RU2434379C2 - Device for intensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: device relates to a field of commercial growing of oyster mushrooms by the intensive method. The device comprises box-shaped reservoirs with latticed side walls, which are filled with substrate that is sown with oyster mushroom mycelium. At the same time the device is made in the form of a column with a tray. On the tray there is a fixing rod or a pipe rigidly fixed. Box-shaped reservoirs are made as a cartridge with side thin walls with square area of cross section of 0.33x0.33 m and holes in side walls for free growth of mushrooms from mycelium outside this cartridge on the surface of the substrate in the cartridge, and also for free collection of these mushrooms. On a fixing rod there are cartridges placed in a vertical manner in amount of three to five pieces, filled with substrate with mycelium in the form of a column with height of 2 to 2.5 m.

EFFECT: device provides for increased harvest and commercial quality of mushrooms at minimum substrate volume, reduction of number of technological operations.

6 cl, 7 dwg, 1 ex

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, and more particularly to the field of industrial cultivation of oyster mushrooms as a food product for the population.

The invention can be used to create devices for an intensive high-performance method for growing oyster mushrooms in a climate-controlled greenhouse.

State of the art

Currently, two industrial intensive methods of cultivating oyster mushrooms are widely practiced (growing these mushrooms in special rooms with controlled microclimate conditions). (See “Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms.” I.A. Dudka, N. A. Bysko, V. T. Bilai. Kiev, “Harvest” 1992, pp. 82-84, 87-90, 92, 93. )

The most traditional substrate for growing oyster mushrooms is wheat straw, chopped to a size of 1-3 cm. After the processing of the substrate in bulk and cooling to 28-30 ° C, it is packaged in containers (bags, cassettes, etc.) with the simultaneous introduction of fungus inoculum oyster mushroom. After sowing, the substrate is not compacted. After sowing, the substrate must be protected from drying out, which is best provided with a plastic film, which must be perforated in the bottom of the bags or cassettes (holes with a diameter of 1 cm after 5-10 cm) so that excess moisture can drain, and in the lower part of the blocks unnecessarily wet anaerobic conditions did not occur that impeded mycelial growth. The most common containers are transparent plastic bags for 25-30 kg of substrate. In larger bags, due to the growth of mycelium, the temperature of the substrate may exceed the permissible norm (32 ° C and above) and the mycelium will die. In addition, cassettes are used in oyster mushrooms, the basis of which is a metal frame 2 × 2 × 0.3 m in size, lined with polyethylene. After seeding, bags or cassettes are placed in chambers for the growth of mycelium, in which the temperature should be at the level of 22-24 ° C, humidity 60-65%, ventilation 1-2 volumes per hour. Since light slows the growth of oyster mushroom mycelium, it is desirable that the room is dark. In the case of using bags, they are stacked four in a row, and the cartridges are installed in pairs, leaving aisles of 1.5-2 m. After weaving the substrate with oyster mushrooms with white mycelium, the bags or cartridges are transported to the fruiting chamber, the temperature is maintained at 12-18 ° C, humidity - 80-90%, lighting should be 1600-2400 lux · h, ventilation - 2-10 volumes per hour. Of the bags are any geometric shapes, the most rational of the whole wall, the side surfaces of which should be illuminated. The height of the walls is determined by their stability and light intensity. Cassettes are also arranged in the form of walls. Daylight lamps are located in the aisles between the walls at different heights, achieving uniform illumination of the entire surface. It is necessary to provide lighting for 8-10 hours per day. 7-14 days after the transfer of the bags to the fruiting chamber, under the conditions described above, clusters of small tubercles appear on the surface of the white mycelium - these are the rudiments of fruiting bodies. In places of their formation, cuts of 10-15 cm should be made on the bags. During this period, the carbon dioxide chamber in the air is especially fatal for mushrooms. To avoid this, bags should be installed at a height of 15-20 cm from the floor (carbon dioxide is heavier than air and therefore concentrated below), use intensive ventilation, sprinkle the floor and room corners with a thin layer of powdered lime, which disinfects the floor and is an adsorbent of excess carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide content in this period should not contain 0.06%. The concentration of carbon dioxide of 0.06-0.4% leads to the appearance of abnormal fruiting bodies. At a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, the development of fruiting bodies is completely suppressed. Oyster mushroom grows in groups. Fruit bodies appear from incisions made in a plastic film, or over the entire surface of the substrate when the film is removed.

Technology advantage: one cycle of growing oyster mushrooms in an intensive way lasts 2-2.5 months. Regardless of weather and soil conditions, the year-round cultivation of oyster mushrooms makes it possible to carry out 5-6 harvesting cycles per year. The yield of mushrooms in this case will be (with an average of 15 kg from 100 kg of substrate) 75-90 kg from 500-600 kg of substrate. Mushrooms are grown in special cultivation rooms equipped with devices for regulating temperature, humidity, gas conditions and lighting with the possibility of mechanization.

