attached through the rod 45 to the rotation drive 9. The rotation drive 10 controlled by the control device 78 is capable of changing both the frequency and the rotation direction of the fan 25.

The air-liquid-abrasive (sand) medium directed to the wear surface of the sample (headlamp) 46 is formed by two injectors 3 and 4.

In the inner volume of the injector 3 or 4, limited by the outer casing 73 and the surface of the inner nozzle 74, air, water and abrasive of the desired fraction are supplied through the nozzles 76 under pressure. Air pressure is generated by compressor 53. Water pressure is generated by pump 54. The abrasive of various fractions is located in different bins 47, 48 and 49 and is fed into injectors 3 and 4 by gravity, for this all bins 47, 48 and 49 are above the symmetry axis of injectors 3 and 4 The pressure of air, liquid and abrasive fraction is regulated by controlled dispensers controlled by control device 78, respectively 57, 65, as well as 59, 60 and 61. From the nozzle 76 coming from compressor 53, part of the air under pressure enters through the controlled dispenser 58 adjustable at control system 78, into the inner nozzle 74. When the air leaves the inner nozzle 74, an injection effect occurs when the air leaving the nozzle 74 entrains the air-water-abrasive (sand) medium located in the space between the outer casing 73 and the surface of the inner nozzles 74. Thus, it is possible to control the density and speed of the air-water-abrasive medium using controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 and 65.

The fluid used in testing the wear surface of the specimen (headlamp) 46 may contain various chemical ingredients. Therefore, the specific chemical composition of such a solution must be pre-prepared. To do this, hoppers 50, 51 and 52, equipped with controlled dispensers 62, 63 and 64, respectively, are connected through a pipe 76 to a reservoir 68. The control unit 78 controls the controlled dispensers 62, 63 and 64 by gravity into a tank 68 of a certain number of different chemicals . The amounts of each chemical can vary over time. When chemicals enter the water of reservoir 68 to obtain a solution with isotropic properties, water and chemicals are mixed in reservoir 68 using a fan 71, driven into rotation by the rotation drive 56, controlled by control unit 78. Thus obtained solution with the required properties is pumped by pump 55, controlled by the control unit 78, into the reservoir 67. The reservoirs 67 and 68 are mounted in the housing 1 of the installation. The level of the solution in the reservoir 67 is maintained by a level sensor 66, the signal from which is supplied to the control unit 78. The solution from the reservoir 67 is supplied to the injector 3 or 4 through the nozzle 76 and the controlled dispenser 65. The controlled dispenser 65 is controlled by the control unit 78.

For successful operation of the device, it is necessary that tanks 47-52 are at the highest point of the device. In this case, the abrasive, as well as chemicals under the action of gravity, are supplied in the required quantities as intended.

The spent water-abrasive medium (liquid solution with abrasive (sand) after testing) flows into funnel 75. From funnel 75, the liquid solution with abrasive enters tray 72 with a finely perforated surface. The tray is rigidly mounted on the housing 1 of the installation. The finely perforated surface of the tray 72 allows the liquid fraction to drain into the reservoir 70. The abrasive fraction slides along the finely perforated inclined surface of the tray 72 into the reservoir 69. Subsequently, the liquid from the reservoir 70 and the abrasive fraction from the reservoir 69 are disposed of.

For the successful operation of the installation, it is necessary that all rotation drives 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 56, compressor 53, pumps 54 and 55, controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65, as well as the liquid level sensor 66 were powered from the power supply 79. In addition, the direction and speed of the rotation drives 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 56 are determined by the control signals received from the control unit 78. The analog signal from the liquid level sensor 66 through the ADC (analog-to-digital converter) 77 is supplied to the control unit 78.

The intensity of the compressor 53, as well as the pumps 54 and 55 are determined by the control signals from the control unit 78. The angle of inclination of the controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65 is determined by the signals from the control unit 78. Information about the operating modes and the nature of their change in time of each of the rotation drives 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 56, the compressor 53, pumps 54 and 55, controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, and 65, as well as the liquid level sensor 66 (the polling frequency of the sensor) are entered into the control unit 78 from the device for manual input of information 8 0 by the operator testing the sample 46 (headlamps). As the control unit 78, a microprocessor or programmable controller may be used. The control unit may be powered by a power supply 79.

