RU2323338C2 - Open cast mining method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining, particularly open cast mining.

SUBSTANCE: method involves excavating large coarse mineral blocks by cutting slots with load-cutters; transporting mineral blocks to loadout level. Breakage face is advanced along strike. Mineral blocks are excavated in down-top direction to the rise by block sliding on trays along face ground to lower horizon with block movement by means of winches to loading area. Blocks laid on trays are loaded so that the trays are retained with rope and case mountings or without it if not required with the use of high-capacity truck-mounted crane. To develop seams having thickness exceeding maximal cutting depth of load-cutter mineral is cut in top-down direction with following cutting of layers each having thickness of not more than 2.2 m. Lower horizon provided with rail track is located at seam floor. The rail track is erected on lower horizon. Here blocks are loaded into cars. Cut mineral blocks are independently lowered from breakage faces at each layer to lower load horizon along movable mechanized metal structures provided with smooth metal descend having rounded ends, hoisting winch and bypassing block installed on vertical post. Vertical post height provides free snake line movement for cut mineral block movement. Blocks are separately loaded in cars from each layer.

EFFECT: increased output, improved operational and environmental safety and economical efficiency.

4 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to mining and can be used in open pit mining of mineral deposits occurring in beds or gently sloping deposits.

The method consists in extracting a fossil without destroying it, by cutting it in large rectangular blocks, which has a number of major advantages that are not achievable in other ways.

There is a method of open-pit mining of stratified mineral deposits / 1 / by softening the array by blasting and loading the rock mass with excavators into railway cars or heavy trucks.

The closest is the Kariman method of underground mining, including its extraction by cutting from the bottomhole massif with blocks using cutting and hydraulic cutting machines. Metal frames are put on the blocks during the cutting process to facilitate loading and transport work with the blocks (see RF patent No. 2269003 C2, Е21С 41/16, 2006).

Two slits are cut by cutting machines, parallel to the plane of the formation: at its boundaries with the roof and soil. Transverse and rear vertical slots are cut by hydraulic cutting machines. Fossil delivery on lava is carried out on delivery trolleys along corner guides using cargo winches. Lava is fastened by sections of mechanized hydraulic lining. In relation to open development technology, this method contains some unnecessary processes. This is the cutting of the upper gap in the reservoir and fastening. A number of processes are performed irrationally in relation to open development technology. This is the cutting of the transverse and rear vertical slots with hydraulic cutting machines, as well as the delivery of cut blocks to the sides of the face on delivery trolleys.

It is more expedient to cut transverse and rear vertical cracks in open work with cutting machines. The use of hydraulic cutting machines that cut the array with thin waterjet jets of ultrahigh pressure, in this case unnecessarily complicates the production and increases the cost of production. In open works, the developed layer has an additional exposed surface. Equipment can be placed on this surface and production processes can be carried out, in particular cutting through transverse and rear vertical slots with cutting machines.

When working faces along the strike of the formation with the issuance of fossil blocks by dip, the use of special delivery vehicles (delivery trolleys) is not required, since the blocks can be moved using freight winches by sliding on metal pallets. At small dip angles, when the tractive effort of the cargo winch plus the force of the inclined component from the weight of the block is insufficient to overcome the sliding friction force of the metal of the pallet against the rocks of the stope soil, pallets on small-diameter rollers can be used.

The objective of the invention is to significantly increase the productivity, economic efficiency, safety and environmental friendliness of sewage treatment in sections by creating a technology for extracting the cutting of blocks of fossil from the massif with cutting machines and loading the cut blocks in the railway. wagons or trucks. The non-use of blasting to loosen the array of fossils can significantly increase the safety of treatment. The non-destruction of the massif, the development of its large blocks leads to the elimination of minerals in placers and to a sharp reduction in the emission of harmful gases and dust from it and creates a truly environmentally friendly production. The transition from production in placers to production in large blocks can also significantly increase the economic efficiency of work by eliminating low-productivity processes using small bucket excavators, bulldozers and scrapers, especially on low-power formations, which greatly increases the cost of treatment.

