RU2369065C1 - Method and device for tilled crops sowing - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method and device for sowing tilled crops involves the following operations. The soil humidity at the depth of up to 10 cm is defined before making drill furrows. The drill furrow is made and the seeds are sown into it with simultaneous measurement of the soil humidity at the seed sowing depth and soil temperature in the furrow. In case the soil humidity measured twice before and during sowing is less than the optimal one, a solution of activated liquid for bringing the soil into the condition ensuring maximal field germination of seeds is introduced to the drill furrow. Afterwards the seeds are compacted in the furrow with the adjusted force of 350-700 g/cm² and are simultaneously covered. Then the soil above the furrow is compacted with the pressure not exceeding 35-50 g/cm². The smaller pressure is chosen in case the soil humidity is more than the optimal one. Soil smoothing over the furrow follows. The device for the method implementation comprises a clod sweep, a coulter, a seed pipeline, a nozzle to introduce activated liquid portions to the soil, a drilling unit with a cell disc, a compacting wheel, a compacting roller and a smoothing harrow. The clod sweep is mounted before the coulter on an independent suspension member and a soil humidity capacitive sensor is set in its casing. The coulter is sequentially followed by the nozzle to introduce the activated liquid portions to the soil and the compacting wheel on the independent spring-loaded suspension member combined with the spring tension controller. The wheel tyre is matching the furrow profile. The nozzle is connected to the electric valve and electric pump for the activated liquid tank with the help of a pipe passing through a toroidal magnet. Additionally the drilling disc is fitted by a rotation sensor, the seed pipeline - by a combined seed sowing capacitive sensor, the coulter - by a temperature measuring sensor. The sensor of soil humidity in terms of its ohmic resistance is jointed to the coulter end face under the seed pipeline. All sensors, the spring tension controller, electric valve and electric pump are connected to an integrated chip to specify optimal soil humidity and generate managing signals for the spring tension controller, electric valve and electric pump.

EFFECT: invention allows for the increase of the seed field germination and uniformity of the seed distribution in the furrow as well as for the reduction of the liquid introduced to the furrow.

3 cl, 3 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for sowing row crops, for example sugar beets, corn, sunflower and other crops, using precise technology.

Known methods and devices for sowing seeds with hydraulic displacement and moistening of seeds, followed by unregulated compaction and loosening of the soil / 1, 2, 3 /.

However, these methods and devices do not take into account the soil condition in terms of moisture, which may adversely affect the field germination of seeds.

The closest in essence to the claimed method for sowing row crops is the method of sowing seeds selected as a prototype, which includes forming a sowing furrow, feeding a stream of liquid into it, sowing seeds with backfill soil and subsequent unregulated compaction and loosening of soil over the sowing furrow / 4 /.

The closest in essence to the claimed device for sowing row crops is a device for sowing seeds selected as a prototype, including a sowing device with a mesh disc, a lump on an independent suspension, front and rear press rollers, a keeled opener with cheeks, an ejector and a capacitive sensor for sowing seeds combined with a guide / 5 /.

A disadvantage of the known method and device is that technological and technical solutions are aimed at improving the accuracy of sowing and do not provide maximum field germination of seeds, taking into account the inhomogeneous properties of the soil along the headland, the minimum flow rate, as well as the optimal uniformity of seed placement in the furrow.

The objective of the invention is to increase field germination of seeds, reducing fluid flow and increasing the uniformity of seed distribution in the furrow.

The problem is achieved in that in the method for sowing row crops according to exact technology, including the formation of a sowing furrow, feeding a stream of liquid into it, sowing seeds with backfill soil and subsequent unregulated compaction and loosening of the soil over the sowing furrow, according to the invention, simultaneously with the formation of a sowing furrow determine the soil moisture at the depth of sowing the seeds, after sowing the seeds into the sowing furrow, with a humidity different from optimal, a portion of the activated fluid solution is introduced in a portion corresponding to the maximum field germination of seeds, if the soil moisture is less than optimal, then the seeds are compacted with simultaneous closure of their soil in a furrow with an adjustable force in the range of 350-700 g / cm ² , a lower value of which corresponds to a higher soil moisture than optimal, and above, along the axis of the row, the soil is compacted to a force of 35-50 g / cm ² and plume with the formation of a loose and leveled small crumbly layer of soil above the seeds.

In addition, cathode water after electrolysis, passed through a constant magnetic field of intensity

600-700 Gauss.

