RU2355149C1 - Method of soy cultivation for grain, mainly in drop irrigation system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method envisages stubble ploughing of a forecrop, soil processing with herbicide, application of fertilisers, real tillage, prevernal breaking up of soil and levelling, preplanting irrigation and cultivation at a depth of 4-5 cm. The method also envisages soil compaction after and before seeding, harrowing of sprouts, irrigation during the vegetation period, desiccation and harvesting. Macrofertilisers - posphorus, potassium, calcium are applied in the topsoil at 0-0.08 m when prevernal breaking up is carried out. Nitrogen is dosed together with irrigation water in the phonological phase of tillering, budding, blooming, bean filling, grain ripening at a dosage of 30-35, 15-20, 8-12, 6-17, 20-37 % respectively. Sulphur at a dosage of 70-80% is applied according to the set dosage in the phonological phase of tillering, budding, blooming, bean filling, grain repining. The rest 20-30% of sulphur is applied in the blooming phase when foliage spraying is carried out. Microelements - molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper, zinc and macroelement - manganese are applied by spaying 125-200 l/hectare of the solution when foliage spaying is carried out in the blooming phase.

EFFECT: increase of yield and quality of soy grain, decrease of mineral fertiliser and microfertiliser consumption.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the technology of cultivating soybeans for grain in irrigated agriculture.

A known method of growing soybeans, including continuous sowing, in which, in order to increase productivity by creating the most favorable conditions for ripening, continuous sowing is carried out by at least two soybean varieties with a difference in maturity of not more than 25 days (SU, copyright certificate No. 1471969 A1 . M.

class ⁴ A01C 7/00. A method of growing soybean / V.M.Zherebko (USSR). - Application No. 4108226 / 30-15; Stated June 16, 1986; Publ. 04/15/1989, Bull. No. 14).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving - improving the quality of soybean grains - include the absence of macroelements of calcium and sulfur vital for soybeans.

There is also a method of inoculating soybean plants with rhizotorfin, including the introduction of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rows of the cultivated culture, in which inoculation is carried out 13-16 days after sowing, followed by processing of the row-spacing (RU, Patent No. 2110905 C1. IPC ⁶ A01C 1/00. Method of inoculating plants soybean with rhizotorfin / M.G. Dzoblaev, B. B. Toguzov, A.U. Gazzanov, S. A. Bekuzorova, K.Kh. Khutinaev (RU) - Application No. 96113405/13; Announced July 1, 1996; Publ. 05/20/1998).

The described method will only partially compensate for the needs of soybean plants in the macrocell nitrogen, but not more than 30 ... 50% of the required rate. Nitrogen during the growing season only affects the formation of the vegetative mass, but not on the quality of the crop.

In addition to those described, a method is known for cultivating soybeans, including harvesting the precursor, applying organic fertilizers at a dose of 20-25 t / ha and full mineral fertilizer at the rate of N _30-45 , P _60-90 . K _45-60 for obtaining 2 t / ha of grain, the application of microelements of molybdenum and boron during joint presowing treatment with inoculation with soy rhizotorfin, the main tillage to a depth of 0.25 m, presowing tillage: cultivation to a depth of 6-8 cm and before sowing to a depth of 3-5 cm to create a seed bed, leveling, applying soil herbicides, sowing soybean seeds of the 1st or 2nd class of the sowing standard of 1-5th reproduction with a row spacing of 0.15; 0.45; 0.60 and 0.70 m to a depth of 3-4 cm, caring for soybean crops, pest and disease control, vegetative irrigation, harvesting and post-harvest part-time work of grain (see Crop production of the Central Black Earth Region. Edited by Fedotova V .A. Et al. - Voronezh: Center for the Spiritual Revival of the Black Earth Region, 1988. - P.186-191).

The disadvantages of the described technology of cultivating soybeans for grain, despite the use of trace elements molybdenum (Mo) and boron (B), include the low quality of soybean due to the lack of trace elements during flowering and fruiting.

