RU2380396C2 - Method of modification of liquid hydro-carbon fuel and facility for implementation of this method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering.

SUBSTANCE: here are disclosed method and facility for modification of hydro-carbon fuel. According to the method source heated fuel is supplied to an excitation unit. The excitation unit corresponds to a flow-through chamber wherein the flow of source fuel is affected with physical fields and is successively supplied to the unit of dispersion-mixing and fuel conversion into a two-phase state. The unit of dispersion-mixing includes an ejection step, whereat fuel is dispersed to sub-microns, supply of ozone-oxygen mixture produced at ozone and oxygen generators, mixing of fuel with the said ozone-oxygen mixture, and conversion of fuel into two-phase state. Also turbulent vortex flows are continuously maintained at specified intensiveness and at multiple mixing. Further, two-phase mixture is supplied to a mixing chamber, whereat it is mixed with fine - dispersed charged water. The processed mixture is directed to the system of multiple regulated cavitation, turbulence, activation and compaction of working medium with specified exposition. Upon that treated fuel is supplied to an electric-hydro-dynamic disperser-separator; thus converted mixture is produced. The latter is directed to the tank with the stable pressure; and thermodynamic parametres of mixture are equalised. The facility for modification of liquid hydro-carbon fuel consists of communicating tanks for storage and heating of source fuel, of the excitation unit corresponding to the flow-through chamber connected to the block of physical field affection, and of the unit of dispersion mixing and of conversion of fuel to two-phase state. The dispersion-mixing unit includes the step of fuel ejection, the unit for supply of ozone-oxygen mixture connected to the generator of ozone and generator of oxygen, and the chamber of mixing two-phase mixture with fine-dispersed charged water. The mixing chamber is connected with the block of water ionisation and with elements of introducing water into the chamber. Also this chamber is connected with the vortex chamber. A row of hydro-dynamic cavitators and an electro-hydro-dynamic disperser-separator with a disk centrifuge connected with a tank accumulating modified fuel are arranged in the vortex chamber.

EFFECT: upgrading commodity and ecological quality of produced modified fuel facilitating increased operation life and efficiency of engines and heat aggregates using this fuel.

10 cl, 1 tbl, 5 dwg

Description

The technical fields to which the invention relates are petrochemical, thermal power, metallurgy, water transport associated with the production, preparation and use of liquid hydrocarbons.

Adopted by Russia, according to the Decisions of the Montreal and Kyoto conferences (according to the Protocol), instead of existing domestic GOSTs, for example GOST 315 “Diesel fuel”, a transition to the requirements of Euro-III or ASTM-2006-79 is necessary. This transition for domestic transport is hardly possible due to:

- high content of total (total) sulfur (up to 0.5% and higher) in the initial fuel;

- the enormous content of mercaptan (most aggressive and active) sulfur in existing fuel (up to 0.005%);

- the presence in the fuel of a number of heavy metals;

- high aromatic content.

All this leads to the fact that in the exhaust and flue gases due to the very low level of combustion, the content:

- nitrogen dioxide NO _x exceeds 1500 ppm (Euro-III requirement less than 500 ppm);

- increased smoke (especially during start-up and during loads), which exceeds the requirements by more than 3 times.

The use of afterburners and converters for diesel internal combustion engines (ДДВС) in comparison with gasoline engines is not economically and technically feasible due to the reduction in the working range (by the operability of these devices) to 100 km.

In view of this, all world manufacturers of motor fuels are seeking to modify existing technologies. These works identified three areas:

- introduction of a number of special chemical reagents into the existing fuel, which already in the combustion chamber provide the greatest combustion of the injected fuel;

- the introduction into the original existing fuel of either natural gas (propane or butane), or hydrogen or simple hydrocarbons with the addition of surface-active substances (surfactants);

- obtaining water-fuel emulsions by introducing specially prepared deionized (good or deep distillate) water into the original fuel.

The first two areas, as shown by the practice of the last twenty years, turned out to be the same both due to the high cost of the introduced reagents, and because of the high requirements for ICE due to increased wear.

