RU2386235C2 - Complex tillage assembly and procedure for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: assembly consists of tractor and tillage machine. The machine includes a frame, two rotors, two rows of feet and bearing wheels. The rotors are equipped with cutting elements and a drive from the power take-off shaft of the tractor. The feet are mounted on hollow spring loaded poles. The rotors with cutting elements are arranged over feet. Rotation axles of the rotors are located behind noses of feet and are designed to limited lifting by means of rotation relative to the frame to pass by obstacles. Downward rotation of rotors is restricted with chains. Cutting elements are installed in holders welded inside the hollow shafts and are fixed in slots of the shafts by turning counter rotor rotation direction. The cutting elements of the rotors are developed along single spiral so, that sections of spiral on the second rotor are continuation of sections of spiral of the first rotor. Profile of front edges of the cutting elements is developed along Archimedes spiral by formula p = (180 - 220) φ. Transmission of the tillage machine has gear ratio facilitating circumferential speed of active working elements minimally required for soil tillage. A primary shaft-gear of the reducer can be quickly replaced without lubrication drain. The feet have bends providing them with space rigidity. Fixtures of feet facilitate quick replacement. The spring-loaded poles have slots; spring holders gradually sinking in slots compensate wear of mounting surfaces. The spring-loaded poles are fastened on hollow traverses. Loops of poles envelope traverses with a small gap facilitating feet to perform complex vibrations during operation and to lift partially winding on traverses when colliding with an obstacle. The first traverse is hinged to the frame; a lever for protection of passive working elements from stones is connected to this traverse; the lever actuates a shear pin and simultaneously a crane opening a flow of compressed air into a chamber of air booster of the clutch. The bearing wheels of the machine are mounted on the axle and can be hoisted and lowered by means of hydraulic cylinders. The procedure consists in simultaneous effect of cutting elements of the rotor and feet on soil. While tilling soil with the rotor each cutting element cuts a soil strip. Cut strip is partially transferred into the side of a ditch formed by the pass of the preceding cutting element. Feet loosen soil by performing complex trajectory in space due to summing progressive motion of the assembly and lengthwise and transverse oscillations; also feet tend to occupy the most energetically favourable position at each time moment because of changed thickness of soil layer over feet caused by rotor operation.

EFFECT: this design and procedure facilitate saving power expenditures for soil tillage, also reduce labour cost for replacement of cutting elements of active and passive working elements.

5 cl, 18 dwg

Description

The invention relates to devices in the field of agricultural engineering, intended for tillage. The unit consists of a tractor of draft class 30 kN, for example T - 150K, on the technological platform of which it is possible to place a container or hopper for fertilizer, and a combined tillage machine.

Known tillage unit (ed. St. SU No. 1822623, A01B 49/00, 51/00, 06/23/93), containing traction means with attached tillage implement, made in the form of a frame with track rollers, in front of which a drive unit is mounted rotary working body with a horizontal shaft located perpendicular to the direction of translational movement of the gun, and at least one working body of passive action is installed in its rear part. The disadvantage of this unit is the fragmentation of the active and passive working bodies, which increases the energy consumption of soil cultivation.

Also known is a tillage mill (ed. St. SU No. 1160947, АВВ 33/12, 1985), containing working bodies mounted on the shaft. Her hub of each working body has a conical shape and is made of longitudinal parts, each of which is connected to the corresponding knife of the working body, while the hub is mounted on the shaft by means of the flange parts surrounding it.

The disadvantage of this design is the great complexity of replacing the cutting elements, as well as, like any milling cutter, the high energy consumption of soil cultivation due to the grinding of part of the soil to a dusty state. This is due, in particular, to the lack of proper synchronization of the rotational speed of the cutter and the translational speed of the unit.

The objective of the invention is to reduce the cost of energy for tillage and the complexity of replacing the cutting elements of active and passive working bodies.

The problem is solved in that the proposed unit active and passive working bodies work together. In addition, the profile of the front faces, the relative position of the loosening elements and the ratio of the translational speed of the aggregate and the linear speed of the socks of the loosening elements of the rotors of the tillage machine are selected such that they create the possibility of moving the soil at the socks - along the front face, at the base of the cutting elements - towards the previous cutting element, so the cutting elements move in the soil in an unclamped state. The rear edges of the cutting elements have a rational profile, and the methods of fixing the cutting elements on the shaft provide their quick replacement. The method of fixing passive working bodies also provides for their quick replacement.

