RU2330921C2 - Structural block, structural panel consisting of such block, and method of making structural panel - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: structural block is made with provision for making a flat structure by aligning several blocks in the form of a flat object in such a way that their external peripheral surfaces are in contact with surfaces of adjacent blocks. The structural block has through-passing openings for putting linear tension components in the form of rods, depressed parts, formed on the upper and lower surfaces, forming external peripheral surfaces, which intersect the axial direction of the through passing openings, made with provision for putting other tension components into them, intersecting the axes of the said tension components, and through passing cavities, open on the zones of aforesaid upper and lower surfaces and interlinked in the direction along the peripheral surfaces when there is contact of the said peripheral surface with the corresponding peripheral surfaces of the adjacent structural block. Description is given of the structural panel, made using the blocks. The method of making the structural panel is also described.

EFFECT: faster construction and longer life service.

9 cl, 29 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a technology for manufacturing a flat structure such as a wall, floor and ceiling of a reinforced concrete building.

State of the art

The method of manufacturing such building structures as the wall, floor and ceiling of a reinforced concrete building that has been used so far is that the formwork intended for concrete is assembled at the construction site and reinforcing bars are placed in it with the subsequent pouring of concrete.

However, this on-site pouring method requires considerable labor and time for assembling said formwork, pouring concrete, as well as curing and curing, and the duration of these procedures is difficult to shorten. In addition, for each of these stages requires the participation of highly skilled workers of the appropriate profile.

Further, for the delivery and placement of formwork and reinforcing bars at a construction site, as well as for arranging components and pouring concrete, a large working area is needed. Therefore, in the case when the passage leading to the construction site is narrow or its dimensions are small, productivity drops sharply.

Given these problems, several alternative manufacturing technologies have been developed for such structures as walls, fences and foundations. In particular, various types of concrete blocks prefabricated at the factory are delivered to the construction site, placed in vertical and horizontal directions so as to form a flat product, and fixed relative to each other using certain connecting devices. Thereby, a wall or a fence is formed (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Sho 64-7618 for utility model, pages 5-9 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 1) and Japanese Laid-Open Application No. Sho 55-39569 for the invention, p. 3-8 (hereinafter - Patent Document 2)).

In the stack-type concrete block described in Patent Document 1, connecting pins are inserted into the tubular components embedded in the upper and lower surfaces of the blocks. Thus, the blocks are connected to each other, forming a wall, foundation or similar structure.

In the method for manufacturing a block wall described in Patent Document 2, several concrete blocks are laid in the vertical and horizontal directions and the connecting surfaces of each of them are bonded using a bonding agent. In order to strengthen the blocks, at the same time, steel bars are introduced into the predetermined positions for the application of tensile force. The block panel thus formed is mounted in the form of a wall.

In the concrete block described in Patent Document 1, the use of connecting pin components allows the blocks to be assembled into the panel accurately and reliably. However, this procedure requires significant amounts of labor and time, since the presence of these components must be provided for at each boundary section between blocks that are in vertical contact.

In addition, there is a possibility of separation of the blocks of a friend from a friend, because in the case when a force is applied in the axial directions of the connecting pin components at the boundary sections between the mounted blocks, these components do not constrain the blocks to a degree sufficient to fix them relative to each other. As a result, although such a unit is preferable for building structures on which only compressive force is applied in the axial directions of the connecting pin components (as is the case for a wall, fence and foundation), it is not suitable for a structure such as a building floor, where an external load may be applied in the direction of the deflection.

On the other hand, in the method for manufacturing a block wall described in Patent Document 2, the mating surfaces of several blocks joined in the vertical and horizontal directions are bonded by a bonding agent and steel bars are introduced to exert a tensile force to strengthen the blocks. Thus, a block panel is formed. In this case, the force connecting the blocks to each other is small, because the positions into which these rods are inserted are the docking sections of only adjacent blocks.

Further, since the connecting surfaces of such blocks are connected using a bonding agent, the blocks have a low service life, because over time, the connecting sections of the blocks in the finished structure sometimes break or form a gap between themselves due to the gradual deterioration of the characteristics or shrinkage of the specified agent.

Disclosure of invention

The problem to which the present invention is directed is to develop a technology for manufacturing a flat structure such as a wall or floor of a building in a relatively short time, moreover, in a simple manner and with an increase in the service life of such a structure.

The above problems are solved in the framework of the invention as follows.

