RU2484222C2 - Arrangement of stationary underground multi-level vaults - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: arrangement of stationary underground multi-level vaults represents a tomb premise deepened into earth for burial of dead and comprises two-three separate compartments for each coffin. The vault has a common single-space structure divided into multi-level compartments along the vertical line with the help of detachable boards, which rest on specially provided pillars or ledges at the walls of the vault, at the same time the walls of the vaults protrude above earth surface and are covered with board covers that protect the vault contents against rain, at the same time the vault, depending on moisture of soil at the level of lower burial places in the underground space, may be made with a caisson that protects vault contents against rain and water effects in cemetery areas with water-logged soil, and without a caisson, if the vault is arranged in cemetery places with dry soil.

EFFECT: rational use of dedicated areas of family burials.

6 dwg

Description

The technical field to which the invention relates is the use of previously known crypt devices in cemeteries for a new, more rational use of them to satisfy public needs. The invention relates to the most common single-level method of burial of the bodies of the deceased in cemeteries with porous soils and relates to the field of rational use of allocated places of family (tribal) burials.

The application relates to one object with aggregate essential features sufficient to create several options for underground multi-level crypts, while the combination of essential features of each of them coincides: crypt, underground, multi-level, stationary, the main material used with the same physical and mechanical characteristics, the same purpose of use crypts - the burial of the bodies of the deceased in the crypt compartments in selected places of cemeteries.

State of the art

According to the search results, only patents for utility models were identified:

Document 1. United States - US2002 / 0050035 A1 dated 05/02/2002.

Document 2. PRC - CN101781944A of July 21, 2010.

Document 3. RF - RU 96 155 U1 dated 01.02.2010.

According to document 1: The tandem structure of the crypts is presented, when the bottom of the upper crypt is a cover for the lower crypt. Due to the location of crypts below ground level, crypts are watertight from groundwater penetration after rain or snow melt in spring through the junction of the crypts and the top cover, water will accumulate in them and the bodies of the deceased will decompose in rotten water, which nullifies sanitary and ethical standards its use.

According to document 2: A device with external stationary and internal movable structures and concerns the burial of urns with ashes from the end of the crypts in an underground columbarium - a multi-tier underground crypt. Since the purpose of the application is the burial of the bodies of the dead and burial is carried out from the ends of the crypt, this proposal is not considered as a comparison.

According to document 3: Creation of a cemetery with crypts in an underground artificial single-volume room, while the coffins with the bodies of the dead were loaded from the ends of the crypts. Not suitable for comparison.

It is known that in the underground galleries of the Pskov-Pechora Monastery, coffins with the bodies of the dead are located in crypts. The generally recognized historical date of the founding of the Pskov-Pechora Monastery is considered to be 1473, when the Church of the Assumption, dug out in a sandy hill near the Kamenets stream, was consecrated. Centuries, the miraculous effect of grace in the monastery caves does not stop: for centuries, coffins with the bodies of monks, as well as fallen soldiers and just residents of the Pechora Posad, do not intervene, but are left in crypts on top of each other. In the monastery cave necropolis, one can see crypts filled to the very vaults with shabby blackened coffins, while no signs of decay of the bodies of the deceased were noted. Now six long underground galleries have been made in the caves. The presence of strong and stable rocks, the experience of builders allowed the construction of complex workings in shape and volume.

Currently, in order to solve the deficit of land in cemeteries, in many countries they simply dig deeper graves. There, at least a couple of months, at least 10 years later, you can bury another coffin, then another. Of course, not a “stranger,” but with the body of a relative. For example, the multi-level overhead burial system, when more than a dozen dead were buried in one grave, is one of the attractions of New Orleans (USA). According to legend, such a burial system was invented by poor Polish and Czech immigrants who did not have money for a normal funeral. However, the system took root and began to be widely used not only by the poor, but by all residents of the city in general (a photo of such an elevated multi-story crypt is given in Appendix No. 1).

Today, with rising land prices, increased traffic flows, etc., the development of underground space is becoming one of the main tasks of the construction industry. The solution to this problem is directly related to the cost of operating structures, the size of which is growing and is largely determined by rational design, construction quality and optimal operating conditions.