This object is achieved by the fact that in the device for sowing row crops according to exact technology, including a metering device with a honeycomb disc, a lump on an independent suspension, front and rear press rollers, a keeled opener with cheeks, an ejector and a capacitive sensor for sowing seeds, combined with a guide, according to the invention, to the opener end face, under the guide, resistance and soil temperature sensors are installed, a capacitive soil moisture sensor is placed in the lump housing, attached to the metering disk a rotation sensor, behind the coulter, on an independent spring-loaded suspension, combined with a spring stiffness control mechanism, a press wheel is installed, the rim of which corresponds to the groove profile, a pipe is installed in front of the press wheel and along its axis, connected by a pipe passed through a toroidal magnet, with an electric valve and an electric pump , which is located in the liquid tank, and the sensors used, the spring stiffness control mechanism, the electrovalve and the electric pump are connected to the integrated circuit me (to the controller).

Comparison of the claimed method with the prototype shows that it is new that simultaneously with the formation of the sowing furrow the soil moisture is determined at the depth of sowing seeds by two methods: by the electrical resistance of the soil and capacity and after sowing the seeds into the sowing furrow with a humidity different from the optimum calculated two measurements, a solution of activated liquid is automatically introduced in a volume corresponding to the maximum field germination of seeds, if the soil moisture is less than optimal, then the seeds they are densified with simultaneous closure by soil in a furrow with an adjustable force in the range of 350-700 g / cm ² , a lower value of which corresponds to higher soil moisture than optimal, and then from above, along the row of lines and in protective zones, the soil is compacted to a force of 35 50 g / cm ² and loops with the formation of a loose and leveled, finely lumpy soil layer above the seeds. As the activated liquid, cathode water is used after electrolysis, passed through a constant magnetic field of 600-700 Gauss.

New in the device for implementing the inventive method is that resistance sensors and soil temperature are attached to the opener end, under the seed tube, a capacitive soil moisture sensor is located in the lump body, a rotation sensor is attached to the seed disk, behind the opener, on an independent spring-loaded suspension, combined with a mechanism for regulating the stiffness of the spring, a press wheel is placed, the rim of which corresponds to the groove profile, a pipe connected to the press wheel and along its axis is connected a tube passed through a toroidal magnet, with an electrovalve and an electric pump, which is placed in a liquid tank, and installed sensors, a spring stiffness control mechanism, an electrovalve and an electric pump are connected to an integrated microcircuit (controller) that synchronizes the translational speed of the seeder and rotation of the sowing disk with moisture measurement soil and the generation of control impulses to the mechanism for regulating the stiffness of the pressure spring of the press wheel, an electrovalve and an electric pump.

Measurement of soil moisture in the seed placement zone and in front of the coulter with the introduction of the activated liquid in portions of the seed seats allows you to accurately determine the degree of heterogeneity of soil moisture along the length of the head, optimize fluid flow in real time and the field germination of seeds.

Sealing of seeds in the sowing furrow immediately after sowing ensures uniform distribution along the sowing depth and row length, and an adjustable compaction force both in the sowing furrow (350-700 g / cm ² ) and above it (35-50 g / cm ² ) optimizes field germination of seeds with heterogeneous soil properties.

The proposed placement and a set of sensors for measuring soil moisture with a compensation sensor for its temperature provides optimization of the place of fluid entry into the furrow, fluid flow and field germination.

The installation of a rolling wheel behind the coulter, the rim of which is made according to the groove profile, on an independent suspension, which is connected to a spring stiffness control mechanism, controlled automatically depending on soil moisture, allows optimizing the placement of seeds in the furrow, filling them with soil and field germination.

Placing a nozzle in front of the press wheel for supplying activated fluid to the seed furrow, connected by a tube passed through a toroidal magnet, to an electrovalve and an electric pump placed in a fluid reservoir, allows the fluid to be activated in portions activated by electrolysis and a magnetic field in the seed zone in the automatic mode, as agreed with placement of seeds in the sowing furrow.

The use of a rotation sensor for the seed disk and an integrated microcircuit (controller) with connecting soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, a spring wheel spring stiffness control mechanism, an electric valve and an electric pump allows synchronizing soil moisture measurement and a pressure wheel control, an electric valve and an electric pump simultaneously with the seeder.

Thus, the claimed method and device meet the criteria of the invention of "novelty."

It is such an embodiment of the device that allows us to fully implement the proposed method of sowing row crops, which allows us to talk about observing the principle of "unity of invention".

The invention meets the criterion of "inventive step", as the result is achieved that meets the existing needs:

- increasing the field germination of seeds and the uniformity of their placement both in the depth of sowing and in the length of the headland;

- reduced fluid flow while ensuring optimal field germination of seeds.