The building block according to the present invention allows the formation of a flat structure by placing a plurality of blocks in the form of a flat object. The block according to the invention contains through holes formed for introducing straight tension components in the form of rods. In addition, recessed portions are provided in the block, which are formed on the outer peripheral surfaces intersecting the axial direction of the through holes. These sections are designed to accommodate other tension components so that they are crossed relative to the axes of the tension components of the first group.

In the construction described above, the building blocks are placed in contact with each other on their outer peripheral surfaces to form a flat object so that the through holes are joined together to introduce tension components into them. Other components of the same purpose are located in recessed areas. When a tensile force is created on the tension components, the building blocks bind under pressure to form a flat building panel.

Using the flat panel described above during the construction of a building, it is possible to easily mount building structures in the form of a wall, floor or ceiling in a relatively short time. In this case, adjacent building blocks are connected under pressure only by means of tension components, i.e. without a binding agent that could break down over time. This results in an excellent product life.

In this case, the through holes are preferably arranged mutually in parallel with the intervals between them, so that they intersect the body of the block throughout its thickness or perpendicular to this direction. With this arrangement of holes, the block can be held tightly by the tension components inserted into these through holes. As a result, after manufacturing a flat structure, the strength of the product is further increased.

In another embodiment, which provides for the presence of a plurality of cavities in a block open in several zones from the side of the outer peripheral surfaces, the mass of the block can be reduced, and thermal insulation is improved. In addition, when placing multiple building blocks with the formation of a flat object, these cavities can be mutually joined in the direction along these surfaces. This reduces the mass of the flat structure and improves its thermal insulation.

Further, the building panel according to the present invention is a panel of the indicated purpose, formed by placing the plurality of building blocks described above in the form of a flat object. In this case, the outer peripheral surfaces of the blocks must be in contact with the corresponding peripheral planes of adjacent blocks, the through holes must be mutually joined, and tension components are introduced into them. Other tension components are located in the deepened areas, and the binding of building blocks is carried out under pressure by creating a tensile force on the listed tension components.

Using such a building panel, it is possible to mount a flat structure such as a wall or floor of a building in a relatively short time. Since no binding agent is used at all, the service life of such a structure is also increased.

It is preferable that to the outer peripheral surfaces of the building blocks located in the peripheral portions of the panel, it is possible to attach components that provide a counteracting force and are designed to create a tensile force on the above-described tension component. The tensile force thus created further enhances the strength and durability of the product. In this case, if the components exerting a counteracting force are attached so that they overlap all peripheral sections in the form of a frame, the structural rigidity increases, because the counteracting component, corresponding to the tensile force applied to the tension components, can be distributed over all peripheral areas. As a result, cracking caused by stress concentration can be prevented.

In this case, it is preferable that, in order to distribute the opposing force, an agent can be introduced that fills the gaps between adjacent building blocks. In a building panel using this design, this agent fills in the small gaps formed between adjacent blocks due to the low accuracy of the blocks. The compressive stress created between the blocks due to the pressure exerted on the blocks by tensile forces on the tension components is evenly distributed by the specified agent located between adjacent blocks and is completely transmitted to neighboring blocks. Thus, building blocks can prevent the occurrence of cracks or breaks resulting from the concentration of compressive stress.

In this case, the gap filling agent described above may be a hardening paste or a material capable of deforming under the influence of pressure from the connected building blocks. In the context of the invention, the term "hardening paste" means a substance, at the initial moment of use, which is a paste, and after evaporation of water / solvent or as a result of a chemical reaction, for example, a curing reaction, acquiring the properties of a solid body to such an extent that it does not break under the specified impact . By a material capable of deforming under the influence of pressure of connected blocks, it is understood that at least a part of which, when placed between the blocks, can be deformed so as to fill the gap between the blocks along the entire contour of the gap.

Agents with the properties described above leak or cause deformation of the gap between adjacent building blocks due to the pressure exerted on the blocks by the tensile force of the tension components. As a result, the gap between the blocks is filled. So you can eliminate most of the small gaps. Accordingly, the compressive stress created between the blocks is evenly distributed and transmitted through an agent filling the gaps, thereby preventing the formation of cracks or breaks caused by stress concentration. Filling agents are introduced between adjacent blocks when composing a plurality of building blocks in the form of a flat object. In the case of using a hardening paste, it is preferable that when it is cured to a state capable of transmitting compressive stress, the building blocks are forcibly shifted to each other and connected to each other. Then the gaps between them will be filled. As a material capable of deforming under the influence of pressure of the coupled blocks, paper material (eg, cardboard), metal material (eg, steel sheet) or similar materials can be used.