As the closest analogue, a method of cultivating soybeans for grain in irrigated agriculture was adopted, including peeling stubble of a predecessor, tillage with a herbicide, fertilizing, plowing with a turn of the reservoir, early spring loosening of the soil and leveling, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation to a depth of 4-5 cm, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation during the growing season, desiccation of crops and harvesting (see. Technology of soybean cultivation: recommendations of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution RosNIIPM. - Novocherkassk: LLC Helikon, 2007, 28 pp.).

The disadvantages of the described method, despite the possibility of maintaining the irrigation regime and the regime of maintaining NPK, include low grain quality by micronutrient filling, low fat content in soybean seeds and limited yield.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows. The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the efficiency of soybean cultivation for seeds with the development of technological elements for regulating soil water and food regimes using drip irrigation systems.

The technical result is an increase in yield and oil content of soybean seeds.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating soybeans for grain mainly in the drip irrigation system, including stubble cultivation of the precursor, tillage with the herbicide, fertilizing, plowing with the formation revolution, early spring tillage and leveling, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation to a depth of 4 -5 cm, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation during the growing season, desiccation of crops and harvesting, according to the invention of macro-fertilizer phosphorus, potassium and calcium th is fully introduced into the topsoil 0-0.08 m with early spring cultivation, nitrogen and sulfur are introduced fractionally with irrigation water into the phenological phases of branching, budding, flowering, bean filling, ripening of grains in fractions 30-35, 15-20 , 8-12, 6-17, and 20-37%, respectively, 70-80% of the sulfur in the indicated fractions contribute fractionally according to the main phenological phases, branching, budding, flowering, bean filling and grain ripening, and 20-30% sulfur with non-root top dressing flowering, and micronutrients molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper, zinc and the macroelement manganese are introduced when foliar rmke during flowering plant working solution spraying rate of 125-200 l / ha.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The method of cultivating soybeans for grain mainly in the drip irrigation system includes a list of the following required technological operations: stubble cultivation of the predecessor, tillage with the herbicide, fertilizing, plowing with the formation rotation, early spring loosening and leveling, presowing irrigation and cultivation to a depth of 4-5 cm, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation during the growing season, desiccation of crops and harvesting.

In the proposed method of cultivating soybeans for grain, mainly in the drip irrigation system of macro-fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, based on the amount required for each ton of grain and the formation of the non-cereal part, are fully introduced into the topsoil 0-0.08 m ± 0.02 m with early spring loosening. In the absence of wind (at a wind speed of less than 3 m / s), phosphorus and potash fertilizers and gypsum (phosphogypsum) can be applied by spreaders of mineral fertilizers (RUM-3; PTT-4.2; STN-2.8; 1RMG-4; RUN -0.5N; MVU-5; ZA-M-MAX / 1500; ZA-M-Max / ZOO; RMU-12; MDS; ALPHA; AXERA; ATPO; TWS-5000; MTT-4U; MTT-4Sh; RU- 1600; RU-3000; MSHH-9, etc.). In windy weather, fertilizers are applied with ATD-2 fertilizer sowing machines during cultivation with embedding to a depth of 6-8 cm. The fertilizer application rates for a given yield taking into account the mineral nutrition of the soil are shown in Table 1.

Due to the sufficient supply of soil moisture from the solid phase, the fertilizers P, K, Ca introduced into this period come into a state of assimilable form and, at the same time, even during pre-sowing irrigation with a norm of 300 m ³ / ha, they are not washed out to the underlying soil horizons and remain accessible to the roots soy plants for the entire growing season. When seedlings appear, and then for the entire growing season, the fertilizers applied ensure intensive plant growth, bud formation, flowering, bean filling and soybean maturation with the accumulation of nutrients in them, ensuring the presence of a given amount of protein and fat.

A drip irrigation system containing a pumping station, filters for water purification, a device for introducing macronutrient fertilizers and microelements with irrigation water, pressure regulators, main and distribution pipelines, flexible irrigation pipelines with droppers built into their cavities are capable of supplying soybean to the roots of plants strictly dosed quantity of mineral fertilizers and microelements and maintain the irrigation regime during the entire growing season within the specified limits of the lowest moisture capacity and (HB%).

In the proposed method, nitrogen and sulfur are introduced fractionally together with irrigation water according to the main phenological phases: branching, budding, flowering, pouring beans, ripening grain.