Therefore, in recent years, most manufacturers of motor fuels have been working to improve the quality and, most importantly, the durability (in time) of the resulting water-fuel emulsions (VTE).

It is theoretically possible to obtain two types of water-fuel emulsions:

- direct water-fuel emulsion, when finely dispersed initial fuel (IT) in the stream, reacting with sprayed water, forms VTE with particles (a complex of IT molecules) that are “enveloped” by water molecules;

- reverse water-fuel emulsion, when IT droplets sprayed to nanometer sizes envelop (cover) droplets of (larger) water.

While most companies are trying to get a stable water-fuel emulsion of the direct type.

The second direction corresponds to technologies based on intensive ozonation of atomized initial fuel prior to reunification with water (Patent US 5.824.207 from 10.20.1998 or Patents RU No. 12411 (utility model) from 10.20.1999, No. 214040 and No. PCT / R-1 / 00/0030.

To date, water-fuel emulsions (VTE) are obtained by exposing the initial fuel (IT) to thermal, electric and / or magnetic fields, and exposure to acoustic and light radiation. In this case, the fuel is enriched with oxygen both by sparging with dry air, and with an ozone-air or ozone-oxygen mixture. Then the resulting working mixture is subjected to high-frequency (patent DE N401.4902) or pulsed electromagnetic fields (patent RU No. 2144040).

The disadvantage of these methods is the length of the processing process (high exposure or low speed modification) with huge energy costs.

A device for modifying liquid fuel is described in the journal "Petrochemistry", No. 2, 1991, S. 255-260, Fig. 3.

The disadvantage of this device is the low fuel received at a high rate of VTE separation and low efficiency.

The objective of the invention is to increase the environmental friendliness of the fuel by modifying its composition.

The technical problem is solved by a method of modifying liquid hydrocarbon fuel, in which the initial heated fuel is supplied to the excitation unit, which is a flow chamber, where the initial fuel is exposed to physical fields with its subsequent supply to the atomization-mixing unit and the fuel is converted into a two-phase state, including the ejection stage, where fuel is atomized to a submicron, and the supply of an ozone-oxygen mixture obtained in ozone and oxygen generators, where fuel is mixed with the indicated ozone-oxygen mixture and the fuel is converted into a two-phase state, invariably maintaining turbulent vortex flows of a given intensity with repeated stirring, then the two-phase mixture is fed into the mixing chamber, where it is mixed with finely dispersed charged water and the treated mixture is directed into a multiple controlled cavitation system , turbulence, activation and compaction of the working medium with a given exposure, after which the processed fuel is fed into the electric hydrodynamic spray-separator to obtain a converted mixture, and the mixture was fed to the converted volume with stable pressure equalization in the thermodynamic parameters of the mixture.

The predominant implementation of the method when:

- electrostatic and electromagnetic fields and nanosecond current pulses are used as physical fields acting on the initial fuel;

- maintaining the turbulent vortex flows of the two-phase state of the mixture is carried out by repeatedly passing the mixture through strong electromagnetic fields, nanosecond current pulses and critical cavitation zones during hypersonic outflow of the mixture;

- the water introduced into the mixing chamber is preliminarily purified, enriched with oxygen and activated due to the appearance of hydrogenated and excited radicals in it, contributing to the appearance of peroxides in the mixture;

- finely dispersed charged water before mixing with a two-phase mixture is sprayed to micron dispersion.

A device for modifying liquid hydrocarbon fuel includes interconnected storage and heating capacities of the initial fuel, an excitation unit, which is a flow chamber connected to a physical field exposure unit, a spray-mixing unit, and converting the fuel into a two-phase state, including a fuel ejection stage and a unit supply of an ozone-oxygen mixture associated with an ozone generator and an oxygen generator, a mixing chamber for a two-phase mixture with finely divided charged water, with It is connected to the water ionization unit and its input elements into the chamber, which is connected to the vortex chamber, in which a number of hydrodynamic cavitators are located, and an electrohydrodynamic atomizer-separator with a disk centrifuge connected to the modified fuel collection tank.