If cement paste or liquid glass is used as the hardening paste, the small gaps existing between the building blocks can be filled without any roughness or leaks. This leads to an excellent stress distribution function. As in the case discussed above, it is preferable that the blocks bind under pressure at a point in time when the cement paste or liquid glass are cured to a state capable of transmitting compressive stress.

In connection with the preferred use of the component that exerts a counteracting force, it should be noted that in the area close to the peripheral section of the building panel, a block having a continuous structure can be used. In this case, the term "solid structure" refers to a structure that does not have a through hole or cavity, with the exception of the hole for the introduction of a bolt. Using such a structure, it is possible to prevent fracture or destruction of such a block under the action of the force applied to it to create a tensile force on the tension components.

Further, the method of forming a building panel according to the present invention is a method comprising the following steps:

- the placement of the building blocks described above is adjacent to each other to form a flat object with the introduction of an agent filling the gaps and intended for voltage distribution between the outer peripheral surfaces of the building blocks, and with the interconnection of through holes made in the block,

- the introduction of the tension components in the through holes, and at the same time, other tension components are located in the above-described in-depth sections, and

- The application of tensile forces to the tension components to bind building blocks under pressure.

Using this technical solution, a building panel suitable for creating a flat structure, such as a wall or floor of a building, can be easily formed in a relatively short time. In addition, the introduction of a gap filling agent eliminates the formation of cracks or breaks caused by stress concentration. Thus, the strength and service life of the product are further enhanced.

The use of the invention provides the following advantages.

(1) In a building block that allows a flat structure to be mounted by arranging a plurality of blocks so that their outer peripheral surfaces are in contact with adjacent surfaces of adjacent blocks, there are through holes formed to introduce straight tension components in the form of rods. In addition, the presence of recessed sections formed on the outer peripheral surfaces intersecting the axial direction of the through holes is provided. These sections are designed to accommodate other tension components, so that they intersect with the tension components of the first group. Thus, simply placing these building blocks in the form of a flat object and connecting them, you can mount a flat structure, such as a wall or floor of a building, and in a relatively short time and in an uncomplicated manner, while ensuring an increased service life of the specified structure.

(2) Through holes are arranged mutually parallel, with intervals between them, so that they intersect the block throughout its thickness or perpendicular to this direction. Since this design allows the unit to be held firmly by the tensioning components inserted into said openings, the strength after manufacturing the flat structure is further increased.

(3) Cavities opened in several areas from the outer peripheral surfaces can reduce the mass of the unit itself and provide thermal insulation. In addition, after placing a plurality of building blocks with the formation of a flat structure, these cavities can be mutually joined in a direction along these surfaces. Thus, it is possible to reduce the mass of the flat structure, while improving its thermal insulation.

(4) The building panel is formed by placing the building blocks, as described above in paragraphs (1) to (3), in the form of a flat object, and their outer peripheral surfaces are brought into contact with the corresponding surfaces of adjacent blocks, and through holes of adjacent blocks are joined one with the other. Tension components are introduced into these openings, at the same time placing the same components in recessed areas, and the blocks are connected under pressure, creating a tensile force on these tension components. Using such a panel, it is possible to mount a flat structure such as a wall or floor of a building in a relatively short time. A binding agent is not used at all, which also increases the service life of a flat structure.

(5) In addition, the strength and durability of the product can be increased by attaching to the outer peripheral surfaces of the building blocks located in the peripheral regions, components that exert a counteracting force and are designed to create a tensile force on the tension components described above.

(6) Using an agent that fills the gaps and is introduced between adjacent building blocks in order to distribute the opposing force, these gaps are filled, as a result of which the compressive stress created between the blocks is evenly distributed and transmitted to neighboring blocks. Thus, the formation of cracks or breaks caused by stress concentration can be prevented on building blocks.

(7) If a hardening paste or metal / paper material capable of deforming under the pressure of bonded building blocks is used as the gap filling agent described above, most of the small gaps between the blocks can be eliminated. This prevents the formation of cracks or breaks caused by stress concentration.

(8) Using cement paste or liquid glass as a hardening paste, it is possible to fill small gaps between building blocks by means of a relatively simple operation that does not cause any surface roughness. Accordingly, the formation of cracks or faults caused by stress concentration can be eliminated.

(9) If a block having a continuous structure is used in an area close to the peripheral portion of the building panel, it is possible to prevent breakage or destruction of a component exerting a counteracting force caused by a pulling force which is applied to said component to create a tensile force on the tensioning components.