The reciprocating movements of the sample 46 (headlights), provided by the movement mechanism, consisting of an arm 34, gear rack and pinion 35, fixing nodes 2, guides 15 and 16, as well as a rotation drive 5, are necessary for modeling air (water) abrasive action on the wear surface of the sample 46 (headlights) when yawing the car within the lane of the road. At the same time, the car can catch up with the ahead cars, lag behind them and meet cars traveling in the oncoming lane.

The injector 4 simulates an air (liquid) sand medium acting on the wear surface of the sample 46 (headlight diffuser is not shown in the figures) from a front-going machine. This injector 4 has the ability to move along a horizontal line (moving away from the front-moving machine or approaching the front-moving machine) and make rotational movements in the horizontal plane.

The injector 3 simulates an air (liquid) sand medium acting on the wear surface of the sample 46 (headlight lens, not shown in the figures) from an oncoming machine. The axis of symmetry of this injector 3 can rotate in two planes relative to the center located on the wear surface of the sample 46 (headlight lens, not shown in the figures). In this case, the radius of rotation of the injector 3 can vary according to a given law. This corresponds to approaching a car passing a car. Injector 3 can rotate in the horizontal plane by an angle of 90 ° and is located on the left relative to injector 4 in the direction of the jet, since in Russia there is right-hand traffic. Sand or gravel from the front of the car in the adjacent (right) lane is considered insignificant. The angle of 90 ° is limited by two positions of the injector 3: the symmetry axis of the injectors 3 and 4 are parallel and the symmetry axis of the injector 4 is perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the injector 3.

Injector 3 also has the ability to change its angle relative to the horizon on command within ± 15 °. Change of angle relative to the horizon within [0 °; + 15 °] corresponds to lifting a car uphill when moving towards another car. Change of angle relative to the horizon within [0 °; -15 °] corresponds to the case of a vehicle descending from a mountain when an oncoming vehicle moves towards it.

Two fans 25 and 26, capable of rotating in different directions and with different frequencies, simulate the direction of the wind, which contributes to the swirling of air-water-abrasive flows moving towards the wearing surface of the sample 46 (headlamp, not shown in the figures). The twisting of the flows leads to the appearance of tangential forces (loads) acting on the wear surface of the sample 46 (headlight diffuser, not shown in the figures). The fan 26 simulates the twisting of the air-water-abrasive flow, caused mainly by oncoming cars. The fan 25 simulates the twisting of the air-water-abrasive flow, caused mainly by overtaking cars.

As controlled dispensers 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65, a pipe (not shown in the figures) with a damper (not shown in the figures) located in it, which is capable of changing its angle of inclination relative to axis of symmetry of the pipe under the action of, for example, a solenoid, a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder, etc.

As a liquid level sensor, a FS8881M-PP brand liquid level sensor can be used (source of information www.sensoren.ru).

Modeling combinations of various natural factors, acting with different intensities and in different sequences and in different combinations with other factors, will reveal some combination of the latter, which is most critical for changing the qualitative parameters of the surface layer of the optically transparent wearing surface of sample 46, for example, a car headlight lens ( not shown in the figures). In this case, a set of design and technological measures will be taken aimed at improving the operational properties of the optical device (headlamp tested as a sample 46).

For example, the lantern of a combat aircraft dimmed after a certain period of operation of the aircraft. As bench tests and full-scale tests have shown in sapphire crystal intermolecular spaces, caused by impurities and intermolecular defects, nitrogen atoms are introduced from the air at a certain speed of the aircraft. It was discovered that the introduction of nitrogen atoms occurred at a certain temperature and at a certain speed of the aircraft at a certain height. At the same time, the height turned out to be one of the most critical factors determining the tarnishing of the sapphire cap of the aircraft. Fading occurred only at a certain air density (nitrogen density), which was determined by the flight altitude and ambient temperature. Thus, the fading of the cap occurred only in some combination, in a certain sequence and with a certain intensity of certain natural and technogenic factors. In the case of an airplane, this is the temperature of the air, its density, and also the speed of the airplane. Other factors are known.

In connection with these reasons, when determining the operational properties of the wear surface of sample 46 (headlight lens, figures not shown), it is advisable to simulate the effect of not one factor (natural or technogenic), but a complex of factors in various combinations operating in different time sequences, as well as having different the intensity of the impact on the wear surface of the sample 46, for example, the lens of a car headlight (not shown in the figures).