It is known that in the capital it became crowded not only alive, but also dead - the essence of which is described in the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda on 05/30/2011, the author is Nikita Mironov in the article "The capital is great, and there is no place to bury." In total, there are 71 pogosts in the capital and in the vicinity of Moscow, which occupy 1.8 thousand hectares of land. Of these, 12 metropolitan cemeteries are located in the region. It seems to be a lot. But 70 of them are allowed to be buried only in a kindred grave. This means that if you have relatives buried there and 15 years have passed since their death, you have the right to bury another relative in the same grave. The second option is commercial. You can buy a place under the grave in the so-called service area. Objectively, Moscow’s cemeteries are not enough, Komsomolka explained in Ritual. After all, every year for new burials, 15-17 hectares of land are needed. They have not been in the city for a long time, we have to agree with the region. But in fact, in every metropolitan cemetery there are orphan graves that no one has been caring for for many years. The state provides absolutely free places in new cemeteries, contains graveyards, builds and expands old ones.

The Federal Law of 01/12/96, N 8 - ФЗ "On burial and funeral affairs" and the Decree of the Government of Moscow of March 26, 2002, N 213 "On the creation of places of family (patrimonial) burial" are known, extracts from which are given below:

- on the territory of a family burial it is allowed to bury in a coffin as well as to bury the ashes in urns,

- a plot for family (generic) burial can be provided in the following sizes (for burial of a body in a coffin): 2.6 × 1 m; 2.6 × 2 m; 2.6 × 3 m

Note. The size of the place for family (clan) burial (taking into account the free space for family burial) cannot exceed 12 square meters. meters.

- on the basis of a permit, a grave structure can be installed on the family (generic) burial site, which must match the architectural and landscape environment of the cemetery in type, appearance and size,

- in the event of the death of a relative (close person), the person responsible for burial has the right to bury the deceased in the family (generic) burial site, taking into account his will. At the same time, special permission from the cemetery administration (State Unitary Enterprise "Ritual") is not required, provided that the applicable sanitary norms are observed during burial,

- when creating sections of family (tribal) burials, it is envisaged to conduct site planning, arrangement of a crypt structure, construction of a gravestone structure, adding plant soil, planting a lawn,

- in the event of a situation when the family (generic) burial site is completely filled and the next burial in the coffin is not possible according to the applicable sanitary standards, the State Unitary Enterprise “Ritual”, on the basis of the application of the person responsible for the burial, performs sanitary preparation of the previous burial places in order to ensure such opportunities.

In these cases, on behalf of the person responsible for the burial, the remains of previous burials are exhumed, followed by their cremation and burial of urns with ashes in the same area (burial place),

- facilities located on the family (generic) burial site are the property of the person responsible for the burial.

The Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of April 8, 2003, N 35 "On the entry into force of SanPiN 2.1.1279-03", excerpts from which are given below, is known.

The site allocated for the cemetery must meet the following requirements:

- to have a bias in the direction opposite to the settlement, open reservoirs, as well as when the population uses groundwater for domestic, drinking and domestic purposes;

- Do not flood during floods;

- have a level of standing groundwater at least 2.5 m from the surface of the earth with a maximum standing groundwater. At a level above 2.5 m from the surface of the earth, the site can only be used to place a cemetery for burial after cremation;

- have dry, porous soil (sandy, sandy) at a depth of 1.5 m and below with soil moisture in the range of 6-18%.

When a coffin with a body is buried, the depth of the grave should be established depending on local conditions (the nature of the soil and the level of standing groundwater), but not less than 1.5 m.

Burial in crypts is carried out in coffins, sarcophagi or urns with ashes after cremation. The crypt is equipped with a ventilation shaft and a floor with a drainage layer.

The burial of remains after cremation (ashes) in urns may be made in columbar walls, columbaria and in graves.

Burial in mass graves is allowed in the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of bodies and institutions of the state sanitary and epidemiological service subject to the following conditions:

- the number of coffins, the depth and the number of levels of burial is determined by local climatic conditions and the height of the groundwater;

- the horizontal distance between the coffins should be at least 0.5 m and filled with a layer of earth with laying on top of brushwood or coniferous branches;

- when placing coffins in several levels, the vertical distance between them should be at least 0.5 m. Coffins of the upper row are placed above the gaps between the coffins of the lower row;

- the depth at the burial in two levels should be at least 2.5 m;

- the bottom of the grave should be not less than 0.5 m above the groundwater level;

- the thickness of the earth from the top row of coffins to the surface should be at least 1 m;

- gravestone hill is arranged at least 0.5 m high;

- to accelerate the mineralization of corpses, grooves and an absorption well are arranged at the bottom of mass graves, and a ventilation duct is laid from the bottom to the top of the grave.