(10) The method of the present invention includes the following steps:

- placing a plurality of building blocks described in paragraphs (1) to (3) above, adjacent to each other to form a flat object with the introduction of an agent filling the gaps between the outer peripheral surfaces of these building blocks and intended for voltage distribution, and with mutual docking through holes made in the block,

- the introduction of the tension components in the through holes, while at the same time other tension components are placed in the above-described in-depth sections, and

- the application of tensile forces to the tension components for bonding building blocks under pressure.

Using this method, it is possible to easily and in a relatively short time form a building panel having high strength / durability and suitable for use as a flat structure, such as a wall or floor of a building.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a building block according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 2 is a horizontal (a), frontal (b) and side (c) projection of the building block shown in figure 1.

Figure 3 is a perspective view of a building block according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 4 shows the horizontal (a), frontal (b) and side (c) projections of the building block shown in figure 3.

FIG. 5 shows (a) a perspective view of a building panel formed by building blocks, such as those shown in FIG. 1, and (b) a perspective view illustrating the location of the tension components in the building panel.

6 is a perspective view illustrating an exploded view of an angular portion of a building panel shown in FIG. 5 (a).

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a situation where a tensile force is applied to the tension components of the building panel shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 is (a) a perspective view of a building panel formed by building blocks similar to those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and (b) a perspective view illustrating the location of the tension components in this panel.

Fig. 9 is a perspective view (without some details) illustrating a situation where a wall or floor of a building is mounted using a building panel similar to that shown in Figs. 5 (a) and 8 (a).

Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a fence that is mounted using a combination of building panels formed from the blocks shown in Fig. 1.

11 is a horizontal projection of a building block according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

On Fig presents a side projection of the building block shown in Fig.11.

On Fig presents a horizontal projection of a building block according to the fourth variant of implementation of the present invention.

On Fig presents a lateral projection of the building block shown in Fig.13.

On Fig presents a horizontal projection of the auxiliary unit, which is used in combination with the building blocks shown in Fig.11 and 13.

On Fig presents a side projection of the auxiliary unit shown in Fig.

17 is a perspective view of a building panel formed from the building blocks shown in FIGS. 11 and 13.

Fig. 18 is a perspective view (partially cutaway) of the building panel shown in Fig. 17.

FIG. 19 shows (a) an enlarged perspective view of a portion of the building panel shown in FIG. 17, and (b) an enlarged detail image of this portion.

In Fig. 20, the panel shown in Fig. 17 is depicted in section by planes AA (a) and BB (b).

List of used designations

10, 20, 70, 80: building block

10a, 20a, 70a, 80a: upper surface

10b, 20b, 70b, 80b: bottom surface

10s, 20s, 70s, 80s: left side

10d, 20d, 70d, 80d: right side

10s, 20s, 70s, 80s: back surface

10f, 20f, 70f, 80f: front surface

10w, 20w, 70w, 80w, 90w: longitudinal direction

10t, 20t: transverse direction

11, 21, 33, 71, 81, 91: through hole

12, 22, 72, 82: in-depth section

13, 23, 73, 83: cavity

14, 24, 74, 84: groove

30, 30X, 30Y, 31: tension component

32: counter force component

30a, 31a: external thread section

34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e: mounting plate

35, 37: nut

36: spring washer

40, 41, 42, 50, 100: building panel

43: railing

60, 61: beam

90, 90h: auxiliary unit

93: in-depth section

C: ceiling

F: gender

SP: cement paste

W: wall

The implementation of the invention

Next, with reference to figures 1-10, a description of a building block and a building panel according to the first and second embodiments of the present invention.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and will be explained later in the description, the building block 10 according to the first embodiment of the invention is a block that allows to mount a flat structure by placing a plurality of blocks in the form of a flat object. In this case, the four outer peripheral surfaces of the blocks, namely the upper (10a), lower (10b), left side (10c) and right side (10d) surfaces, are brought into contact with the corresponding surfaces of adjacent blocks. In the block 10, through holes 11 are provided parallel to its front and rear surfaces 10f and 10e, for introducing into them the tension components in the form of rods, as described below. On the upper and lower surfaces 10a and 10b that intersect the axial direction of the through holes 11, recessed portions 12 are formed. They are designed to accommodate other tension components so that they intersect with the tension components introduced into the through holes 11.

In addition, five through cavities 13 are formed in the building block 10, which are open from the upper and lower surfaces 10a, 10b. A groove 14 is formed on the left and right side surfaces 10c, 10d, oriented in the same direction as the longitudinal axes of the cavities 13.