New significant features:

- two rotors with active working bodies are located above the passive working bodies, and the axis of rotation of the rotors are located behind the socks of the passive working bodies;

- the rotors are installed so that there is the possibility of their limited rise by turning relative to the frame to avoid obstacles, and downward their rotation is limited by chains;

- the cutting elements are mounted in holders welded inside the hollow shafts and fixed in the slots of the shafts by turning against the direction of rotation of the rotors;

- the cutting elements of the rotors are deployed in a single spiral so that the sections of the spiral on the second rotor are a continuation of the sections of the spiral of the first rotor;

- the profile of the front faces of the cutting elements is deployed in a spiral of Archimedes according to the formula p = (180-220) φ;

- the transmission of the tillage machine has such a gear ratio that the peripheral speed of the active working bodies is the minimum necessary for loosening the soil; when changing the operating gear, it is necessary to replace the primary gear shaft, the design provides for the possibility of quick replacement of the primary gear gear shaft without draining the grease;

- passive working bodies mounted on hollow spring struts and have limbs, giving them spatial rigidity;

- the fastening of the passive working bodies is made with the possibility of quick replacement, while in the spring struts there are slots, gradually drowning in which spring clips compensate for wear of the seating surfaces;

- spring struts are mounted on hollow traverses, and the hinges of the struts cover the traverse with a small gap that allows passive working bodies to make complex vibrations in the process, and when meeting an obstacle, rise, partially winding on the traverse;

- the first traverse is hinged to the frame and to protect the passive working bodies from stones, a lever is attached to it, acting on the shear pin and at the same time on the valve, which opens the flow of compressed air into the chamber of the pneumatic amplifier of the clutch;

- the supporting wheels of the tillage machine are mounted on the axis of the supporting wheels, which are raised and lowered by the hydraulic cylinders;

- on the bolts that fasten the cover of the final drive of the rear axle of the tractor, you can fix the disks to separate the layer of the cultivated soil from the sides, while installing three blocks of support wheels with a reinforced axis of the support wheels;

- for soil cultivation with simultaneous application of liquid fertilizers, a container is installed on the tractor’s technological site, from which liquid fertilizers are fed by gravity to passive working bodies through hollow spring struts, and the telescopic rod controls the crane mounted on the container, opening it at the beginning of the rut and closing at the end ;

- for processing the soil with the simultaneous introduction of granular fertilizers on the technological platform of the tractor, a hopper with a valve controlled by a telescopic bar is installed; a fan driven by a hydraulic motor is designed to supply granular fertilizers to passive working bodies.

The listed new essential features are sufficient in all cases to which the requested scope of legal protection applies.

The set of known and distinctive essential features of the claimed unit is not known from the prior art and does not follow from it in an obvious way.

A new technical result is that the use of the proposed unit will reduce the energy consumption of tillage and reduce the time and complexity of replacing cutting elements.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the unit, side view; figure 2 is a diagram of the unit, a top view; figure 3 - section a - a; figure 4 - the first and second rotors; figure 5 - section b - b; figure 6 - section B - B, the replacement circuit of the cutting elements; Fig.7 and Fig.8 shows the connection of racks with traverses; in figures 9, 10 and 11 - connection of paws with racks and replacement of paws; on Fig - diagram of a tillage machine when replacing the input shaft of the gearbox; on Fig - top view of the unit with disks; on Fig - side view of the unit with disks when turning; on Fig is a view of the unit with disks and a container for liquid fertilizers; on Fig is a view of the unit with disks and a hopper for granular fertilizers; on Fig and 18 is a diagram of the protection of the unit when hitting an obstacle.