From the total norm of the introduced nitrogen to obtain 3 t / ha of grain, 234.63-359.37 kg ai / ha in the phases of branching, budding, flowering, pouring beans, and ripening of grain were introduced in fractions of 30-35%, respectively -20%, 8-12%, 6-17%, 20-37%. Of the total amount of sulfur 80-100 kg / ha for the indicated phases, 70-80% was applied fractionally with irrigation water, and the remaining 20-30% - with foliar feeding to protect soybean crops from Fusarium diseases.

The positive effect of fractional fertilizer application is due to the fact that soybean consumes the bulk of nutrients during flowering and seed loading, when their soil reserves are already exhausted. With a lack of batteries in the flowering phase, flowers and ovaries fall, as noted by V.T. Kurkayev (1965).

Since the functional activity of the root system and nitrogen-fixing bacteria is significantly reduced in the soybean seed loading phase, the plants respond well to foliar feeding during this period.

The influence of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements (molybdenum, boron, copper, zinc, manganese, etc.) on the formation and nitrogen-fixing ability of nodules has been proved by many researchers and is examined in detail in the monograph by Mishustin Y.N. and Shilnikova V.K. (1973). The role of improving the phosphorus nutrition of soybeans is especially important for activating the symbiotrophic process on the soils of the Far East that are poorly provided with this element (V.V. Rusakov, 1973; V.T.Sinegovskaya, 2002).

Trace elements molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper, zinc and macroelements sulfur and manganese are introduced during foliar feeding during the flowering period by spraying with a working solution at a rate of 125-200 l / ha. The working solution is prepared from components produced by chemical production.

Below are comparative data on productivity, protein and fat content in Vilana soybean grains according to 2004-2006 data when cultivated according to the basic and proposed technologies.

Soybean varieties Vilana was bred at VNIIMK in 1997. The variety is mid-season, the length of the growing season is 112-116 days. Highly productive. Productivity under irrigation conditions is 3.1 t / ha. Plant height 0.94-1.21 m. Lower beans are located at a distance of 0.12-0.18 m from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 39.9-40.8%, oil - 23.1-24.5%.

Table 2 shows comparative data on the effect of element-wise application of macro- and microelements important for soybean plants of the Vilana variety when cultivated in the drip irrigation system according to the proposed method on yield and grain quality. To obtain the planned grain yield of 3 t / ha according to the data in Table 1, macrocells of nitrogen 234.63 ... 359.37 kg ai / ha (average 297 kg ai / ha) and phosphorus 32 kg should be introduced. century / ha, potassium 96 kg ai / ha, calcium 74 kg / ha, sulfur 80 kg / ha and manganese 480 g / ha and trace elements: boron 368 g / ha, cobalt 15 g / ha, molybdenum 21, 5 g / ha, zinc 672 g / ha, copper 218 g / ha. At the same time, nitrogen and sulfur were introduced fractionally with irrigation water into the phenological phases of nitrogen “branching” - 89.1 kg / ha (30%) and sulfur — 16.8 kg / ha (21%), nitrogen “budding” - 44.55 kg / ha (15%) and sulfur - 8.4 kg / ha (10.5%), "flowering" of nitrogen - 23.76 kg / ha (8%) and sulfur - 3.36 kg / ha (4, 2%), “bean filling” of nitrogen - 17.82 kg / ha (6%) and sulfur - 3.36 kg / ha (4.2%), “ripening” of nitrogen - 59.4 kg / ha (20% ) and sulfur - 11.2 kg / ha (14%). Foliar top dressing was carried out by spraying soybean plants in the “flowering” phase with a working solution of 200 l / ha of trace elements molybdenum - 21.5 g / ha, boron - 368 g / ha, cobalt - 15 g / ha, copper - 218 g / ha, zinc - 672 g / ha, sulfur - 16 kg / ha, manganese - 480 g. For control, the basic technology for cultivating soybean varieties of Villana with the introduction of macrocells of nitrogen 297 kg a.v. / ha was adopted; phosphorus 32 kg ai / ha and potassium 96 kg ai / ha. The average yield of soybean grain over the years of research from 2004-2006 increased by 16.1%, the protein content in soybean grains increased by 11.7%, and the fat in seeds - by 7.9%.