The building block 20 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is similar to block 10. It also allows you to mount a flat structure by placing multiple blocks in the form of a flat object, the four outer peripheral surfaces of the blocks, namely the upper (20a), lower (20b), the left side (20c) and the right side (20d) are brought into contact with the surfaces of adjacent blocks. In block 20, through holes 21 are provided parallel to its front and rear surfaces 20f and 20e for introducing tensioning components therein. On the upper and lower surfaces 20a and 20b that intersect the axial direction of the through holes 21, recessed portions 22 are formed. They are designed to accommodate other tension components so that they intersect with the tension components introduced into the through holes 21.

In addition, in the building block 20, two through cavities 23 are formed, open from the upper and lower surfaces 20a and 20b. A groove 24 is formed on the left and right side surfaces 20c and 20d, oriented in the same direction as the longitudinal axes of the cavities 23.

As indicated above, the only difference between the building blocks 10 and 20 is their size in the longitudinal direction. The dimensions and designs of the remaining parts are the same. In other words, the size of the block 10 in the longitudinal direction 10w is two times the same parameter (size in the 20w direction) of the block 20, and the remaining elements are the same.

As shown in FIG. 5 (a), a plurality of building blocks 10 are placed in the form of a flat object so that their outer peripheral surfaces are brought into contact with the corresponding surfaces of adjacent blocks, and the through holes 11 are linearly joined to each other in the axial direction. As shown in FIG. 5 (b), tension components 30 are inserted into the through holes 11 joined together and tension components 31 are placed in recessed areas 12. Then, components 32 are fixed along the outer peripheral surfaces of the blocks 10 located on the outer edges of the product. exerting a counteracting force. As shown in FIG. 6, in the external thread portions 30a and 31a of the tension components 30 and 31 protruding from the through holes 33 of the components 32, mounting plates 34a, 34b and 34c are installed, elastic washers 36 are inserted, and nuts 35 are screwed.

Next, tightening the nuts 35 to create a tensile force on the tensioning components 30 and 31, tightly bind the building blocks 10 in one piece and, as shown in figure 5, get a building panel 40, which is a flat structure. In this case, in those areas where the opposing force components 32 are adjacent to each other, it is preferable to use sufficiently long mounting plates 34a and 34c so that adjacent sections can be overlapped with them. Then adjacent components 32 can be firmly connected to each other.

If shaped reinforcing bars equipped with an external thread at the ends are used as tension components 30 and 31, it is not necessary to form external thread sections 30a and 31a to tighten the nuts 35. In addition, in the case where the tension components 30 and 31 are coated with a corrosion-resistant material, for example, a rubber tube, the corrosion resistance is increased. This prevents the development of rust due to moisture from the boundaries between the building blocks 10. In addition, elastic washers 36 placed between the mounting plates 34a, 34b, 34c and the nuts 35 can prevent a decrease in tensile force caused by the shortened size of the building block 10 or increased the size of the tension components 30, 31.

In the building panel 40, the tension components 30, 31 are placed along and across, crossing perpendicular to each other. While the components 31 are placed one after another in each of the volumes formed by the adjacent recessed sections 12, the components 30 are stacked in pairs, placing them throughout the thickness of the panel. Thus, along and across the totality of the tension components, these components are placed in different ways. Accordingly, when tightening the nuts 35 in order to exert a tensile force on the tension components 30 and 31, the indicated force is differentiated in such a way as to balance the voltage in the direction of deflection of the panel 40.

In particular, as shown in FIG. 7 (a), when a tensile force (indicated by arrows) of 10 tonnes is applied to the tension components 31, it is preferable that the pair of tension components 30X and 30Y shown in FIG. 7 (b) , a tensile force of 10 tons was applied to the component 30X located on the upper side, and a tensile force of 5 tons was applied to the component 30X located on the lower side. The directions of application of these forces are indicated by arrows. By applying a tensile force in this way, it is possible to significantly reduce the difference in stiffness of the building panel 40 in the direction of the tension components 31 and in the direction of the tension components 30X, 30Y. Thus, the panel stiffness is aligned in the direction of deflection.

In the building panel 40, the building blocks 10 are arranged in a grid. However, as shown in FIG. 8, it is possible to arrange the plurality of blocks 10 in a zigzag fashion to form the panel 50. In this case, the building blocks 20 shown in FIG. 3 are placed in the peripheral sections of the panel, forming the outermost row 20. Tension components 30, 31 and components 32, providing a counteracting force, is attached to the panel 40 in a similar manner.