To the frame of the tillage machine 1 (Figs. 1, 2), the brackets 2 are connected by traverses 3. The first traverse is pivotally connected, and the second and third are rigidly connected. The axial displacement and rotation of the first traverse is limited by the clamps 17. The spring struts 4 are attached to the traverses, to which the legs are connected 13. The gearbox 5 is mounted on the axis of the gearbox 6 and the bracket 25. The torque is transmitted to it from the tractor PTO shaft 55 through the central driveshaft 19 and from the gearbox through the driveshafts 11 and gears 12 to the rotors 14. The rotors are mounted on leashes 9, which are attached to the torsion bars 28 (Fig. 3) by welding on the one hand, and on the other by a terminal connection. The torsion bars are installed inside the traverse in the slide bearings 29 through spacers 30, fixed by bolts 31. The plow 26 (figure 2) on the extreme right spring runoff, displacing part of the soil, prevents transmission to the second rotor. To balance the rotors, bending springs 27 are attached to the second and third traverses from opposite sides. To create additional pressure of the rotors on the soil, springs 10 act on the torsion bars (Figs. 1, 2), and to limit the rotation of the rotors down during operation and when moving, they suspended from traverses on chains 15. Hooks 7 are welded to the frame at the rear, a central hook 23 is attached to the top, and hooks are attached to the third traverse 8. The support wheels 20 are mounted on the axis of the support wheels 21. The support wheels raise and lower the hydraulic cylinders 22. Frame the tillage machine through an automatic coupler is connected to the tractor hinged system, and the axis of the support wheels and hydraulic cylinders to its frame.

The second rotor differs from the first rotor by the presence of narrowings for the passage of soil loosened by the first rotor. The cutting elements 32 are installed in the shaft of the rotor 33 (Figs. 5 and 6) on the holders 34, and the slots into which the cutting elements are inserted are protected by rings 35. The spring struts are connected to the crossbars through the hooks of the struts 36 (Figs. 7, 8). The hinges of the spring struts encircle the yoke with a clearance of "M".

Paws have limbs "H" (Fig.9), giving them spatial rigidity. Each paw is fixed on a spring strut (Figs. 9-11) with spring clips 38 located on the axles 37 and included in the catch of the clips 39. In the spring posts there are slots “P”, gradually drowning in which spring clips compensate for the wear of the landing surfaces of the paws on the spring racks to the choice of a gap "P".

An independent PTO drive of the T - 150K tractor must be installed so that the output is 560 rpm. Before work, depending on the resistivity of the soil, the machine operator sets the necessary primary shaft gear in the gearbox so that the rotor speed corresponds to the translational speed of the unit in the selected gear (Fig. 12). To do this, he disconnects the propeller shafts, turns the gearbox around the gearbox axis all the way back to position VIII, replaces the primary gear shaft without draining the grease, and sets the gearbox in place. In the spare part kit there is a set of these units for transmission of the operating range.

The driver at the beginning of the rut lowers the support wheels with the help of hydraulic cylinders to the ground, puts the hydraulic cylinders and the mounted system in the “floating” position and turns on the drive of the power take-off shaft. The tillage machine is deepened until the linkage traction system descends on the axle of the support wheels. When moving in the soil, the rotors loosen the top layer, which averages 75% of the cultivated horizon. At the same time, the legs loosen the lower layer of the horizon. At the end of the rut, the machine operator puts the hinged system in the “lift” position, and after deepening the tillage machine, it turns off the power take-off drive. At the end of the field, he raises the support wheels.

The hooks are designed to be attached to an aggregate of harrows or other additional implements. The unit can be used as the first module of a more complex tillage machine. To couple with the second module are the couplers and the central hook.

To localize stresses in order to save energy on soil cultivation on the bolts that fasten the cover of the final drive of the rear axle of the tractor, discs 40 can be fixed (Fig. 13). Three blocks of support wheels with a reinforced axis of the support wheels are pre-installed. Arriving in the field, the operator lifts the rear of the tractor on the support wheels (Fig. 14) with hydraulic cylinders and sets the discs so that they are pressed against the tire covers. At the beginning of the rut, the machine operator lowers the rear of the tractor, the disks, under the influence of the weight of the tractor, cut into the soil to the depth of the arable horizon, separating the treated layer from the rest of the soil from the sides. In addition, the discs increase the traction and coupling qualities of the tractor and the lateral stability of its rear axle. At the end of the rut, the operator lifts the rear of the tractor on the support wheels and makes a U-turn for the next rut.