The advantage of containers made of plastic bags and trellised cassettes with a lined plastic film is that they are lightweight, cheap, convenient for transportation, and transparent for light to access the mycelium. For ease of transportation at the bottom of the cassette can be equipped with wheels, or moved with a forklift.

Disadvantages of plastic bags and cartridges with plastic film: the need for a single use of plastic bags and film, with the provision of technological numerous cuts in these bags. Damage to the sprouted mushrooms and accumulation in bags of carbon dioxide harmful to the growth of mushrooms are possible (to incisions and in places without incisions). Cuts in the bags can damage the mycelium. Bags in uncut places slow down the growth of mushrooms and deform mushrooms. A polyethylene film reduces the yield and quality of mushroom fruits due to poor lighting of growing mushrooms during fogging and contamination by mycelium spores on the inner surface of plastic bags and film. Yields per unit of production area are reduced due to the placement of a small volume of substrate and a small surface of the substrate in bags and cassettes. Increased labor intensity (incisions, manual work with bags and cassettes during mushroom growing operations). Low productivity of the process of growing and collecting mushrooms, since mechanization is used only for the transportation of bags and cassettes, since automation is impossible.

In England, a new technology for intensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms was proposed - cultivation in a high layer. It differs from that used in that the substrate layer reaches a height of 0.6-1 m. Moreover, to reduce the temperature that occurs in the thickness of the substrate, enhanced ventilation is required.

The advantage of the new technology is a significant increase in yield per unit area.

Both technologies have their advantages, which are preserved when using the proposed device for intensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms, while these disadvantages of analogues are eliminated.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the claimed invention is: increasing the productivity of an intensive method of growing and collecting oyster mushrooms, improving the commercial quality of harvested mushrooms, increasing the maximum yield per unit of production area to reduce the production area of greenhouses.

The aim of the invention is: the creation of an effective technique without the use of plastic bags and the need for technological cuts in these bags due to the cultivation of oyster mushrooms in a high column of substrate with a minimum thickness and consumption of the substrate layer, providing optimal conditions for the growth and collection of mushrooms.

This goal is achieved by the fact that a new device for an intensive method of growing oyster mushrooms is proposed. The device contains box-shaped containers with trellised side walls, filled with a substrate seeded with oyster mushroom mycelium.

The claimed device differs from analogues in that it is made in the form of a vertical column with a pallet. A fixing rod or tube is vertically fixed to the pallet. Box-shaped containers are made in the form of a cage with lateral thin walls with a square cross-sectional area of 0.33 × 0.33 m ² and openings in the side walls for free growth outside of this cage of mushrooms from mycelium on the surface of the substrate in the cage, as well as for free collection these mushrooms. Three to five pieces of string are vertically strung on the fixing rod of the column, filled with a substrate with a mycelium in the form of a column with a height of 2 to 2.5 m.

Technical effect: constant openness of the maximum surface of the substrate with mycelium. Exclusion of damage and disease of fungi, optimal conditions for the growth of fungi. Maximum yield per unit of production area with a minimum volume of substrate due to the high column and optimal thickness (0.15 m) of the substrate layer for effective growth of fungi. Commodity quality of mushrooms increases. The number of operations of mushroom cultivation technology is reduced. Increases labor productivity and convenience for workers when performing technological operations. The degree of possible mechanization of a larger number of technological processes for growing and collecting mushrooms is increasing.

The device according to claim 2, further characterized in that it comprises a platform on a wheeled chassis for manual horizontal movement of this platform. The platform is made with a horizontal area of 8 × 1 m ² , on which about 35 vertical columns are installed. Vertical rods are installed on the platform. A column tray and a column fixing rod are fixed to each rod. In each pallet, a hole is made for putting this pallet on this rod with the possibility of rotation in the horizontal plane of the column on the platform around its fixing rod for free access to any vertical surface of the cage on the column during the control of growing and collecting mushrooms. A number of platforms are installed in a row closely with their long sides for maximum compaction of the number of columns in the area of the greenhouse and with the possibility of sliding adjacent platforms to form a technological passage for maintenance personnel between these platforms during technological processes of growing and collecting mushrooms.

An additional technical effect of the device according to claim 2 of the formula

Optimum compaction of columns per unit of production area per platform with maximum compaction of the number of platforms per greenhouse area and convenience with the convenience of replacing the substrate in the columns and maximum convenience of controlling the growth and collection of mushrooms. Mechanization is not required due to the possibility of easy shifting of the platforms on wheels and rotation of the columns to facilitate the harvesting of mushrooms on either side and at any height of the substrate column in the column on the platform.

