RU2405296C1 - Method of fertiliser distribution simultaneously with sowing and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agricultural machinery, and relates to a method of distribution of fertilisers along with sowing and devices for its implementation. The method involves the soil undercut at a depth of seeding and a width equal to the width of spacing, the rise of loosen soil at a certain height and formation in the central part of a gap, putting the seeds into the formed corners and distribution of fertilisers in the central part of the gap, returning the loosen soil to its original position and its puddling.

EFFECT: invention enables to combine three technological operations: presowing cultivation, sowing of crops on compacted bed and distribution of the main dose of fertilisers in the form of a vertical strip, as well as reduction of fertilisers amount recommended for splash introduction by 25-30% and increase of crop production.

2 cl, 11 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods and devices for distributing mineral fertilizers simultaneously with sowing.

A known method of applying fertilizers at the same time as plowing the soil, including cutting and crumbling the soil layer and feeding fertilizers to the bottom of the furrows [RU 2328102 C2, A01C 7/06, 12/10/2007]. At the same time, fertilizers are fed to the bottom of the furrows at different depths of loosening strips 0.35-0.40 m wide with a difference in depth of 0.05-0.08 m. In each furrow, the plow sole is destroyed at a distance of 1 / 3-2 / 3 of the furrow width and to a depth of 0.10-0.14 m below the bottom of the furrow.

The method is effective in the uniform distribution of mineral fertilizers in different depth bands, but it is not universal - it does not provide the placement of mineral fertilizers along the depth of the root layer with plots of their distribution density of various shapes.

A known method of fertilizing [SU 1471971 A1, A01C 7/00, 04/15/1989], including the formation of vertical slots in the soil, feeding them in portions of fertilizers and fixing them in depth with horizontal concentration in proportion to the density of the soil layers of the root system, in which in order to increase the efficiency of using fertilizers by the root system of plants due to their rational distribution in the soil, vertical slots are made on both sides of the plants in the form of holes with a bias towards the plants, moreover ited bottom at different levels to form equidistant curved grooves, and the fertilizer fed to the last.

The disadvantage of this method is that it can be applied only if there is a sufficient amount of moisture in the surface soil layer. In conditions of soil zones with an acute deficit of soil moisture and rainfall reserves, it is ineffective.

There is also known a method of cultivating crops [SU 1531877 A1, A01B 79/02, 12/30/1989], including loosening of the arable and subsurface layers, the formation of cracks in the subsurface layer and filling the soil with a fertile layer in which, in order to increase productivity by increasing fertility liquid organic fertilizers are applied every 3–4 years, combining the application with integrated tillage for row crops containing slitting — the formation of molehills in the subsurface layer, while liquid organic fertilizers are applied in moles s, and liquid fertilizers - in seed deposition zone; soil preparation for sowing is carried out over molehills by profile loosening of the upper part of the walls of the cracks and the formation of slopes with an angle between them of 60-90 °.

The disadvantage of the described method of applying fertilizers can be attributed to the fact that fertilizers are not available to most plants. This is manifested practically with a large variety of plants in the accounting plots.

A known method of sowing grain crops with fertilizers [RU 2326520 C2, A01C 7/20, 06/20/2008], which use simultaneously tillage, sowing grain crops and applying mineral fertilizers. Tillage is produced by cutting it in a horizontal plane. Three furrows are made on a horizontal surface, fertilizers are placed in the central furrow in the form of a vertical tape, and seeds with a starting dose of fertilizers are introduced into the lateral furrows and they are covered with soil removed from the furrows.

The described method of applying fertilizers can improve the quality of sowing and productivity.

The disadvantage of the described method of fertilizer application is the unequal degree of their assimilation by agricultural plants along the depth of the gap during their growing season.

Known combination coulter [RU 2224402 C1, A01C 7/20, 02.27.2004], containing lancet paw, rack-tap, wedge and vas deferens and allowing to perform three technological operations in one pass: pre-sowing cultivation, sowing of grain and the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the form of a vertically arranged tape.

The disadvantage of this device is that the lower part of the strut-pipe line is made non-replaceable, and this does not allow you to adjust the amount of fertilizer by the depth of the slot, that is, the device has limited functionality.

The objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency of use of fertilizers introduced into the soil and, as a result, increase crop yields.

To achieve this goal, a method for the distribution of fertilizers simultaneously with sowing and a device for its implementation, which will be clear from the following description and drawings, are proposed.