The unit can be used for tillage with the simultaneous introduction of liquid fertilizers (Fig.15). For this, a tank 41 is installed on the technological platform of the tractor. Liquid fertilizers are delivered by gravity to the legs through the crane 42, sleeves 43, distribution pipe 44, valves 45, fittings 46 and racks. The telescopic rod 47 controls the crane, opening it at the beginning of the rut and closing at the end. The fertilizer application rate is regulated by valves. Paws, describing a complex trajectory in space, contribute to the sieving of fertilizers fed through hollow spring struts.

The unit can be used for tillage with the simultaneous introduction of granular or pulverized fertilizers (Fig.16). To do this, a hopper 48 with a valve 49 is installed on the technological platform of the tractor. The telescopic rod controls the valve, opening it at the beginning of the rut and closing at the end. A fan 50 is intended for feeding granular fertilizers, the air flow of which transports them to the legs. Fan drive from hydraulic motor 51.

The profile of the front surfaces of the cutting elements is made so that stones that can occur in the upper layer of the arable horizon will be turned to the surface and therefore do not pose a danger to the working bodies of the unit. To protect against stones that may occur in the lower layer of the arable horizon, the first beam is hinged to the frame. If the load on one of the paws of the first row exceeds the installed one, the lever 16 will cut off the pin 24, when turning it will open the valve of the pneumatic system 18 (Fig.2, 17). The first traverse together with the spring struts and paws will turn (Fig. 17) until the clamps stop in the frame limiter, and the lever in the frame. Air from the pneumatic system of the tractor through the pressure hose 54, the valve of the pneumatic system, sleeve 53 will enter the chamber of the pneumatic amplifier of the clutch 52 of the tractor (Fig. 18). After turning off the clutch, the unit will stop (the use of a seat belt is mandatory). At the same time, when turning the traverse, the first rotor will be lifted by chains. In addition, when encountering an obstacle, the spring struts, deviating, will select the gap "M" and will rise, partially winding on the traverse. The second row of paws bypasses obstacles through deviation back and to the sides. The second rotor, like the first one, can rise, overcoming an obstacle.

With large wear of the cutting elements, it will be necessary to replace them. Slots are diametrically arranged in pairs in the rotor shaft (FIGS. 5, 6). Holders are inserted into the slots and welded to the rotor shaft on one side of the slots, and the remaining free parts of the slots consist of two sections, one of which corresponds to the width of the outer part of the cutting element, and the other to the width of its inner part. To remove the worn cutting element located in position III (Fig.6), it together with the ring is rotated relative to the rotor shaft in the direction of rotation of the rotor to position II. Then, gradually rotating in the opposite direction and removing (position I), the worn cutting element is removed. The installation of a new cutting element is carried out in the reverse order. The cutting element is set to position III, and then the ring is rotated so that its antennae “L” (FIG. 5) extend beyond the front edges of the cutting element. Cutting elements can be replaced all at once and individually.

If damaged or worn, it may be necessary to replace one or more racks. When replacing the untwisted hooks of the struts (Fig. 7) are turned into the slots on the traverse from position IV to position V and removed.

When the legs are worn, it will be necessary to replace them. To replace the paws, the spring clips are unbent to position VI (Fig. 11), rotate them (Fig. 10) to position VII, and then the paw is removed. Installation of a new paw is carried out in the reverse order.

A known method of tillage, including the simultaneous impact on the soil of the cutting elements of the rotor and paws (patent SU 982555 A, 12.28.1982). Its disadvantage is the high cost of energy for tillage.

Non-subsurface methods of basic tillage are also known: loosening without turning a bed with chisel plows and machining with milling plows (Klenin N.I. Agricultural and land reclamation machines / N.I. Klenin, V.A. Sakun // M., Kolos, 1994). The disadvantage of both methods is also the high energy consumption for tillage. In addition, when using chisel plows, the top layer of the soil layer is almost not processed.

The objective of the invention is to reduce energy costs for tillage and improve its quality.