The invention is "industrially applicable" because can be used in agriculture for cultivating row crops, incl. sugar beets, using serial machines and existing working bodies.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 presents a diagram of the implementation of the method of sowing seeds of row crops (cross section of the furrow); figure 2 - layout of sensors and working bodies of the seeder for the implementation of the claimed method; figure 3 is a schematic wiring diagram for connecting sensors and working bodies to an integrated microcircuit (controller).

The method of sowing row crops is implemented by performing the following sequence of operations in one pass of the seeder:

- lump in front of the opener and measurement using a capacitive sensor of soil moisture in the layer 0-10 cm (more than the depth of sowing);

- cutting the coulter of the sowing furrow and sowing seeds in it with the simultaneous registration of temperature and soil resistance in the zone of sowing with appropriate sensors for sowing seeds;

- the introduction of activated liquid on the sown seeds in portions, if the soil moisture is less than optimal;

- filling the soil with seeds and compacting them in the furrow in the range from 350 to 700 g / cm ² , the lower value of which corresponds to greater soil moisture than the optimum;

- rolling the surface of the soil with compaction of the seed furrow along the axis of the row and in the protective zones with a force not exceeding 35-50 g / cm ² , followed by loosening and mulching with fine-grained soil.

To implement the inventive method, a serial seeder is used with any sowing device 1, a lump on an independent suspension 3, front and rear press rollers 11, a keeled opener 2, an ejector and a capacitive sensor 5 for sowing seeds combined with the seed tube. They re-equip the seeder with new elements for the implementation of the claimed method: a capacitive sensor 4 for soil moisture installed on the lump 3; sensors of ohmic resistance of the soil 6 and soil temperature 7 in the seed furrow mounted on the coulter; an independent suspension 14, a rolling wheel 10 and a mechanism 15 for regulating the stiffness of the suspension spring of the wheel 10; a pipe 9 located between the coulter and the rear packer roller, connected by a tube 16 passed through a toroidal magnet 22, with an electrovalve 17 and an electric pump 18 installed in the fluid tank 19; rear compacting roller 11 low pressure on the soil (up to 35-50 g / cm ² ), a chain loop 13; rotation sensor 20 of the sowing disk; permanent magnet 22 toroidal type with a strength of 600-700 Gauss.

New elements are connected to an electrical circuit that includes an integrated microcircuit (controller) 23, programmed to automatically control the claimed method, a control unit 24 and a power supply 25.

Concrete example

On the field prepared for sowing row crops, as a rule, there is heterogeneity in the moisture of the surface - seed - soil layer. In this case, almost everywhere before sowing, the soil is rolled up with rollers. However, rolling leads to an additional consumption of energy resources, and the weediness of crops at the time of emergence of seedlings of the planted crop increases. To eliminate these disadvantages using the claimed method and device for its implementation.

Before sowing, the seeder is set to a predetermined sowing depth and sowing rate. Then, in the field after deepening the working bodies, soil moisture and soil temperature sensors 4, 6 and 7 are tested using standard instruments (moisture meters and thermometers). Sensor 6 is tested for moisture from the ohmic resistance of the soil, while the temperature sensor readings compensate for the error. Correct the measurement errors after testing and set on the control unit 24 the value of the optimum soil moisture, for example, 19 ... 20%. Pour seeds into the seed box, and pour liquid 21 into the container 19, for example, cathode water activated by electrolysis (or solution) with pH parameters of pH 7-8, the electrolysis exposure is 15 minutes. During the test drive of the seeder, the tractor driver checks the operation of the rotation sensors 20 of the disk and sowing 5 seeds. Then, from the control panel 24, the power supply of the electrical circuit from the block 25 is turned on.

When the seeder is operated using sensors, an integrated microcircuit (controller) and additional new elements, the following operations are carried out:

- lump in front of the opener and measurement with the capacitive sensor 4 of soil moisture in the layer 0-10 cm (more than the depth of sowing);

- cutting the coulter 2 of the sowing furrow and sowing seeds 8 into it while simultaneously registering with the appropriate sensors sowing 5 seeds of temperature 7 and soil resistance 6 in the zone of sowing seeds;

- the introduction of electrolysis-activated liquid 21 (cathode, pH 7-8, exposure 15 min), passed through a magnetic field (600-700 Gauss), a permanent magnet 22 of the toroidal type, through port 9 to the seeds sown in portions, if the soil moisture is less than optimal;

- filling the soil with 12 seeds (by the method of soil collapse in the sowing furrow with the wheel rim) with the liquid introduced onto them and compaction of the seeds 8 in the furrow with the press wheel 10 in the range from 350 to 700 g / cm ² , the lower value of which corresponds to a higher soil moisture than optimal ;

- rolling with a seal of the sowing furrow along the axis of the row and in the protective zones with a roller 11 with a pressure not exceeding 35-50 g / cm ² , followed by loosening the soil with a loop 13 and mulching with fine-grained soil.