The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the side walls of the cage are made with a height of about 0.5 m with cutouts with an area of about 0.1 × 0.15 m ² with a width of the lattice rods of about 0.01 m

Technical effect: ensuring the maximum substrate area for free growth and collection of mushrooms with reliable retention in the holder of the substrate with sprouted mycelium; the optimal volume and mass of the substrate in the holder for manually transferring the holder to different rooms to provide different processes for mushroom cultivation technology, as well as to facilitate and simplify the process of collecting and disassembling the holder with the substrate in a column in a column on the platform.

The device according to claim 4 of the claims is characterized in that for the mutual fastening of the clips from the mutual shift in the column from the bottom on the side walls of each clip protrusions are made. On the upper side of these clips, grooves are made for fixing the protrusions in the grooves when assembling the clips in the column.

Technical effect: ensuring reliable fixation of the shape of the column of substrate in the column during the movement of the platform and the assembly of the column of substrate, the rotation of the column on the platform during growth control and collection of mushrooms.

The device according to claim 5, characterized in that for the convenience and reliability of stuffing the substrate with mycelium into the holder of the substrate and using an assembly in a column-shaped column, an auxiliary cartridge is used. The cassette is made with solid thin side walls and a solid bottom. This cassette is similar in shape to the shape of the cage, and the internal volume of the cassette is made taking into account free entry into the cassette through its open top of the cassette to fill the cassette of the cassette with a substrate seeded with mycelium. A hole has been cut out in the center of the bottom of the cartridge for installing a removable auxiliary tube forming a cylindrical cavity in the volume of the substrate in the holder for passing through this cavity of the fixing rod of the column with the possibility of free removal of this cartridge from the holder and pushing the auxiliary pipe out of the same holder with the fixing rod after stringing this holder on the fixing rod.

Technical effect: simplification of the process of stuffing the cage with a substrate with mycelium for transferring the cage, providing the processes of binding the substrate with germinated mycelium and assembling the column of substrate in the column.

The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the clips, pallets, fixing rods and auxiliary cassettes are made of food-grade polymer.

Technical effect: the exclusion of infection of fungi with harmful bacteria, mold, the exclusion of absorbing oyster mushrooms by growing mushrooms from the materials of the clip, pallets, fixing rods and auxiliary cassettes.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 shows a front view (long side of the platform) of a moving platform on a wheeled chassis with columns installed on this platform (each column forms and fixes a vertical column of substrate with mycelium for growing mushrooms).

Figure 2 shows the same platform side view on the right.

Figure 3 shows the same platform view in plan.

Figure 4 shows the clip for stuffing and fixing the column of substrate with mycelium for growing mushrooms.

Figure 5 shows the auxiliary cassette for inserting the cage before stuffing the substrate and fixing the column of the substrate during the growth of mycelium in the substrate before stringing the cage with the substrate on the fixing rod of the column.

Figure 6 shows the column tray for vertical assembly into the column of several cages with a substrate when forming a column of substrate and fixing the column on the platform pin.

Figure 7 shows the complete assembly: four cages with a substrate, mounted on a fixing rod, mounted on a pallet and on a fixing pin of the platform.

An embodiment of the invention

In figure 1, a vertical column 1 with a height of 2 to 2.5 m, four clips 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4 are assembled on a pallet 2, resting on a platform 3. The length of the platform is about 8 m, width about 1 m, the height of the platform is about 0.25 m. The pallet with the column is fixed on the fixing vertical rod 4. The rod 4 is fixed on the fixing rod 5 for holding on the platform 3 with the possibility of rotation on the platform of the column 1 in a horizontal plane. Column 1 is designed to form a vertical column of substrate with mycelium for growing and collecting mushrooms in a high column.

The platform is made in the form of a cart on wheels 6 for easy movement, optimal location and extension of the platforms with installed columns (for the formation of a technological passage and free access of workers to each column when changing the substrate, monitoring the growth of mushrooms and collecting mushrooms). The platform is designed for maximum compaction of the arrangement of columns in the area of the greenhouse.

In Fig. 4, the cage 7 is made of food-grade polymer in the form of a lattice hollow box about 0.5 m high with thin side walls 8 (0.1 m thick) of a square cross section of this box about 0.33 m wide with holes 9 in the walls 8 (0.15 m high and 0.1 m wide) with a diameter of 0.01 m of rods 10 of the lattice in the side walls 8 (between the holes) (to free up the maximum area of the substrate in the walls of the holder for free growth and maximum collection of mushrooms). The cage 7 is made with a free top and bottom for free stuffing and excavation of the substrate inside this cage.

In Fig. 5, the auxiliary cassette 11 (the cassette is shown turned upside down) is made of food-grade polymer in the form of a hollow box with thin continuous side walls 12 with a continuous thin bottom 13. In the center of the bottom 13, a hole 14 is cut out to insert an auxiliary rod forming a cavity in the substrate when stuffing substrate 7 clips (inserted into this cassette).

