RU2349066C2 - Method and device for strip tillage for mountain soil cultivation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural industry.

SUBSTANCE: present invention refers to mechanisation in agricultural production and plant growing industry and specifically to techniques of soil-protective treatment and conservation and minimum tillage of mountain and field soil required for planting annual crops. The method provided in the present invention involves combined layer-by-layer slotting, plowing, rototilling, and forming planting furrows. In the first year, single pre-planting soil treatment is carried out by means of combined tools across the set width of strips, with untilled spaces left between said strips. Compaction of soil in untilled spaces is achieved by means of tractor wheel traffic. In the next year, soil recompaction work is carried out followed by plowing, rototilling, and forming planting furrows equal in width to previous year untilled spaces. Soil in the previous year untilled spaces was subject to compaction by means of tractor wheel traffic. In subsequent years, rotational soil treatment processes for soil in strips and untilled spaces are repeated. The device for strip tillage comprises symmetrically arranged slot cutters positioned along axes of symmetry, blades, tiller rotors blades section, and furrow cutters. The said tiller rotors and furrow cutters are hingedly mounted to the case. The furrow cutters design enables to regulate planting strips depth, the latter being either equal to plowing depth, or twice or half as much as plowing depth, or 1.5 times smaller than plowing depth, which is achieved due to a double link to the case by means of a feathering hinge of a beam and its control ports with a spring.

EFFECT: enhanced quality of soil conservation tillage and improved soil characteristics.

2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the mechanization of agricultural production in crop production, specifically to technological methods for soil protection, anti-erosion and minimal tillage on mountain and foothill slopes and in the plain for planting annual crops.

As the most common analogues, one can cite well-known methods of combining technological operations of cultivating the soil for cultivating crops in combined units AKP - 5; AKP - 2.5; RVC - 3.6; RVC - 5.4; AKP - 3.6 and KA - 3.6, the technical characteristics of which are given in the "System of machines for complex mechanization of agricultural production for 1985-1995, part 1. Plant growing. M. - 1988. - P.156-159.

As a prototype, compared with the proposed method, "Combined unit for tillage and sowing" according to the invention of the USSR No. 1722272, class. 5 АВВ 49/06, published in BI No. 12 for 1992.

The use of 3 types of workers in the prototype, namely, cultivators, spherical discs and milling knives, is undesirable from the point of view of excessive spraying of the upper soil layers when working on mountain and foothill slopes, since the combination of two active working bodies along with high quality crumbling the presence of a percentage of fractions of optimal sizes of 1.0-2.5 mm will also contribute to the presence of a super-permissible percentage of fractions of less than 1.0 mm. And this is undesirable from the point of view of the requirements of anti-erosion treatment, that is, the prevention of water and wind erosion. In addition, the prototype uses continuous tillage technology, which is also impractical for use on mountain and foothill slopes from the point of view of the erosion hazard of flushing the upper soil layers.

In contrast to the prototype, as well as the known methods of strip technology (for example, the Astrakhan and Azerbaijan technologies for cultivating vegetable and melon crops), the proposed method completely eliminates any plow processing during the year, as well as continuous processing with cultivators, disc harrows and other implements, since it implements a one-time ( only once a year) strip-strip anti-erosion tillage with annual alternation of processing tapes and strips, that is, if in the first year the soil is cultivated in ntach, and the soil in the strips rests and is compacted by the tractor wheels, then in the second year we have the reverse process, when the soil in the previous belts rests and compacted by the aisles of the tractor wheels, and the previous strips are processed, that is, by the years the belts and strips alternately replace each other .

This principle of belt tillage of slope sections allows (when using combined working bodies - crevice, deep-loosening plane-cutting paws and sections of active knives of milling drums in the general technological cycle) to prevent and prevent both soil erosion and re-compaction, on the one hand, and on the other parties, to ensure in a particular case every year the stability of the harvest of potatoes and other annual crops due to rational land use.

As you can see, in the first year, a partial compaction of the uncultivated soil of the strips (tape-strip technology on the slopes) serves as a barrier to the erosion of atmospheric precipitation, which accumulates in each successive processed tape, creating the necessary water-air regime of plant nutrition. In the second year, these strips are decompressed by tillage, and the belts are partially densified, and then in this sequence the strip-strip tillage is alternated.

The aim of the invention is to improve the quality of anti-erosion tillage and the expansion of its operational indicators.

To achieve this goal, in the first year, one-time pre-planting cultivation of the soil is carried out by combined working bodies according to the set width of the belts, leaving untreated strips between them, which are compacted everywhere by the passages of the tractor's propulsors (wheels), and in the second year they are compacted, loosened, milled and cut the furrows along the width of the strips of the past year, which are sealed by the passages of the tractor propulsion, in subsequent years, the process of alternating the processing of belts and strips is repeated.