The use of the claimed method and device for sowing row crops using precise technology, such as beets, increases the field germination of seeds by 15-25%, reduces fluid flow by 20-35%, reduces the uneven distribution of seeds along the row length to 10% and resource consumption (fuel , herbicides) up to 15% compared with traditional technology.

Field experiments established the effect of the claimed method of sowing and device for its implementation on seedling indicators and biological productivity of sugar beets (see table).

Indicators of crops and biological productivity of sugar beets in comparative experiments Experience Options Mass of 100 plants, g The weight of root crops, t / ha Weight of tops, t / ha Plant density per 1 ha, thousand units The control 290 27.6 5.2 69.7 Seeds treated with a magnetic field (600-700 G) during sowing 335 34.7 6.3 84.6 Seeds moistened in a furrow activated by electrolysis by a fluid passing through a magnetic field (600-700 G) 372 41.2 8.1 87.3

Data from field experiments showed significant effectiveness of the new method and device for sowing beets. The mass of 100 plants before the breakthrough (1-2 pairs of leaves) increased by 28% compared to the control (sowing according to the existing technology, see / 3 /), the biological yield of root crops increased by 1.5 times, and the density - up to 25%, which provides an economic effect of up to 90 thousand rubles. from 1 ha.

Information sources

1. USSR author's certificate No. 581900, IPC А01С 7/04.

2. USSR author's certificate No. 1028264, IPC АСС 7/04.

3. Basin V.S., Bray V.V., Pogorely L.V. et al. Machines for the precision sowing of row crops: design and calculation. Ed. L.V. Pogorely. - K .: Technique, 1987, p. 130.

4. USSR copyright certificate No. 169918, IPC АСС 7/04 (prototype).

5. Copyright certificate of the USSR No. 829009, IPC АСС 7/04 (prototype).

Claims (3)

1. The method of sowing row crops, including the formation of a sowing furrow and sowing seeds in it with simultaneous measurement of soil moisture at a depth of sowing seeds, closing seeds in a furrow with soil, subsequent compaction and loosening of soil over a furrow, characterized in that it is additionally determined before the formation of a seed furrow soil moisture at a depth of 10 cm, simultaneously with measuring soil moisture in the sowing zone, the temperature of the soil in the furrow is measured, and after sowing the seeds, they are introduced into the sowing furrow with a portion of a thief of activated liquid to bring the soil to a moisture state that ensures maximum field germination of the seeds if the soil moisture calculated according to two measurements before sowing and during sowing is less than optimal, while the seeds are compacted in a furrow with simultaneous closure of their soil with adjustable effort within 350-700
g / cm ² , the lower value of which is chosen if the soil moisture is more than optimal, and the soil above the furrow is compacted with a pressure not exceeding 35-50 g / cm ² . 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that cathode water after electrolysis is used as the activated liquid, passed through a constant magnetic field of 600-700 G. 3. A device for sowing row crops, including a coulter equipped with a sensor for measuring soil moisture by its ohmic resistance, a seed tube, a sowing apparatus with a mesh disc, a packer roller and a loop, characterized in that a lump block is installed in front of the coulter with an independent suspension placed in its body capacitive soil moisture sensor, and behind the coulter, a nozzle is installed in series for introducing a portion of activated fluid into the soil and a press wheel on an independent spring-loaded suspension, compatible connected with a spring stiffness control mechanism, the rim of which corresponds to the groove profile, while the nozzle is connected by a tube passed through a toroidal magnet to an electrovalve and an electric pump, for a container with activated liquid, in addition, the metering disk is equipped with a rotation sensor, the seed tube is capacitive combined with it with a seed sowing sensor, the coulter with a temperature measuring sensor, and the soil moisture sensor with its ohmic resistance is attached to the opener end under the vas deferens, and all sensors, p -regulation spring stiffness, and electric solenoid connected to the integrated circuit to set the optimum value of soil moisture and generation of control signals for adjusting the stiffness of the spring mechanism, and the electric solenoid.

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