As shown in FIG. 9, when erecting a building, the building panels 40 and 50 formed as described above are assembled in the form of a wall W, floor F and ceiling C, and these flat structures are easily mounted in a relatively short time. In this case, by arranging beams 60 and 61 on the connecting section between the wall W and the floor F, as well as on the connecting section between the wall W and the ceiling C, for installing peripheral sections of the building panels 40 on them, it is possible to easily mount said connecting sections, simultaneously with this increasing strength.

In the building panels 40 and 50, the building blocks 10 and 20 are only connected by the tension components 30 and 31 without the use of any binding agent that could break down over time. This results in an excellent product life.

As shown in figures 1-4, in the building blocks 10 and 20, the through holes 11 and 21 are arranged mutually in parallel, with intervals between them. These holes intersect the blocks along their entire thickness in the directions 10t and 20t or in the longitudinal directions 10w and 20w perpendicular to the directions 10t and 20t. Accordingly, the tension components 30 inserted into said through holes 11 and 21 can securely hold the blocks 10 and 20 when mounting panels 40 and 50, while acquiring high strength.

On the other hand, since the building blocks 10 and 20 have cavities 13 and 23 open from the upper and lower surfaces, when these blocks are placed to form the building panels 40 and 50, these cavities are joined to each other towards the surface. Thus, it is possible to reduce the weight of the panels 40 and 50, while ensuring good thermal insulation.

In order to create a tensile force on the tension components 30 and 31, in the building panels 40 and 50, the opposing force components 32 are attached to the outer peripheral surface of the building blocks 10 and 20 located on the peripheral portions of the panels. Thus, it becomes possible to create a tensile force on components 30 and 31, which provides excellent strength and product life. Moreover, since the components 32 are attached so that they overlap all peripheral sections in the form of a frame, the structural rigidity increases, and the opposing component, which is related to the tensile force created on the tension components 30 and 31, can be distributed over all peripheral sections. As a result, cracking caused by stress concentration can be prevented.

The length / width ratios and dimensions of the building panels 40 and 50 can be selected in the desired way by changing the number of building blocks 10 and 20 located along the length and width, or their total number. This ensures widespread use of these panels in the form of flat structures of various types that make up the building. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 10, building panels 41 and 42 having various shapes (ratios of longitudinal and transverse dimensions) or sizes and formed by a plurality of building blocks 10 can be combined to form a flat structure such as, for example, a railing 43 .

Next, a building block and a building panel assembled from such blocks according to the third and fourth embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to FIGS.

As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, the building block 70 according to the first of these options is a block that allows you to mount the flat structure described below (building panel) by placing a plurality of blocks in the form of a flat object. In this case, the four outer peripheral surfaces of the blocks, namely the upper (70a), lower (70b), left side (70c) and right side (70d), are brought into contact with the corresponding surfaces of adjacent blocks. In block 70, through holes 71 are provided parallel to its front and rear surfaces (respectively, 70f and 70e) for introducing bar-shaped tension components into them, as will be described below, and on the upper surface 70a, i.e. recessed portions 72 are formed on the outer peripheral surface intersecting the axial direction of the through holes 71. These portions are designed to accommodate other tension components so that they intersect with the tension components introduced into the holes 71.

In addition, in the building block 70, five through cavities 73 are formed open from the upper and lower surfaces 70a and 70b. A groove 74 is formed on each of the left and right side surfaces 70c and 70d, oriented in the same direction as the longitudinal axes of the cavities 73.

The building block 80 shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 and used in combination with the building block 70 is a block that allows to mount a flat structure by placing the plurality of blocks 80 in the form of a flat object. In this case, the three outer peripheral surfaces of the blocks, namely the upper (80a), lower (80b) and left side (80c), are brought into contact with the building block 70. Through the block 80, through holes 81 are made parallel to its front and rear surfaces 80f and 80e intended for introducing into them the tension components in the form of rods, and on the upper surface 80a, i.e. recessed portions 82 are formed on the outer peripheral surface intersecting the axial direction of the through holes 81. These portions are designed to accommodate other tension components so that they intersect with the tension components introduced into the holes 81.

In addition, in the building block 80, a plurality of through cavities 83 are formed open from the upper and lower surfaces 80a and 80b. On one of the side surfaces of the block 80, namely, on the left side side 80c, a groove 84 is formed, oriented in the same direction as the longitudinal axis of the cavities 83.