The preferred implementation of the device when:

- the atomization-mixing unit of the initial fuel contains an electrostatic nozzle and a converter of excess tribo-charge;

- contains a site of excitation and / or action on liquid fuel with physical fields forming crossed fields of variable (controlled) runout, equivalent to ultrasonic action on solutions and, especially, water;

- maintaining the thermodynamic equilibrium of the parameters of the working medium is carried out using a vortex chamber, combined with swirls and a flow seal with sequentially connected multistage adjustable cavitator with feedback;

the processed fuel is separated by an electrohydrodynamic atomizer-separator with concentrically placed disk-shaped centrifuge elements in coaxial mesh electrodes.

The solution to the technical problem improves the environmental friendliness of the fuel by reducing the content of harmful substances in the exhaust.

Technological flowchart:

The block diagram, see figure 1, contains interconnected storage capacity and heating of the original fuel 1, fuel pump 2, absorber 3, the main centrifugal pump 4 with a magnetic filter 5, the excitation unit, which is a flow chamber 6 connected to the block exposure to physical fields, including a direct current source 7, alternating 8 and microwave - 9, a spray-mixing unit 10 and converting the fuel into a two-phase state, which includes a fuel ejection stage 10 ', and an ozone-oxygen mixture supply unit 11 connected to the compressor 15, gene an ozone generator 12 and 13 and an oxygen generator 14, an electrostatic field source for a nebulizer and a tribo-charge neutralizer 16, a mixing chamber for a two-phase mixture with finely dispersed charged water 17, which is connected to a water ejector 18 ', a pump 18, a water ionizer 19 with an additional ozone generator 21 and a system water treatment 23 with high-voltage pulse sources of current 24 and voltage 20, a system of multiple controlled cavitation, swirling, activation and compaction of the working medium with a given exposure (swirl chamber) 25, a series of hydrodynamic cavitators is located, and connected to a pump 26 for supplying the processed fuel to an electrohydrodynamic atomizer-separator 27 with an adjustable electric drive 28-29, a high-voltage pulse current generator with adjustable parameters within wide limits 30, the atomizer-separator is connected to an additional ozonation system 31- 32-33, with a system for capturing and accumulating volatile products of ozonolysis of hydrocarbons 34-35-36, a condensate supply compressor 37 to the modified fuel tank 38 - volume s stable pressure, and the fuel pump 39.

A device for modifying liquid hydrocarbon fuel, an excitation assembly, which is a flow chamber 6, connected to a physical field exposure unit, a spray-mix assembly 10, and converts the fuel into a two-phase state, including a fuel ejection stage 10 'and an ozone-oxygen mixture supply unit, connected with an ozone generator 12 and 13 and an oxygen generator 14, a mixing chamber 17 of a two-phase mixture with finely divided charged water, connected to a water ionization unit and its input elements into the chamber Mechain 17 which is connected to the vortex chamber 25 in which is located a series of hydrodynamic cavitators and electrohydrodynamic spray separator 27 with disc centrifuge connected to the collection tank 38 of the modified fuel.

The preferred implementation of the device when:

- the atomization-mixing unit of the initial fuel contains an electrostatic nozzle and a converter of excess tribo-charge;

- the device contains a node of excitation and / or exposure to liquid fuel by physical fields forming crossed fields of variable (controlled) runout, equivalent to ultrasonic action on solutions and especially water;

- maintaining the thermodynamic equilibrium of the parameters of the working medium is carried out using a vortex chamber, combined with a swirl and flow seal with a series-connected multi-stage adjustable cavitator with feedback;

- the separation of the processed fuel is carried out by an electrohydrodynamic atomizer - a separator with concentrically placed disk-shaped centrifuge elements in coaxial mesh electrodes.

Figure 2, 3-a, 3-b and 4 presents the components of the device.

figure 2 - node excitation system of the influence of three electric fields on the flow of the source of partially heated fuel;

figure 3-a and 3-b - a modernized inkjet apparatus, which is a multi-stage ejector;

4 is an electrohydrodynamic spray-separator with a special centrifuge with disk sprayers as elements of a strong electromagnetic field and with a system of electrodes that act as a classifier and separator of flow particles.