The problem is solved by simultaneously affecting the soil of the cutting elements of the rotor and the lancet paws of the cultivator, and the ratio of the translational speed of the unit and the peripheral speed of the socks of the cutting elements of the rotor is chosen so that it makes it possible to move the soil towards the groove from the passage of the previous cutting element.

New significant features:

- tillage is carried out by simultaneous exposure of the cutting elements of rotors and paws to the soil;

- each cutting element of the rotor not only removes soil chips, but also partially moves the soil during processing towards the groove formed from the passage of the previous cutting element;

- paws describe a complex trajectory in space due to the addition of the translational movement of the unit and longitudinal and transverse vibrations and tend to occupy the most energetically advantageous position at each moment of time due to a change in the thickness of the soil layer above the paws as a result of the work of the rotors.

The listed new essential features are sufficient in all cases to which the requested scope of legal protection applies.

The set of known and distinctive essential features of the proposed method is not known from the prior art and does not follow from it in an obvious way.

A new technical result is that the use of the proposed method will reduce the energy consumption of soil cultivation and improve its quality.

Claims (5)

1. A combined tillage unit comprising a tractor and a tillage machine including a frame, two rotors with cutting elements and a drive from a tractor power take-off shaft, two rows of paws on spring struts, support wheels, characterized in that the rotors with cutting elements are located above the paws, moreover, the axis of rotation of the rotors is located behind the toes of the paws and installed with the possibility of their limited rise by rotation relative to the frame to avoid obstacles, and the rotation of the rotors down is limited by chains, cutting elements nts are mounted in holders welded inside the hollow shafts and fixed in the slots of the shafts by turning against the direction of rotation of the rotors, the cutting elements being deployed in a single spiral so that the sections of the spiral on the second rotor are an extension of the sections of the spiral of the first rotor, the profile of the front faces of the cutting elements are deployed along Archimedes spirals according to the formula p = (180-220) φ, and the transmission of the tillage machine has such a gear ratio that provides the peripheral speed of the active working bodies, minimally necessary for loosening the soil, and the primary gear shaft is installed with the possibility of quick replacement without draining the grease, the legs are mounted on hollow spring struts and have bends, giving them spatial rigidity, and the legs are fastened quickly, while in the spring struts slots, gradually drowning in which the spring clips compensate for wear of the seating surfaces, in addition, the spring struts are mounted on hollow traverses, and the hinges of the struts cover the traverses from a small with a gap that allows the paws to make complex vibrations during operation, and when meeting an obstacle, lift up, partially winding on the yokes, the first yoke is hinged to the frame and to protect the passive working bodies from stones, a lever is attached to it, acting on the shear pin and at the same time a crane that opens the flow of compressed air into the chamber of the pneumatic booster of the clutch, and the support wheels of the tillage machine are mounted on an axis mounted with the possibility of raising and lowering by means of a hydraulic cylinder Ndrov. 2. The combined unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the bolts securing the cover of the final drive of the rear axle of the tractor are fixed with disks for separating the soil layer from the sides, while the unit contains three blocks of support wheels with a reinforced axis of the support wheels. 3. The combined unit according to claim 1, characterized in that for processing the soil with the simultaneous application of liquid fertilizers on the technological platform of the tractor, a tank is installed, from which liquid fertilizer flows by gravity to the legs through the hollow spring struts, and a telescopic rod controls the crane mounted on the tank opening it at the beginning of the rut and closing at the end. 4. The combined unit according to claim 1, characterized in that for processing the soil with the simultaneous application of granular or pulverized fertilizers, a hopper with a valve controlled by a telescopic bar is installed on the tractor technological site, and a fan driven by a hydraulic motor is designed to feed granulated fertilizers to the legs. 5. A method of tillage, including the simultaneous impact on the soil of the cutting elements of the rotor and paws, characterized in that when the soil is exposed to the rotor by each cutting element, soil chips are removed and the soil is partially moved during processing to the side of the groove formed from the passage of the previous cutting element, moreover, the loosening of the soil is carried out with paws that describe in space a complex trajectory due to the addition of the translational movement of the unit and longitudinal and transverse vibrations and tend to occupy and a more energetically advantageous position at each moment of time due to changes in the thickness of the soil layer above the paws as a result of the work of the rotors.

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