The reburial of the remains of the dead is possible by decision of the executive authorities and the conclusion of the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision about the absence of especially dangerous infectious diseases. It is not recommended to carry out a reburial earlier than one year from the moment of burial.

The Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2011, N 84 of Moscow "On the approval of SanPiN 2.1.2882-11" Hygienic requirements for the placement, construction and maintenance of cemeteries, buildings and structures for funeral purposes ", excerpts from which is known are given below.

The site allocated for the cemetery must meet the following requirements:

- to have a bias in the direction opposite to the settlement, open reservoirs, as well as when the population uses groundwater for domestic, drinking and domestic purposes;

- Do not flood during floods;

- have a level of groundwater standing at least two meters from the surface of the earth with a maximum standing groundwater. At a level above two meters from the surface of the earth, the site can only be used to place a cemetery for burial after cremation;

- have dry, porous soil (sandy, sandy) at a depth of 1.5 m and below with soil moisture in the range of 6-18%.

It is known that the Russian Orthodox Church proposed an alternative to cremation - the revival of the tradition of family crypts. The author of the article: Oleg Mikulovich Korsun from 04/26/2010, http://www.requiem.ru/, the essence of which is described below.

“One of the solutions to the problem of burial of people within the city of Moscow could be family crypts, in which different generations of the same family could be buried,” acting interfax said. Secretary for Church and Society Relations of the Department for External Church Relations Priest George Ryabykh. According to him, the burial of several people in one grave is consecrated by the monastic tradition and the pious family tradition of pre-revolutionary Russia, in contrast to the cremation, which the church considers unacceptable for Orthodox Christians.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In contrast to the currently accepted underground single-level family (tribal) burials in cemeteries, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a technical solution for creating stationary underground multi-level (two or more) crypts, consisting of separate crypt compartments for each coffin, in allocated places of family (patrimonial) burials in coffins of the bodies of deceased people in cemeteries with porous soils, the civilized method of solving the deficit of land for family (tribal) burials in these cemeteries, their rational use in compliance with the provisions established in the country on this issue.

The possibility and requirements for multilevel burials for the main points are defined in the adopted documents for the creation of mass graves during the burial of the bodies of the deceased directly in the ground. In the present invention, these basic requirements are transferred to the creation of stationary variants of family (patrimonial) multi-level underground burials.

Note.

The invention for stationary underground multi-level burials does not concern the burial of corpses who died from especially dangerous infectious diseases or from an infection of unknown etiology.

Depending on the soil moisture at the level of the lower burial places in the underground space, stationary underground multi-level crypts can be created both without a caisson and with a caisson.

Note. Caisson (from French caisson - box), enclosing structure for the formation of a water-free working chamber under water or in saturated soil.

The following most convenient and economical options for creating stationary underground multi-level crypts for burial of bodies of the dead in coffins in cemeteries with porous soils are considered:

- economical option of a crypt of two-level burial,

- a business version of a crypt of two or three-level burial,

- An elite version of the crypt of a two-level burial.

The following types of crypt schemes are proposed for the allocated sizes of the plots of family (tribal) burials:

Type 1 is the economic variant of a stationary crypt of a two-level burial without a caisson (for plots of sizes: 2.6 × 1 m and 2.6 × 2 m),

Type 2 - a business option of a stationary crypt of two or three-level burial without a caisson (for plots of size 2.6 × 1 m, 2.6 × 2 m, 2.6 × 3 m and for plots of 12 square meters or more),

Type 3 is an elite version of a stationary crypt of a two-level burial with a caisson (for plots of sizes: 2.6 × 1 m, 2.6 × 2 m, 2.6 × 3 m and for plots of 12 sq. M or more).

As an example, in Appendices No. 2-4, the author gives options for creating crypts on a site measuring 2.6 × 1 m, taking into account the capabilities of the currently used mechanization tools and the method of convenient manual filling of crypts, which can be applied at any cemetery in the country. At the same time, the filling of the larger sections (2.6 × 2 m, 2.6 × 3 m and for sections of 12 sq. M or more) is carried out by the method of a nearby arrangement of two or more of the same type (without caisson or with caisson) stationary underground tiered crypts.

The invention and some possible options for the implementation of underground multi-level crypt systems in the selected places of family (generic) burials are illustrated by drawings, which show:

- figure 1 (Appendix No. 2) shows the drawing "System of a stationary underground multi-level crypt without a caisson at a dedicated place of family (generic) burial (economic option for a plot of 2.6 × 1 m)",

- figure 2 (Appendix No. 3) shows the drawing "System of a stationary underground multi-level crypt without a caisson at a dedicated place of family (generic) burial (business option for a plot of 2.6 × 1 m)",

- figure 3 (Appendix No. 4) shows the drawing "System of a stationary underground multi-level crypt with a caisson (7) in a dedicated place of family (generic) burial (an elite version for a plot of 2.6 × 1 m)".