6, a pallet 15 with a rectangular cross section with a side width of 0.33 m is made with a hole 16 for mounting the fixing rod 4 of the column 1 and assembling several cages strung on the rod 4, resting vertically on this pallet. The pallet supports the column 1 on the platform 3 and provides the ability to rotate the column 1 with the pallet on the platform 3 in a horizontal plane around the pin 5 on this platform.

Figure 7 shows the construction of the assembly of the column 1 on the platform 3. On the pin 5, fixed motionless on the platform 3, a fixing rod 4 is inserted. A pallet 15 is mounted on the rod 4 (the rod 4 is passed into the opening 16 of the pallet). A lower clip 7-1 with a substrate seeded with mycelium is planted on the pallet and on the fixing rod. On the cage 7-1 sequentially on the fixing rod cages 7-2, then 7-3 and then 7-4, also stuffed with a substrate with mycelium. These four cages form a column 1 with a vertical column of substrate with mycelium. The column can scroll on platform 3 around pin 5.

The device is used as follows. An auxiliary tube (with a height equal to the height of the cassette) is inserted into the hole 14 of the auxiliary cassette 11 (installed upside down 13). Then an empty clip 7 is installed in this cassette. Then the clip is stuffed with a substrate with seeded mycelium for growing oyster mushrooms. The cassette with the clip is installed in the room for germination of mycelium in the substrate and ligaments of this substrate with sprouted mycelium. A fixation rod 4 is put on each pin 5 of the platform 3 and a pallet 15 is put on each rod. After that, an inverted cassette 11 with an upside down cassette 7 is inserted on each fixing rod 13 upside down 7 (stuffed with a substrate bound by germinated mycelium). In this case, the fixing rod 4 pushes the auxiliary tube out of the holder 7 and fixes the holder in the column 1. Then, the auxiliary cassette 11 is removed from the holder 7. Similarly, the following clips 7-2, 7-3, 7- are sequentially inserted on the same rod to the top of the fixing rod. 4 (stuffed with a substrate bound by mycelium) and similarly remove the auxiliary cassettes and auxiliary tubes. Platforms 3 are moved in a row flush with the long sides. When working with columns on two adjacent platforms, these platforms are extended to a width between them of about 0.8 m to create a free technological passage for workers during technological operations on these columns.

Claims (6)

1. Device for the intensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms, containing box-shaped containers with trellised side walls, filled with a substrate seeded with oyster mushroom mycelium, characterized in that the device is made in the form of a column with a pallet, a fixing rod or tube is vertically fixed to the pallet, box-shaped containers are made in in the form of a cage with thin lateral walls with a square cross-sectional area of 0.33 × 0.33 m in size and openings in the side walls for free growth outside this cage of mushrooms from mitz spruce on the surface of the substrate in a holder, as well as for the free collection of these fungi; Three to five pieces of string are vertically strung on the fixing rod of the column, filled with a substrate with a mycelium in the form of a column with a height of 2 to 2.5 m. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a platform on a wheeled chassis for manual horizontal movement of this platform, the platform is made with a horizontal area of 8 × 1 m, on which about 35 vertical columns are installed, for which vertical rods are installed on the platform, on each such rod a column pallet and a column fixing rod are fixed, and a hole is made in the pallet for putting on a pallet on this rod with the possibility of rotation in the horizontal plane of the column on the platform around its fixing st a rod for free access to any vertical surface of the cage on the column during the control of growing and picking mushrooms, while a number of platforms are installed in a row closely, with long sides to maximize the number of columns in the area of the greenhouse and with the possibility of sliding adjacent platforms for the formation of a technological passage for staff between these platforms in the technological processes of growing and collecting mushrooms. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the side walls of the cage are made with a height of about 0.5 m, with cutouts of about 0.1 × 0.15 m, with a width of the lattice rods of about 0.01 m 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that for the mutual fastening of the clips from the mutual shift in the column from the bottom, protrusions are made on the side walls of each holder, and grooves are made on the upper side of these clips for fixing the protrusions in the grooves when assembling the clips in the column. 5. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that for the convenience and reliability of stuffing the substrate with mycelium and assembling into a column-shaped column, an auxiliary cartridge is used with solid thin side walls and a solid bottom, the cartridge is similar in shape to the holder shape, internal volume the cassette is made taking into account the free entry into the cassette through its open top of the cassette to fill the cassette of the cassette with a substrate seeded with mycelium, while in the center of the bottom of the cassette a hole is cut for installing a removable auxiliary tube, casing a cylindrical cavity in the volume of the substrate for passage through this cavity of the fixing rod of the column with the possibility of free removal of this cartridge from the holder and pushing the auxiliary rod out of the same holder by the fixing rod after stringing this holder on the fixing rod. 6. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the clips, pallets, fixing rods and auxiliary cassettes are made of food-grade polymer.

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