In building blocks 70 and 80, the longitudinal dimensions of 70w and 80w are the same. The same applies to the numbers and positions of the through holes 71 and 81. However, the number of cavities 73 and 83, as well as the grooves 74 and 84 of these blocks are different. In particular, in block 70, five cavities 73 are arranged symmetrically, and a groove 74 is formed on both the left and right side surfaces 70c and 70d. At the same time, in block 80, three cavities 83 are located between the center and the left side surface 80c, and the groove 84 is formed only on the left side surface 80c.

In order to form the building panel described below, the auxiliary block 90 shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 is combined with the building blocks 70 and 80. It has the same external dimensions as the blocks 70, 80 shown in FIGS. 11, 13 and is a rectangular parallelepiped with flat outer peripheral surfaces provided with through holes 91. These holes have the same dimensions and are placed at the same positions as the through holes 71, 81 in blocks 70 and 80.

As shown in FIG. 17, a plurality of building blocks 70 are placed as a flat object, bringing their outer peripheral surfaces into contact. The blocks have through holes 71 linearly joined together in the axial direction. Then, as shown in FIGS. 20 (a) and 20 (b), respectively, tension components 30 are inserted into the joined holes 71, and tension components 31 are placed in recessed portions 82. In this case, an auxiliary unit 90 is placed at both ends of the tension components 30. shown in Fig. 15, and from the side of both ends of the tension components 31, an auxiliary unit 90h is installed (see Fig. 18). In the longitudinal direction 90w, it is two times shorter than the building block 80 and the auxiliary block 90 shown in Fig.13, 15, and has a recessed section 93. As shown in Fig.20 (b), the groove 84 is provided in the building block 80, which is centered relative to the longitudinal axis of the tension component 30, facing the right side surface 80d, where there is no groove 84.

After placing the building blocks 70, 80 and the auxiliary block 90 in the order shown in Fig. 19 (a), cement paste SP, which is a gap-filling agent for stress distribution, is introduced between adjacent blocks. It is a curable pasty material. The composition used in the present embodiment of the invention is formed by mixing rapidly hardening Portland cement and water in a ratio of about 2.6: 1.0. In FIG. 19 (a), the cement slurry SP is shown as a conventional “seam” for clarity, however, the actual thickness of the SP layer does not exceed 1 mm and is preferably approximately 0.1-0.2 mm.

After that, as shown in FIG. 20 (a), mounting plates 34d are mounted on the external thread portions 30a of the tension components 30. These sections protrude outward from the through holes 91 of the auxiliary units 90 located on the outer periphery of the structure. Next, elastic washers (not shown) are installed and nuts 37 are screwed. In addition, as shown in FIG. 20 (b), the external threads 31a of the tension components 31 protruding outward from the recessed sections 82 of the building blocks 80 located on the outer periphery, mounting plates 34e are also installed, followed by installation of elastic washers (not shown) and screwing on nuts 37.

At the time when the cement paste SP has hardened to a level sufficient to transmit compressive stress, each nut 37 is tightened to create a tensile force on the tension components 30 and 31. As a result, as shown in FIG. 19 (b), the gaps between the blocks filled with cement paste SP, and the building blocks 70, 80, as well as the auxiliary block 90 are firmly connected to each other under pressure, thereby forming the building panel 100 in the form of a flat structure shown in Fig.17. In this case, building blocks 80, as well as auxiliary blocks 90 and 90h with smooth surfaces, without cavities and through holes, with the exception of holes intended for bolts and located on open sections of the blocks, are placed on the outer peripheral sections of the panel 100. Therefore, the blocks can be tightly bonded to each other under pressure, without fear of damage caused by the voltage applied by the tension components 30 and 31 through the mounting plates 34d and 34e.

In the case of using shaped reinforcing bars with an external thread at the ends on the tension components 30 and 31 for screwing the nuts 37, it is not necessary to form the external thread portions 30a and 31a. In addition, if these components are coated with a corrosion-resistant material, for example a rubber tube, corrosion resistance is increased. This prevents the development of rust, which is formed due to the penetration of moisture from the boundaries between the blocks. In addition, elastic washers (not shown) placed between the mounting plates 34d, 34e and nuts 37 can prevent a decrease in tensile force caused by a shortened block size or an elongated size of the tension components 30 and 31.

Blocks 90, 90h and 80 are located on the peripheral sections of the building panel 100, which, when creating a tensile force on the tension components 30 and 31, act as opposing components. Thus, it is possible to create an appropriate tensile force on the components 30, 31, which provides excellent strength and service life of the product. Moreover, since these blocks are arranged so that they overlap all peripheral sections, the counteracting component, corresponding to the tensile force created on the tension components 30 and 31, can be distributed over all peripheral sections. As a result, cracking caused by stress concentration can be prevented.