The rules for arranging multilevel burials and reorganizing old burials into multilevel ones should be appropriately reflected in official state regulatory documents on this issue.

Let us consider some examples of the possibilities of reconstructing old burial sites into multi-level ones and arranging new stationary multi-level family (clan) burials.

It is advisable to use the economizer of a two-level burial (Fig. 1 of Appendix 2) without a caisson when reconstructing former family (patrimonial) burials that are located in high dry places (have dry, porous soil (sandy, sandy) with soil moisture within 6-18% of depth of 0.5 m and below the lower level of burial), as the most economical. The space between the plates is not isolated from the ground. In order to ensure the stability of the structure, no more than two levels of burial are selected for the economical option, since the crypt compartments (5) are created on the basis of mechanically loose columns (4) and slabs (3, 3a) and the whole structure is held up by the gravity of the parts of the structure and filling the free space structures after burial of the coffin with earth. A grave mound (2) is created above the upper crypt compartment for burial and a cover plate (1) is installed above it.

As a rule, in cemeteries there were allocated plots for family (clan) burials, two adjacent burials. Consider, as an example, this most common option for arranging an old mastered site measuring 2.6 × 2 m:

- the entire site is under two related burials,

- One part of the site is buried, the other is free.

In the event that the entire site is under two related burials, on behalf of the person responsible for the burial, and taking into account the terms of burial and the necessary permits obtained, the remains of the deceased are transferred to new coffins, some are stored in sanitary conditions requiring this, and further reburial the remains in new coffins in a prepared in the vacated place in a multi-level crypt. The second part of the vacated plot can be further used for a multilevel new family burial.

In the case when one part of the site is buried, the other is free:

a) if there is a person responsible for burial, the person, in agreement with the administration of the cemetery, decides:

- do not remodel the old burial site into a multilevel one, but use the free part of the site for a multilevel burial,

- to exhume the remains of the previous burial with their subsequent cremation, and use the vacated area (2.6 × 2 m) for multi-level burial,

b) in the absence of a person responsible for the burial, it is advisable not to remake the old burial into a multilevel one, and use the free part of the site for a new multilevel burial at the discretion of the cemetery administration. At the same time, the new responsible person takes responsibility for the care of the entire site.

Business and elite options (FIGS. 2 and 3) consist of solid options for crypts of stepped walls (4), the bottom of crypts (6) and individual gravestone (3, 3a, 3b) plates and gravestone (1) cover plates. A grave mound is created above the upper crypt compartment after burial (2). Additionally, the elite version of the crypt (figure 3) is complemented by a caisson (7).

The economizer of a stationary two-level burial (Fig. 1) and the business version of a stationary two or three-level burial (Fig. 2) without caissons are advisable to use when creating burials, respectively, in old or new areas, when they are in high, dry places.

An elite version of a stationary two-level burial with a caisson (Fig. 3) is advisable to use when the level of groundwater from the earth's surface is above two meters.

The device of stationary underground multi-level rivets is a burial ground buried in the ground with a top load for burial of the dead, consists of two or three separate compartments for each coffin.

The underground part of the crypt is a one-volume structure, divided into multilevel compartments vertically with the help of removable plates, which are based on specially provided poles or ledges on the walls of the crypt. The walls of the crypts protrude above the surface of the earth and are covered with slabs-lids, which protect the interior of the crypts from rains.

Note. Crypt - (from the Polish sklep - vault, basement), the interior of the tomb, usually buried in the ground, intended for the burial of the deceased.

Application options

Stationary underground multilevel crypts can be created in selected places of family (tribal) burials in areas with porous soils in large settlements and where there is a shortage of land for cemeteries.

Notes:

1. The invention for multilevel burials in cemeteries with porous soils can be transferred to the burials of the deceased in cemeteries with other types of soils (clay, rocky, etc.),

2. The invention for multi-level burials can also be transferred to the burial of domestic animals in cemeteries specially designated for them.

Above the multilevel crypts of family (tribal) burials of types 1, 2 and 3 (plot sizes: 2.6 × 1 m, 2.6 × 2 m), it is advisable to install stone gravestones (for example, photo 1 of Appendix No. 5).