The causative agent of the flow of the initial fuel 6, see figure 2, consists of a dielectric housing 40 with transition flanges 41-42, a system of flat electrodes 44-45-46-47, mounted in the body 43 of the housing 40, over which the inductor 48 is “wound” with insulation and current leads 49, high-voltage sources 7-8-9, creating crossed electrostatic fields with adjustable field beat frequency and intensity.

The jet apparatus of the spray-mixing unit 10 is a multi-stage ejector, the longitudinal section of which is shown in Fig.3-a - the first stage and in Fig.3-b - the second stage.

The first stage contains in its design an ejector in the form of a specific Laval nozzle for supersonic outflow combined with an electrostatic atomizer including an electrode 52 with a current lead 51 and an aerodynamic grid 53 — a flow equalizer, grounded electrodes 54, 55 connected to a tribo-charge converter 16, forming relative to the electrode 52 sharply inhomogeneous field, and the second aerodynamic lattice - flow equalizer 56.

The second stage contains in its design a mixing chamber 17 and an ejector for supplying charged water 18 ', consisting of three typical nozzles (for example, Lechler 15W12) for spraying liquids with a dispersion of a few (no more than 2 microns) microns located relative to each other at an angle of 120 ° and inclined to the axis of the mixing chamber 17 at an angle of 30 ° so that the focus of the flow is located no closer than one gauge from the grounded electrodes 54, 55. In this case, the turbulent-vortex flow of the working mixture passes the area of spray (fog) of water to the maximum volume at a given speed. To achieve the desired effect of obtaining a two-phase state of the fuel, a swirler in the form of a three-way Archimedes 57 spiral with a linearly increasing radius is fixed to the exit plane of the water jet strictly along the axis of the mixing chamber 17, which, in addition to swirling the flow, achieves the effect of a hydromechanical cavitator on the swirl cross section, which is facilitated by a sealing grate flow 58. The apparatus ends with a flange 59 for a coordinated connection to position 25 in figure 1.

Electrohydrodynamic spray-separator, see figure 4, is a tank 61 with a dielectric cap 62, which is equipped with an electric centrifuge 28-29; a system for supplying a prepared working medium 63 with a nozzle 64; a special disk-shaped centrifuge with a shaft 65 and a disk system 66; mesh electrode system 67-68-69; a system for introducing an additional ozone-oxygen medium by means of nozzle nozzles 71-71'-71``; a system of supporting insulators 72 for fixing high-voltage electrodes coaxially to the housing 61 on the removable bottom of the unit; a system for collecting and removing volatile fractions with aero screens 73; the pipeline system for collecting and collecting volatile hydrocarbons 70, sent to the refrigerator - position 34 (figure 1), then to the condenser of the gas mixture stream 35 (figure 1), then to the filter 36 (figure 1) connected to the compressor 37 (figure .1), which provides the condensate of the converted mixture to the storage tank of the modified fuel 38 (final product).

A method of modifying liquid hydrocarbon fuel using the inventive device is as follows.

Depending on the type of the initial liquid hydrocarbon fuel (IT), heating in the tank is carried out from 40 ° C (for diesel fuel and gasoline) to 90 ° C (for ship fuels and heavy fuel oil).