The following situation can be considered as an example. The wear surface of the diffuser (not shown in the figures) can be coated with a protective varnish (2-K-NANO Varnish www: avto-moika.ru) or a coating (anti-gravel coating of optics, www: avto-moika.ru). Both varnish and coating are the most resistant to normal exposure to the wear surface of the diffuser (not shown in the figures), since the compression modulus (E) is an order of magnitude greater than the shear modulus (G) [Elastic modulus; Wikipedia]. If, for example, before exposure to sand from under the tires of the front-facing machine, the wearing surface of the sample 46 (headlamp lens, not shown in the figures) will act for a long time tangentially to the wearing surface of the lens (not shown), from the wheels of oncoming cars or from the wind, one can expect intensive destruction of the protective varnish or protective coating. In addition, the temperature factor can play a significant role. The protective varnish or coating and diffuser material (not shown in the figures) have different coefficients of thermal expansion. Therefore, at low or high ambient temperatures, there may be a violation of adhesion between the varnish or coating and the substrate on which they are applied (in our case, this is the wear surface of the headlight lens used as sample 46 (not shown in the figures)), which will lead to desquamation of the varnish or coating and subsequently to the loss of the operational properties of the sample 46, for example, the headlights of a car.

As a result of testing on the inventive installation, it is possible to determine the dependence of the level of roughness (R _a , R _z , R _max , t _p , etc. GOST 2789-73, ISO 4287, DIN 4768) of the wearing surface, for example, the headlight lens used, as a sample 46 (not shown in the figures) from the impact on the wear surface of a separate factor (for example, abrasive impact) in various modes, as well as determining the dependence of the level of roughness of the wear surface on the impact of a separate factor on it, taking into account the technological or operational ion heredity. The level of roughness determines the transparency of the wearing surface, as well as the diffraction and interference on the optically transparent wearing surface.

In addition, at the inventive installation, it is possible to study the mass wear of an optically transparent wear surface as a result of exposure to abrasive particles, dry, wet to varying degrees, and in a solution of chemical reagents. The study of mass wear is possible depending on one factor, on a combination of factors, and also taking into account the technological and operational prehistory of sample 46, for example, a lens of a car headlight (not shown in the figures).

In addition, at the inventive installation, it is possible to study the microhardness of the wearing surface layer of the sample 46 along its depth depending on the effect on the wearing surface layer in different modes of a single factor, a combination of factors, and also taking into account the technological or operational history of the samples.

It is possible to study the effect of residual stresses generated in the wear surface layer of the sample 46 during the manufacturing process of, for example, a car diffuser. Redistribution of residual stresses in the wear surface layer of the optically transparent wear surface as a result of mass wear, formation of roughness of a certain level and nature, operating temperature of the optical device, etc. on the wear surface. can lead to a change in the transparency along the depth of the wearing surface layer of the sample 46, for example, a diffuser of a car headlight (not shown in the figures), to a polarization of light passing through a stressed diffuser of a car headlight (not shown in the figures) used as a sample 46, to a significant change in the geometric dimensions of the diffuser (not shown in the figures), which will inevitably lead to a loss in the operational properties of the optical device (headlight used as a sample 46).

The study of the durability of various coatings deposited on an optically transparent wear surface, depending on the impact of a separate factor on it, a combination of various factors, and also taking into account the technological background of the substrate (the external wear surface of the diffuser (not shown in the figures)) and the operational history of the coating.

The inventive installation allows you to get samples with different characteristics of the wearing surface layer formed on the set (necessary modes) of the impact of the studied factors. The roughness can be determined on a profilometer - calibrator “Caliber VEI” (base length 15 mm or more), microhardness can be changed on a PMT-3 device (GOST 9.410-88; VA Tsaplin, AF Batsievsky. Instruments for measuring hardness Metals, Moscow: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1964. - 92 p.), mass wear using weights, for example, VK (State Register of the Russian Federation No. 30956-06), and residual stresses in plastic samples can be measured with using the methodology described in [L.I. Dekhtyar. Determination of residual stresses in coatings and bimetals. Chisinau: Publishing house "Cartya Moldovenenasca". - 1968 - 176 s .; Okubo Hajime Determination of stresses by galvanic plating. M .: Publishing house "Engineering". - 1969 - 150 p., Trans. With yap.].