Above the multilevel crypts of family (patrimonial) graves of types 2 and 3 (on a site measuring 2.6 × 3 m and on plots of 12 square meters or more), it is advisable to install ground structures (for example, photo 2 of Appendix No. 5).

The novelty of this application can be noted on the following points:

- one-volume crypts are presented in three versions, separated by removable plates into vertical compartments, which makes it easy to load coffins with the bodies of the dead and, if necessary, to unload / load coffins during exhumation of corpses,

- crypts are presented both without a caisson, located in dry places and protecting against penetration of groundwater crypts into the interior when it rains, and with a caisson - a structure protecting the crypt's interior from the effects of rain, and from water in places of cemeteries with water-saturated soils.

The disadvantages of the proposed system include:

- digging deeper graves,

- lack of special equipment for burial in multilevel burials,

- increase in the cost of burial.

However, these shortcomings are more than paid for by the benefits of introducing a multi-level burial system, which consists in the fact that it is based on the existing shortage of land in cemeteries, especially in large settlements and the relevance of the rational use of allocated family (tribal) burial places.

The implementation of this invention will allow:

- basically solve the issue of refusing to cremate the remains of old burial places of Orthodox Christians, other interested concessions and individual relatives while compiling family burials,

- create in advance long-term stationary family (tribal) burials for several generations,

- use crypts with caissons on water-saturated soils of lower levels of burial sites, which will also allow to increase the efficiency of the use of allocated areas for burial,

- about two times it is possible to increase the efficiency of use of land allocated for family (clan) burial in existing cemeteries,

- more than two times to increase the efficiency of use of land allocated for family (clan) burial in new cemeteries,

- save state money by making more efficient use of existing sections of family (tribal) burials instead of creating new state cemeteries,

- attract investors for the creation of new commercial cemeteries,

- taking into account the existing means of mechanizing cemeteries, at the first stage, you can immediately begin to implement the low-budget economical version of the system of underground multi-level crypts, gradually switching to the introduction of business and elite options.

The author is not aware of technical solutions with the essential features given in the characterizing part of the claims.

The list of figures of drawings and other materials:

- Appendix No. 1 - Photo. A sample of a multi-story crypt at St. Louis's cemetery in New Orleans (USA),

- Appendix No. 2 - drawing “The system of a stationary underground multi-level crypt without a caisson at a dedicated place of family (generic) burial (economic option for a plot of 2.6 × 1 m)”,

- Appendix No. 3 - drawing “A system of a stationary underground multi-level crypt without a caisson at a designated place of family (generic) burial (business option for a 2.6 × 1 m site)”,

- Appendix No. 4 - drawing “The system of a stationary underground multi-level crypt with a caisson at a dedicated place of family (generic) burial (elite version for a plot of 2.6 × 1 m)”,

- Appendix No. 5 - Photo of types of grave structures.

Information confirming the possibility of carrying out the invention is reflected in the following list of documents, and excerpts from them are given in the section "Prior art" of this application:

1. http://samara.stroyka.ru, A.A.Shilin from 08/26/2010 "Development of the underground space (origin and development)."

2. The newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" dated 05/30/2011, Nikita Mironov "The capital is great, but there is no place to bury."

3. Federal Law of 12.01.96, N 8 - ФЗ "On burial and funeral business".

4. Decree of the Government of Moscow of March 26, 2002, N 213 "On the creation of places of family (clan) burial".

5. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of April 8, 2003, N 35 "On the entry into force of SanPiN 2.1.1279-03".

6. Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2011, N 84 of Moscow "On approval of SanPiN 2.1.2882-11" Hygienic requirements for the placement, construction and maintenance of cemeteries, buildings and structures for funeral purposes ".

7. http://www.requiem.ru/, Oleg Mikulovich Korsun of 04/26/2010 "ROC. An alternative to cremation is family crypts. ”

Claims (1)

The device of stationary underground multilevel crypts is a tomb buried in the ground for burial of the dead, consists of two or three separate compartments for each coffin, characterized in that the crypt has a single one-volume structure, divided into vertical multilevel compartments using removable plates that are supported on specially provided poles or protrusions along the walls of the crypt, while the walls of the crypts protrude above the ground and are covered with slabs that protect the interior of the crypt about rain, while the crypt, depending on soil moisture at the level of the lower burial places in the underground space, can be made with a caisson that protects the inside of the crypt from the effects of rain and water in places of cemeteries with water-saturated soil, and without a caisson if the crypt is located in places cemeteries with dry soil.

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