At the same time, in the device (for additional copying of the field microrelief) the milling drums and groove cutters are pivotally mounted on the frame, and the groove cutters are made with the possibility of adjusting the depth of the landing tapes (equal to the milling depth, 2 times and 1.5 times the milling depth and 1 , 5 times less milling depth) by a double connection with the frame by means of the axial hinge of the ridge and its adjustment holes with a spring.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the strip-strip technology of soil cultivation on the slopes: a) the first year of processing the planting belts “l” with the tractor wheels sealing the universally untreated strips “p” of the entire plot; b) the second year of processing by replacing the landing strips “l” of the first year with untreated strips “p” with a seal of the latter and, accordingly, replacing the untreated strips “p” of the first year with machined landing strips “l”.

Figure 2 is a flow chart of a method of tillage and device design, side view.

Figure 3 - design of the device, top view. Initially, in the first year to implement the method of strip-band soil cultivation, autonomously arranged in front in three rows of cherereses 15 cut gaps in the ribbons “l” along their longitudinal axis of symmetry to a depth of h ₃ = 18-26 cm. Following them, at a depth of h ₂ = 12 -18 cm, the soil is loosened with flat-cut paws 16 along the width of the tapes “l” and milling also along the width of the tapes “l” of the top soil layer to a depth of h ₁ = 8-10 cm by sections of the milling drums 12, which are driven by the tractor’s PTO through mounted on frame 1 (with coupler 2 and support wheels 3) a telescopic carden 4, a bevel gear 7 and a drive shaft 8 by means of a chain drive 11 with sprockets 10 (FIG. 2 and FIG. 3), the milling drum casing 13 is pivotally attached to the frame 1 by means of a copying rod 14. Following the sections of the milling drums 12 are cut planting grooves with a groove cutter 17, which is pivotally mounted through the axis 19 to the frame 1 through the ridge 18 and is provided in the middle part of the ridge with a vertically supporting rod 20 with adjustment holes that allow the groove cutters 17 to be set to the depth of processing tapes “l”, depending on the required planting depth of tubers and seedlings of a given agricultural crop, equal to the milling depth h ₁ = 8-10 cm or a greater milling depth 2 times, that is, by the value h ₁ = 16-20 cm , or 1.5 times less than the depth of milling by the value of h ₁ = 4-5 cm (figure _1, figure 2).

For the second year, strip-and-strip processing is carried out in the reverse sequence with the replacement of tapes with strips, from strips to tapes, that is, the annual cultivation of the cultivated soil is carried out on uncultivated and compacted and, in turn, previously uncultivated and compacted soil on cultivated. At the same time, combined working bodies carry out effective preplant planting of the soil, excluding plowing. Thus, the essence of the method consists in satisfying the necessary requirements of anti-erosion treatment, creating the most favorable conditions for the water-air regime of plant nutrition while maintaining moisture, as well as combating soil compaction.

It should be borne in mind that both in the first year and in the second year, the use of one-time pre-planting treatment applies to all root tubers and seedlings of annual agricultural crops with requirements for them of different planting depths of tubers and seedlings, which is ensured by the double ridge connection provided in the design of the device 18 with the frame 1 by means of the axis of the hinge 19 and the rod 20 with adjusting holes and a spring.

It should also be noted that the envisaged one-time pre-planting strip-and-strip technology after subsequent planting and harvesting operations of the first and second years does not exclude the possibility of re-using the plots during the year for sowing and planting other annual crops, but subject to the exact observance of planting ( sowing) according to the scheme of strip-strip technology.

Claims (2)

1. The method of tape tillage on slopes, including combined layer-by-layer slotting, loosening, milling and cutting of planting grooves, characterized in that in the first year, one-time pre-planting soil treatment is carried out by combined working bodies along the set width of the tapes with leaving untreated strips between them that are compacted everywhere, by the passages of the propulsors (wheels) of the tractor, and in the second year, they compact, loosen, mill and cut the landing furrows along the width of the strips of the last year, which are densified Yali passages tractor propellers, in subsequent years the processes tapes and strips interlace processing is repeated. 2. A device for tape processing of soil on slopes, including symmetrically located along the axes of symmetry of the crevice, flat-cutting legs, knife sections of milling drums and furrows, characterized in that the milling drums and furrows are pivotally mounted on the frame, and furrows are made with the possibility of adjusting the depth of the landing tapes equal to the depth of milling, 2 times and 1.5 times greater than the depth of milling and 1.5 times less than the depth of milling, using a double connection with the frame through the axial hinge of the ridge and its p gulirovochnyh holes with a spring.

Images