Test samples in the inventive installation can be cut from the wear surface of the sample 46, for example, the lens of a car headlight (not shown in the figures) using a water jet under high pressure. In this case, parasitic residual stresses will not form in the wear surface layer, caused, for example, by the force factor of the cutter or the thermal factor if a laser beam is used for cutting. Samples should be a rectangle with a width of at least 10 mm, and a length of at least 20 mm, since the base length when measuring roughness according to GOST 2789-73, ISO 4287, DIN 4768 is at least 12 mm.

As the rotation drives 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 used in the inventive installation, it is advisable to use stepper motors (SM200-0.22 manufactured by the plant of OJSC "Elion" Moscow, Zelenograd), which have sufficient moment for rotation (up to 0.3 Nm for the SM model - 200-0.34-1) and sufficient dynamic (pick-up frequency from 400 to 700 Hz) properties. In addition, there is no need for a rotation angle sensor to rotate the stepper motor shaft by a predetermined angle. The required number of control pulses ensures the rotation of the stepper motor shaft by the required angle, and also provides the necessary speed of the motor shaft.

Eccentric clamps or screw mechanisms (screw-nut pair) can be used as holders 2 of sample 46.

As kinematic pairs of rotation 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 can be used bearings, ball, roller and combined bearings. As a kinematic pair 20, it is advisable to use an angular contact or roller bearing, since the kinematic pair 20 experiences both axial and radial loads during operation of the installation.

Screw mechanisms 13 and 14 are a pair of screw-nut.

The rotation drive 12 is connected to the bracket 32 directly without using a gear pair. This design decision was dictated by the fact that the rotation of the arm 32 does not require high peripheral speeds, since it simulates an air-water-abrasive effect on the surface of the reflector (not shown in Fig.) When climbing or lowering a vehicle from a mountain. In this case, the frequency properties of the stepper motor used as a rotation drive 12, even when overloaded, are quite sufficient.

The optically transparent material of modern automobile headlights used as sample 46 is plastic (polycarbonate), which consists of extended monomolecules [source of information www.polymerbranch.com]. For this reason, the properties of the wearing surface layer of the optically transparent sample 46 (headlamp, not shown in the figures) have anisatropic properties. As a result of this, the different nature of the effect on the wearing surface layer of a water-abrasive medium can lead to significantly different, for example, results of persistent tests.

On the wear surface of an optically transparent sample 46, for example, a lens of a car headlight (not shown in the figures) during vehicle operation. The following factors are affected:

a) gravel of various fractions, which can act on the wear surface by gravel of one fraction (ground or roadbed covered with gravel), as well as gravel of various fractions simultaneously (dirt road);

b) various chemical ingredients in the composition of water (salt, anti-icing reagents, etc.);

c) different speeds of the headlight and the level of being above the road;

d) vehicle vibrations due to the type and quality of the road are angular (due to a change in the yaw angle), transverse and longitudinal;

e) headwind, determines the progress of the abrasive almost normal to the wear surface of the cap;

f) wind from the right or left together with the air-water-abrasive medium (approximately tangential impact);

g) the oncoming machine from right to left leads to a twisting of the water-abrasive medium;

h) the front-going machine leads to the formation of a water-abrasive medium directed tangentially to the wheel of the front-going machine at the point of contact of the wheel with the roadway. The angle depends on the diameter of the wheel, on the distance between the machines, on the speed of the wheel, on the weight of each abrasive particle;

f) each of the factors may have a different frequency and time of exposure to the wear surface layer of the headlamp.

The combination of the above factors can lead to maximum wear of the surface layer of the sample 46 (headlight lens) and thus indicate the way to improve the manufacturing technology of optically transparent wear surfaces operating under abrasive conditions. One of the possible ways to increase the wear resistance of a sample 46 (a diffuser of a car headlight) may be a method of imprinting molecules of an alloying substance into the intermolecular space of plastic molecules.