In the construction panel 100, as shown in FIG. 19, cement paste SP, which acts as a gap filling agent, is introduced to distribute the opposing force between adjacent building blocks 70, 80 and auxiliary blocks 90, 90h. The specified input is carried out so that the gaps between adjacent blocks are filled completely. In such a structure, the compressive stress created between the blocks is evenly distributed and transmitted through adjacent blocks. Due to this, it is possible to prevent the formation of cracks or breaks caused by the concentration of compressive stress on the building blocks 70, 80 and the auxiliary blocks 90, 90h.

In the described construction, SP cement slurry is used as a gap filling agent. As a result of this application, in the building panel 100, it is possible to eliminate most of the small gaps between adjacent building blocks 70, 80 and auxiliary blocks 90, 90h. In this case, the compressive stress is evenly distributed and transmitted, thereby preventing the formation of cracks or breaks caused by stress concentration. For the stress distribution, in addition to the SP cement paste, paper materials, liquid glass or a metal material capable of deforming under the influence of the pressure of the coupled blocks, which is caused by the tensile force created on the tension components 30, 31, can also be used as these agents. This can be iron-based material, such as steel sheet.

It should be borne in mind that the building block 80 and the auxiliary blocks 90, 90h, which have a continuous structure, are used in areas close to the peripheral sections of the building panel 100. Therefore, the force applied to these blocks (they perform the function of components that provide a counteracting force, to create a tensile force on the tension components 30, 31), they do not damage or destroy. Moreover, with the tension components 30 and 31, the building panel 100 can be elastically deformed in the direction of deflection.

The ratio length / width and dimensions of the building panel 100 can be selected in the desired way by changing the number of building blocks 70, 80 and auxiliary blocks 90, 90h, located along the length and width, or their total number. Thus, this panel can be widely used in the form of various types of flat structures that make up the building.

Industrial applicability

The building block and building panel according to the present invention can be widely used as materials for forming a flat building structure, such as a wall, floor, ceiling or fencing of a building.

Claims (9)

1. The building block, made with the possibility of forming a flat structure by placing a plurality of blocks in the form of a flat object so that their outer peripheral surfaces are in contact with the surfaces of adjacent blocks, while the building block contains: through holes for introducing straight tension components in the form rods, recessed sections formed on the upper and lower surfaces forming the outer peripheral surfaces that intersect the axial direction through openings made with the possibility of accommodating other tension components therein, intersecting with the axes of said tension components, and through cavities open in zones on said upper and lower surfaces and communicating with each other in a direction along peripheral surfaces upon contact of said peripheral surfaces with corresponding peripheral the surfaces of an adjacent building block. 2. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the through holes are mutually parallel with the intervals between them and oriented along the width of the specified building block or in the perpendicular direction. 3. A building panel formed by placing a plurality of building blocks, as claimed in claim 1 or 2, in the form of a flat object with contacting their outer peripheral surfaces with the corresponding surfaces of adjacent blocks, with the mutual connection of these through holes, with the introduction of these tension components into the through holes and with the placement of the tension components in these recessed areas with subsequent binding of building blocks under pressure by creating a tensile force and these tension components. 4. The construction panel according to claim 3, characterized in that between the adjacent building blocks an agent is introduced that fills the gaps and is designed to distribute the opposing force. 5. The building panel according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the components that provide a counteracting force to create a tensile force on the tension components are attached to the outer peripheral surfaces of the building blocks located on the peripheral sections of the building panel. 6. The building panel according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains a block having a continuous structure and serving as a component exerting a counteracting force in an area close to the peripheral portion of the specified building panel. 7. The building panel according to claim 4, characterized in that said gap filling agent is a hardening paste or material capable of deforming under the influence of pressure connecting the building blocks. 8. The building panel according to claim 7, characterized in that the hardening paste is a cement paste or liquid glass. 9. A method of forming a building panel, including: placing the building blocks claimed in claim 1 or 2, adjacent to each other to form a flat object with the introduction of an agent filling the gaps between the outer peripheral surfaces of the building blocks and intended for voltage distribution, and with the mutual docking of the through holes made in the block, the introduction of the tension components into the specified through holes with the simultaneous placement of other tension components in the deepened sections the specified blocks and the application of tensile forces to the tension components for bonding building blocks under pressure.

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