The heated fuel is fed to the excitation unit 6, which is a flow chamber connected to a physical field exposure unit, including direct current sources 7, alternating 8 and microwave - 9. In the flow chamber, the source fuel is exposed to physical fields as physical fields, acting on the original fuel, mainly use an electrostatic and electromagnetic field and current pulses of nanosecond duration. After processing the initial fuel with physical fields, it is fed to the spray-mixing unit 10, including an ejection stage 10 ', where the fuel is atomized to a submicron (600-800 nanometers) and the ozone-oxygen mixture obtained in ozone and oxygen generators, where the fuel is mixed with the specified ozone-oxygen mixture and the conversion of fuel into a two-phase state, invariably maintaining turbulent vortex flows of a given intensity with repeated stirring. The predominant implementation when maintaining the turbulent vortex flows of the two-phase state of the mixture is carried out by repeatedly passing the mixture through strong electromagnetic fields, nanosecond current pulses and critical cavitation zones during hypersonic flow of the mixture. The two-phase mixture obtained in zone 10 is fed into the mixing chamber 17, where it is mixed with finely dispersed charged water, the preferred embodiment is when the water introduced into the mixing chamber is preliminarily purified, enriched with oxygen, and activated due to the appearance of hydrogenated and excited radicals in it, which contribute to the appearance of mixtures of peroxides, as well as finely divided charged water, are mixed before micron dispersion before mixing with the two-phase mixture. The treated mixture is sent further (to the vortex chamber) to a system of multiple controlled cavitation, swirling, activation, and compaction of the working medium with a given exposure 25, after which the treated fuel is fed into an electrohydrodynamic atomizer-separator to separate it into fractions 27 to obtain a converted mixture, and the converted the mixture is sent to a container with a stable pressure of 38 during thermodynamic equalization of the parameters of the mixture.

As a result of separation processes, the following modification products are obtained:

- modified fuel;

- prefabricated - a mixture of hydrocarbons, which for the current exposure does not have time to completely transform;

- a mixture of heavy hydrocarbons, foam and idle water precipitate.

Table Comparative data on the composition of the original and modified diesel fuels No. p / p Name of indicator Type of fuel Diesel source Modified Diesel 10% H ₂ O 15% H ₂ O 20% H ₂ O one Density ρ, kg / m ³ , at Т ~ 20 ° С 820 795 810 812 2 Kinematic viscosity µ, mm · city / sec, Т ~ 20 ° С 4.3 4,5 4.3 4.2 3 Cetane number 42 45 49 52 four Fractional composition 55% ° C 273 275 278 265 90%, ° С 357 360 365 350 The beginning of the distillation, ° C 185 185 183 180 5 Pour point, t _s , ° C -10 -12 -16 -twenty 6 Cloud point, T _p , ° C -5 -9 -9 -12 7 Flash point, T _in , ° С 74 72 70 85 8 Mass fraction of sulfur ΣS ₂ ,% 0.8 0.16 0.14 0.1 9 Mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur,% 0.05 0.001 0,0002 absent 10 The content of hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S absent absent absent absent eleven The concentration of resins, mg / 100 cm ³ DT 45 27 21 traces 12 Acidity mg KOH, mg / 100 g DT 0.79 0.89 0.2 0,03 13 Iodine number, g I per 100 g DT 1,1 1.4 1.45 1,5 fourteen Ash content,% 0.006 0.001 0,0005 absent fifteen Coking ability, 10% sediment,% 0.016 0.01 0.005 0.001 16 Filterability coefficient 1.15 1,2 1.3 1.4 17 Solids content 0.006 no no no eighteen Free water content traces traces traces traces 19 Alcohol content, wt.% 0.02 0.8 1,1 2.0 twenty Bromine number, wt.% 0.86 1,2 1.35 3,1 21 Essential number, mgKOH / 1 g DT 9 7.4 8.7 18.0

Table continuation 22 Hydroxyl number 0.26 0.8 0.95 1.4 23 The content of aromatic compounds, wt.% 13.9 0.5 0.157 0.01 24 C2 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol - - - 2,4 25 C3 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol - - - 7.1 26 C5 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol - - - 11.5 27 C7 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol - - 2,4 17,2 28 C9 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 0.005 0.1 3,7 24.3 29th C10 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 2.1 0.4 4.6 thirty thirty C11 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 5.5 2.1 4.95 31.7 31 C13 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 9.0 5.8 17,2 34.7 32 C14 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 16.1 9.2 33,2 36.9 33 C15 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 26.0 11.0 33.0 31.5 34 C16 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 32.8 23.3 29.8 26.5 35 C19 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 27,2 19.8 20,2 23.0 36 C23 · 10 ^-3 mg / mol 19.6 19.0 18.7 17.1

The obtained modified fuel has an increased to 52 units cetane number at a pour point of 20 ° C, as well as a significant reduced total sulfur content (practically no mercaptan), an increased content of alcohols, ethers, and combustible sulfides in the absence of hydrogen sulfide, an increased bromine number, which provides more its smooth and complete combustion.