The twisting of water-abrasive can be done with fans 25 and 26, rotating with different time sequences, with different frequencies and in different directions. The rotation axes of each fan 25 and 26 are parallel to the axis of symmetry of the injector 3 or 4, from which a water-air-abrasive jet is formed. The axis of rotation of each fan 25 and 26 and the axis of symmetry of the injector 3 or 4 lie in the same plane. The distance of the axis of symmetry of each fan 25 and 26 from the axis of symmetry of the injector 3 or 4 can be pre-adjusted using the fixing nodes 41 and 38, respectively. In addition, the distance from the plane of rotation of the fans 25 and 26 to the working ends, respectively, of the injectors 3 and 4, also can be adjusted using the fixing units 40 and 39, respectively. These circumstances are necessary in order to be able to control the characteristics by twisting the jet of water-air-abrasive medium to the right or left. Such control of a water-air-abrasive medium is necessary when modeling traffic conditions on roads with different speed limits, with different lane widths and with a different number of lanes on the track.

Fans 25 and 26, the rotation of which is provided by the rotation drives 7 and 10, which are used as stepper motors, are able to instantly stop the fan 25 or 26, which corresponds to the instant termination of the twisting of the jet. This situation occurs when the oncoming car passed by.

In the case of using 46 automobile headlights as a sample, there is the possibility of controlling each factor p.p. a) - e). This circumstance, in turn, will make it possible to optimize the design of the headlight, optimally select the material of the headlight lens, the manufacturing technology of the headlight lens, and outline design and technological measures that increase the operational properties of the lighting product (car headlight).

A normal hit on the wear surface of the sample 46 (headlamp lens, not shown in the figures) with different speeds of abrasive particles of different weight and size can lead to various changes in the operational properties of the translucent sample 46 (lens of a car headlight).

Let's consider various possible situations.

1. With the sizes of abrasive particles commensurate with the dimensions of the intermolecular space between the molecules of the plastic lamp, the latter can, at a large momentum, penetrate to a different depth into the wearing surface layer of the translucent surface. This will lead to a decrease in the transparency of the transparent layer and to the exhaustion of the elastic and plastic properties of the wearing surface layer of the headlamp lens, which, in turn, will lead to desquamation.

2. With the sizes of abrasive particles significantly larger than the intermolecular space between the lamp plastic molecules, the latter can roll pores (intermolecular spaces on the wear surface) on a translucent wear surface layer with a large momentum. This will lead to a decrease in the transparency of the transparent layer and to some increase in the wear resistance of the surface layer of the headlamp cap.

3. If small abrasive particles having a large momentum get on a wear surface layer previously treated with large abrasive particles, the introduction of small abrasive particles into the wear surface layer of the diffuser will either not occur or will be insignificant. The transparency of the hood will deteriorate.

4. If large abrasive particles having a large momentum get on a wear surface layer previously treated with small abrasive particles (cartoon), impacts of large abrasive particles into the wear surface layer of the headlamp will lead to clogging of small abrasive materials embedded therein in the wear surface layer of the lens. particles. The wear resistance of the surface layer of the headlamp lens in this case will be increased due to the pseudo-alloying of the surface layer, transparency will deteriorate.

5. When applied to the wear surface of the cap of a protective varnish, the latter has a high impact strength, but is easily destroyed under tangential loads [Elastic modulus. Wikipedia], therefore, in this case, the greatest danger to the loss of operational properties of a translucent cap is represented by tangential impacts of abrasive particles caused by oncoming and overtaking machines, as well as by wind on the right and left.

After the destruction of the protective varnish, the wear of the surface layer of the cap occurs in the sequence indicated above.

By changing the pressure at the outlet of the compressor 53 using controlled dispensers 57 and 58, it is possible to change the intensity of the effects of various simulated factors on the wear surface of the sample 46.

The operation of two injectors 3 and 4 simultaneously, with the horizontal movement of sample 46, the rotation of injector 4 in spirit planes and movement along its axis of symmetry, as well as the rotation of injector 3 and movement along its axis of symmetry, as well as the operation of two fans 25 and 26, all of these circumstances allow us to simulate various factors affecting the sample 46 in various required combinations.

The operation of the control device 78 allows not only to control various factors, but also to ensure their impact on the wear surface of the sample 46 in different time sequences.