Figure 1 - diagram of a method for the distribution of fertilizers simultaneously with the sowing of crops; figure 2 is a phase diagram of the development of crops and the corresponding plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer; figure 3 - phase diagram of the development of sugar beet and the corresponding plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer; 4 is a diagram of the phases of development of sunflower and the corresponding plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer; 5 is a diagram of the phases of development of corn and the corresponding plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer; 6 is a General view of the device with a replaceable end of the strut-tubing (side view); Fig. 7 is an example of constructing a working edge of a replaceable part of a strut-pipe line to obtain a plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer — “increasing”; Fig. 8 - interchangeable part of the strut-pipe line to obtain a plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer — “uniform”; Fig.9 is a removable part of the rack-fertilizer to obtain a plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer - "decreasing"; figure 10 - a removable part of the rack-fertilizer to obtain a plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer - "increasing"; 11 is a removable part of the rack-fertilizer to obtain a plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer - "decreasing-increasing."

Crops have a different structure of the root system (fibrous, pivotal, mixed), vegetation periods of varying lengths, and different needs for fertilizers according to development phases [V.V. Kolemeychenko / Textbook. - M .: Agribusiness center, 2007. - S.66-67, S.83-85, S.376-378, S.382-383, S.259-261, S.263, S.157-159, S .162-163] (see figures 2, 3, 4 and 5).

This makes it necessary to place fertilizers with different densities along the depth of the root layer.

The four plots of the distribution density of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer H are most likely (see Table 1): uniform, increasing, decreasing, and decreasing-increasing. Plots of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer show how much should be at a certain depth. It is possible to provide one or another quantity of fertilizers at the required depth by means of targeted feeding of fertilizer portions or to form the desired density using the working edge of the coulter, which has a certain shape. When going beyond the working edge of the lower part of the fertilizer coulter, the fertilizer particles are fixed by the soil at the moment the gap is closed.

The second option for the formation of the required fertilizer density along the depth of the root layer is more effective. If the regularity by which fertilizers should be distributed over the depth of the root layer is known, in other words, if the regularity of the plot of the distribution of fertilizers Z = f (H) is known (see Table 1), then its integration with respect to the “depth” (H) parameter gives a dependence along which it is necessary to carry out the working edge of the replaceable part 4 of the strut-pipe line 2 (Fig.6).

We obtain the required shape of the working edge (curve) by integrating the dependencies that describe the plots of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer, representing them as primitives of some function (see Table 1).

With a uniform plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer

Z = a.

With a decreasing distribution plot

Z = a-bH.

With increasing distribution plot

Z = a + bH.

With a decreasing-increasing distribution diagram

Z = a + bH-cH ² ,

where a, b, c are constant coefficients;

H is the depth of the root layer.

Moreover, the working edge of the replaceable part of the strut-pipe line is made according to the curve Ω obtained by integrating the dependence Z = f (H):

,

,

namely when

- uniform plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer

Ω = aH + K;

- decreasing distribution diagram

;

;

- increasing distribution diagram

;

;

Table 1 The main options for the formation of the distribution density of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer No. p / p The shape of the plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer, N Equation describing the form The shape of the working edge of the fertilizer coulter diagrams of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer fertilizer coulter working edge one Uniform Z = a Ω = aH + K

2 Waning Z = a-bH

3 Increasing Z = a + bH

four Decreasing ascending Z = a + bH-cH ²

- decreasing-increasing distribution diagram

,

,

where a, b, c are constant coefficients;

H is the depth of the root layer;

K is the integration constant.

The constant coefficients a, b, and c, which determine the shape of the working edge of the replaceable part of the strut-piping, are characteristic of the distribution diagrams of the root systems of agricultural crops, which are determined as a result of research over the years by agronomical scientists.

Example. For an increasing plot of the distribution of mineral fertilizers along the depth of the root layer, the shape of the working edge Ω is determined as follows:

Assuming that a = 0; b = 0.2; K = 0, and H varies in the range from 0 to 8 × 10 ^-2 m, and substituting these values in the above formula, we obtain the coordinates of the points for constructing the working edge of the replaceable part of the strut-duct pipe (see Fig. 7). The calculation results are given in table.2.

table 2 Dependence of the function Ω on the depth of the root layer H The depth of the root layer H, × 10 ^-2 m 0 one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 The value of Ω, × 10 ^-2 m 0 0.1 0.4 0.9 1,6 2.5 3.6 4.9 6.4

The shapes of the working edges are shown in FIGS. 8, 9, 10 and 11.