The volume of modified fuel (DMT) is increased by the amount of embedded ionized water (which is in a non-free state), by 10-20 wt.%. Modified diesel fuel (DMT) is stable in its characteristics for at least one year.

World experience shows that in practice, experts are most interested in the environmental aspect, i.e. compliance of the exhaust gas composition with the environmental requirements of ASTM and Euro. Figure 6 shows the dependence of the change of nitrogen oxides - NO _x on the total sulfur content ΣS ₂ ,% for standard fuel (DT) and modified (DMT). On the same graph, in Hartridge units, the dependences of Hf (ΣS ₂ ) on the smoke of the exhaust gases are given. From the graph it follows that the smoke of the exhaust gas of the original diesel fuel (DT) compared with the smoke of the exhaust gas of modified diesel fuel (DMT) at 15 wt.% Embedded ionized water is reduced by 17-21 units N depending on the total sulfur content.

Thus, the modified composition of liquid hydrocarbon fuel obtained by the claimed object allows to reduce the content of harmful substances in the exhaust and increase the service life of engines due to a more complete and even combustion of the modified fuel.

Claims (10)

1. A method of modifying liquid hydrocarbon fuel, in which the initial heated fuel is supplied to the excitation unit, which is a flow chamber, where the source fuel is exposed to physical fields and then fed to the atomization-mixing unit and the fuel is converted into a two-phase state, including a stage ejection, where fuel is sprayed to a submicron, and the supply of an ozone-oxygen mixture obtained in ozone and oxygen generators, where fuel is mixed with the specified ozone-oxygen mixture and the conversion of fuel into a two-phase state, invariably maintaining turbulent vortex flows of a given intensity with repeated mixing, then the two-phase mixture is fed into the mixing chamber, where it is mixed with finely dispersed charged water with the direction of the treated mixture into a system of multiple controlled cavitation, swirling, activation and compaction of the working medium with a given exposure, after which the processed fuel is fed into an electrohydrodynamic atomizer-s a separator to obtain a converted mixture, and the converted mixture is directed into a volume with a stable pressure during thermodynamic equalization of the mixture parameters. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrostatic and electromagnetic fields and nanosecond current pulses are used as physical fields acting on the initial fuel. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the turbulent vortex flows of the two-phase state of the mixture are maintained by repeatedly passing the mixture through strong electromagnetic fields, nanosecond current pulses and critical cavitation zones during hypersonic mixture outflow. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the water introduced into the mixing chamber is pre-purified, enriched with oxygen and activated due to the appearance of hydrogenated and excited radicals in it, which contribute to the appearance of peroxides in the mixture. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the finely dispersed charged water is sprayed to micron dispersion before mixing with the two-phase mixture. 6. A device for modifying liquid hydrocarbon fuel according to claim 1, including interconnected storage and heating tanks for the initial fuel, an excitation unit, which is a flow chamber connected to a physical field exposure unit, a spray-mixing unit, and converting fuel into a two-phase state including a fuel ejection stage and an ozone-oxygen mixture supply unit connected to an ozone generator and an oxygen generator, a mixing chamber for a two-phase mixture with a finely dispersed charged minutes water coupled to water ionization unit and its entry into the chamber elements, which is connected to the vortex chamber in which is located a series of hydrodynamic cavitators and electrohydrodynamic spray separator with disc centrifuge connected to a tank collecting the modified fuel. 7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the atomization-mixing unit of the initial fuel contains an electrostatic nozzle and a converter of excess tribo-charge. 8. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains a site of excitation and / or exposure to liquid fuel by physical fields that form crossed fields of variable (controlled) runout, equivalent to ultrasonic action on solutions and, especially, water. 9. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the thermodynamic equilibrium of the parameters of the working medium is maintained using a vortex chamber combined with swirls and a flow seal with a multistage adjustable cavitator with feedback connected in series. 10. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the separation of the processed fuel is carried out by an electrohydrodynamic atomizer-separator with concentrically placed disk-shaped centrifuge elements in coaxial mesh electrodes.

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