Table 3 provides information on the yield and quality of grain when cultivating a variety of soybean Vilana in the drip irrigation system according to the basic (production) technology and at an average level of introduced doses of macro- and microelements. With the indicated norms for the application of macro- and microelements, the yields of Vilana soybean grains for 3 years of observation increased by 28.9%, protein content - by 13.3%, and fat - by 8.3%. Thus, the presented data on the fractional introduction of nitrogen and sulfur macroelements with main irrigation water into the main phenophases of soybean and plant nutrition during the flowering of soybean plants with trace elements Mo, B, Co, Cu, Zn, sulfur and manganese provide not only an increase in yield, but also quality oilseeds.

Both in the claimed method and in the basic technology, the total amount of macro-fertilizers is maintained in equal quantities, with the exception of sulfur and calcium. With fractional application of nitrogen (359.37 kg / ha), sulfur (80 kg / ha), single - phosphorus (32 kg / ha), potassium (96 kg / ha), calcium (74 kg / ha), non-root top dressing in “flowering” phase by spraying soybean crops with a solution of 200 l / ha from the elements of Mo (21.5 g / ha), B (368 g / ha). Co (15 g / ha), Cu (218 g / ha), Zn (672 g / ha), S (24 kg / ha), Mn (480 g / ha), an increase in soybean seed yield of 7.85% was achieved. the protein content increased by 13.3%, and fat by 17.5% (see table 4).

The data presented in favor of the proposed method of soybean cultivation in the drip irrigation system due to the high return of macrocells, their minimum removal beyond the root system, the shortest path to symbiotic and other plant mechanisms of soybean, the purity of soybean crops and their protection against fusarious diseases.

Table 1 Necessary macro-fertilizers and microelements for the formation of high-quality soybean grain during cultivation in the drip irrigation system Element Removal of nutrients with soybean grain at yield, t / ha The need for batteries at the predicted yield, t / ha one 2 3 four 5 one 2 3 four 5 Macronutrients (kg / t) nitrogen (N) 73 90 122 150 180 93 195.3 297 360 430 phosphorus (P) 25 fifty 80 110 150 10 21 32 43 54 potassium (K) 51 75 110 130 170 thirty 63 96 1129 162 calcium (Ca) fifteen 40 65 85 110 23 48.3 74 one hundred 115 sulfur (S) fifteen 32 48 56 78 25 52,5 80 107.5 135 magnesium (Mg) 10 26 41 63 90 10 21 32 43 54 Manganese (Mn) 0.05 0,07 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.150 0.315 0.480 0.645 0.810 Microelements (g / t): Boron (B) thirty 82 115 126 1138 60 172 368 654 745 Cobalt (Co) 2.9 3,5 4.7 5.8 6.3 5,6 7.3 15.0 25.0 345.0 Molybdenum (Mo) 1,5 4,5 6.9 7.8 9.6 3.0 9.5 21.5 33.5 52.0 Zinc (Zn) 121 180 210 270 315 245 378 672 1160 1700 Copper (Cr) 32 43.0 68 73 96 65 90 218 315 518

Claims (1)

The method of cultivating soybeans on grain mainly in the drip irrigation system, including peeling the stubble of the predecessor, treating the soil with herbicide, fertilizing, plowing with the formation revolution, early spring loosening and leveling, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation to a depth of 4-5 cm, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation during the growing season, desiccation of crops and harvesting, characterized in that macro fertilizers phosphorus, potassium and calcium are fully introduced into the topsoil 0-0.08 m with early In spring cultivation, nitrogen and sulfur are introduced fractionally with irrigation water into the phenological phases: branching, budding, flowering, bean filling, ripening of grains in fractions of 30-35, 15-20, 8-12, 6-17, 20-37%, respectively 70-80% of sulfur in these portions is made fractionally according to the main phenological phases, branching, budding, flowering, bean filling, grain ripening and 20-30% sulfur with foliar feeding into the flowering phase, and trace elements molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper, zinc and macronutrient manganese is introduced during foliar feeding during flowering by spraying plants with a worker with a norm of 125-200 l / ha.