The method involves cutting the soil at the depth of sowing and a width equal to the width of the row spacing, - figure 1 (a); the rise of loosened soil to a certain height and the formation in the central part of the gap - figure 1 (b); seed placement in the formed corners and the distribution of mineral fertilizers in the Central part of the gap - figure 1 (c); the return of loose soil to its original position and its compaction - figure 1 (g).

The device comprises a lancet paw 1 (Fig. 6) with a working width equal to the row spacing, attached to the tuk-pipe 2. There are two seed tubes 3 behind the rack, one of which is directed under the left part of the paw, and the other under the right, and the distance from the opener axis to the right and left socks of the vas deferens is half the row spacing. A removable part 4 with a cutout for the width of the fertilizer belt is rigidly attached to the bottom of the strut-duct line. The cutout is made curved, which ensures the distribution of fertilizers in the soil in the form of a vertical tape with different densities along the depth of the root layer. To ensure better deepening, a wedge is installed under the lancet paw 5. To prevent clogging of the curvilinear cut-out of the strut-pipe line 2 at the time of deepening, the valve 6 with counterweight 7 is pivotally mounted at the ends of the seed guides 8 and 9 reflecting valves are installed to protect them from clogging with soil and at the same time reflecting seeds. To prevent soil from entering the seed tubes, the lancet paw is equipped with rigidly fixed left-side and right-side shields-dumps 10. Seals 11 are installed on the socks of the seed guides, made in the form of convex parts of truncated spherical segments. The coulter is attached to the seeder leads using a bracket 12 with two holes, and one hole is made in an arc, which allows you to set the coulter tilt in the vertical plane by rotating the screw 13 mounted on the bracket toe, thereby regulating the seed placement.

The device operates as follows: by sowing devices of the seeder mineral fertilizers are fed through hoses to the pipelines and seed tubes (Fig.6). Due to the curved cut-out in its removable part 4, fertilizers at the exit from the fertilizer rack 2 are sequentially fixed by the soil, forming a vertically located tape with the necessary distribution density over the depth of the root layer. Seeds that are transported through the vas deferens are fed to the reflector valves 8 and 9 and placed on a sealed bed prepared by seals 11, after which they are covered with soil coming off the dump plates 10.

Using the proposed method for the distribution of fertilizers simultaneously with sowing and a device for its implementation allows you to combine three technological operations: pre-sowing cultivation, sowing crops on a compacted bed and the distribution of the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the form of a vertically located tape; reduce the dose of mineral fertilizers recommended for spreading by 25-30%; increase crop yields due to the oriented distribution of fertilizers relative to the root system and sowing seeds on a compacted bed.

Information sources

1. RU 2328102 C2, A01C 7/06, 12/10/2007.

2. SU No. 1471971 A1, A01C 7/00, 04/15/1989.

3. SU 1531877 A1, A01B 79/02, 12.30.1989.

4. RU 2326520 C2, A01C 7/20, 20.06.2008.

5. RU 2224402 C1, A01C 7/20, 02.27.2004.

6. VV Kolomeychenko / Textbook. - M .: Agribusiness center, 2007. - S.66-67, S.83-85, S.376-378, S.382-383, S.259-261, S.263, S.157-159, S .162-163.

Claims (2)

1. A method of distributing fertilizers simultaneously with sowing, including cutting the soil, forming a gap, feeding seeds and fertilizers, characterized in that the cutting of the soil is carried out to a depth equal to the depth of sowing, with a width equal to the width of the row spacing, and fertilizers are fed into the slot below the level of sowing moreover, the distribution density of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer H is subject to a certain dependence Z = f (H), namely:
with a uniform plot of the distribution of fertilizers along the depth of the root layer:
Z = a;
with a decreasing distribution diagram:
Z = a-bH;
with increasing distribution diagram:
Z = a + bH;
with a decreasing-increasing distribution diagram:
Z = a + bH-cH ² ,
where a, b, c are constant coefficients; H is the depth of the root layer. 2. A device for distributing fertilizers at the same time as sowing, containing a lancet paw, a fertilizer pipe stand, a wedge, seed tubes, characterized in that the lower part of the fertilizer pipe stand is removable, and the working edge of the lower part of the fertilizer pipe stand is made according to the Ω curve obtained as a result integrating the dependence Z = f (H):

,
namely when:
uniform plot of fertilizer distribution along the depth of the root layer:
Ω = aH + K;
descending distribution diagram:

;
increasing distribution diagram:

descending-increasing distribution diagram:

;
where a, b, c are constant coefficients; H is the depth of the root layer; K is the integration constant.

Images