A combination of various factors can lead either to catastrophic destruction of the wearing surface layer of the sample 46, or to the stabilization of the operational properties of the headlamp cover of a car used, for example, as a sample 46. Studying the effects on the wearing surface layer of the lens of a car headlight of various combinations of environmental factors on the samples 46 (for example, headlights mounted on cars) that are in operation, it is extremely long and costly. For this reason, it is advisable to test the impact on the wear surface of the headlamp lens used as sample 46, of various destructive factors individually and in various combinations, as well as on different modes of the installation, which makes it possible to control the modes and sequence of exposure to the wear surface of the lens car headlight destructive factors.

Claims (3)

1. Installation for modeling the impact of various natural factors on an optically transparent surface containing a housing, an abrasive hopper, a rotation drive, traction, a screw mechanism, brackets, two sample holders and a mechanism for moving them, characterized in that it is equipped with two injectors and two fans, while the sample holders are interconnected by an arm installed in the first and second guides of the installation case, and the sample holder movement mechanism is made in de gear rack, providing movement of the sample holders using the first rotation drive, and the first injector is directed to the sample and is configured to change its spatial position using the first and second locking nodes in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the first locking node is connected to the third guide installed on the second rotation drive, and with a nut of the first screw mechanism, the screw of which is connected to the axis of the second rotation drive, the first fan is installed updated on the axis of the third rotation drive, having the ability to change its spatial position with the third and fourth locking nodes in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the third locking node is mounted on the housing of the third rotation drive and connected through the first link to the fourth locking node mounted on the housing of the second rotation drive, while the second rotation drive is fixed in the first and second brackets with the possibility of rotation in coaxial first and second kinematic pairs of rotation using the first gear pair and the fourth drive of rotation, the second injector is directed at the sample and is configured to change its spatial position with fixation using the fifth and sixth locking units in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the sixth locking unit is connected to a fourth rail mounted on the fifth rotation drive, and with a nut of the second screw mechanism, the screw of which is connected to the axis of the fifth rotation drive, the second fan is mounted on the axis of the sixth rotation drive and it is possible to change its spatial position with fixation using the seventh and eighth locking units in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the seventh locking unit is mounted on the housing of the sixth rotation drive and connected through the second rod to the eighth locking node mounted on the housing of the fifth rotation drive, the fifth rotation drive is mounted in the third bracket with the possibility of rotation in coaxial third and fourth kinematic rotation pairs, the rotation axis of which are connected respectively indirectly with the fourth and fifth brackets connected by their other ends to the bushings of the coaxial fifth and sixth kinematic rotation pairs, the axis of the sixth kinematic rotation pair being connected to the seventh rotation drive, and the axis of the fifth kinematic rotation pair fixed in the housing, the eighth rotation drive mounted on the fifth bracket the axis of rotation of which through the second gear pair is connected with the third bracket. 2. The installation according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with additional hoppers installed on the housing of the installation, while the first, second and third hoppers for abrasive are connected using pipes with an internal volume limited by the outer housing of the first and second injectors through the first, second and the third controllable dispensers, the fourth, fifth and sixth hoppers for abrasive are connected by means of nozzles with the internal volume of the first tank, respectively, through the fourth, fifth and sixth controllable dispensers, the compressor output, is installed Oval on the installation casing, is connected by means of nozzles with an internal volume bounded by the outer casing of the first and second injectors through a seventh controlled dispenser, the output of which is connected by pipes with an internal volume limited by the inner nozzle of the first and second injectors through an eighth controlled dispenser, in the first a tank mounted on the housing of the installation, placed a mixer mounted on the axis of the ninth drive rotation, the internal volume of the first tank through the first pump mounted on the body Throughout the installation, by means of a nozzle, it is connected to the internal volume of the second tank equipped with a level sensor and mounted on the unit’s body, while the internal volume of the second tank is connected through the second pump to the internal volume bounded by the external housing of the first and second injectors, under the first and the second injectors installed a funnel mounted in the installation casing over the perforated tray, under the end of which a third tank is mounted, mounted in the installation casing, and perforated The fourth tank is installed on the unit body. 3. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a control unit, the outputs of which are connected to the control inputs of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth rotation drives, with a compressor control input, with control inputs the first and second pumps, with control inputs of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth controlled dispenser, while the input of the control unit is connected to the output of the manual information input device and to the output analog-to-digital o the converter, the input of which is connected to the input of the level sensor, while the outputs of the power supply are connected to the inputs of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth rotation drives, with the compressor input, with the inputs of the first and second pumps, as well as with the inputs of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth controlled dispenser.

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