The task is achieved by the fact that for cutting blocks of fossil all kinds of cracks: transverse, lower and rear are cut by cutting machines. In the process of cutting blocks into the lower slot, one after the other, massive metal pallets are drawn in successively following the movement of the cutting machine cutting it. The contours of the pallets correspond to the cross section of the mined blocks. After cutting the back vertical slit, the blocks of the fossil under the influence of their own weight firmly sit on pallets. Further, the cut blocks are lowered onto metal pallets using freight winches to the lower cargo horizon and pulled by another cargo winch to a heavy-duty truck crane for loading blocks into railway cars or trucks.

The invention is illustrated by means of drawings, each of which shows the following:

Figure 1 - cutting (schematically in profile) with a cutting machine No. 1 of a transverse slit in a mineral array: 1 - cutting machine No. 1; 2 - a transverse gap in the bottomhole array; 3 - cutting bar cutting through the transverse gap.

The cutting machine No. 1 in the process of cutting the transverse slit moves perpendicular to the front of the working face from its edge at a distance of 60-80 m to ensure the front of work on cutting blocks with the remaining cutting machines for several days. The distance between the transverse slots is equal to the length of the cut blocks of the fossil and is taken according to the conditions of its transportation to consumers. To prepare the excavation site of the fossil for mining, the transverse slots should be cut along the entire length of the working face.

Figure 2, a and b - cutting through the cutting machine No. 2 of the bottom gap and the cutting machine No. 3 of the rear vertical gap; 2a is a front view from the side of the working face; and 2b is a plan view: 4 - a cutting machine No. 2 cutting through the lower slot; 5 - cutting machine No. 3, cutting through a given vertical gap; 6 - cutting bar cutting machine number 3; 2 - transverse cracks; 7 - cutting bar cutting machine No. 2; 8 - the inner edge of the lower gap; 9 - back vertical slit; 10 - metal pallets pulled into the bottom slot.

Cutting machines No. 2 and No. 3 are moved along the face with the help of a cable stretched along the path of movement. The cable is wound on a drum located in the feed part of the cutting machine. From the other end, the cable is mounted on a spacer or peg driven into an array of fossils. The cutting machine No. 2 moves along the face of the face close to the chest of the face. Its cutting bar cuts the bottom slit in the fossil massif at the border with the face soil to the accepted capture depth in the process of moving the machine. When using the Ural-33 cutting machines manufactured by the Kopeysk Machine Plant, according to the technical characteristics of the machine, its maximum capture depth is 2.2 m, and the maximum working speed when cutting a slot is 2.8 m / min. Slit thickness 14 cm (maximum).

The cutting machine No. 3 moves after the cutting machine No. 2, being on the exposed side surface of the formation. In order for its cutting bar to cut through the rear vertical slot, it should be directed vertically downward. Therefore, the cutting machine No. 3, moving parallel to the face line along the exposed surface of the formation, like the cutting machine No. 1, is on its side. Between the cutting machines No. 2 and No. 3, the distance is maintained so that metal pallets are placed in the lower slot in this section of the face. Fig.2b dotted line shows the position in the lower slot of the pallets drawn into it.

Figure 3 - metal pallet and in expanded form cable accessories of the fossil block for its transportation and loading, plan view: 11 - central sling ring; 12 - side sling rings; 13 - corner loops for drawing pallets into the lower slot; 14 - hooks for slinging cable ends and accessories; 15 - loops for slinging cable ends from cargo winches.

The metal pallet is a massive steel plate corresponding in shape to the section of the mined blocks and thick enough to support the weight of the fossil block (up to 21 tons) during loading and unloading without deformation. The pallet has metal loops 13 for slinging the cable ends when it is pulled into the lower slot and loops 15 for slinging the cable ends from cargo winches when it is moved to the loading horizon.

Cable equipment is necessary for lifting heavy fossil blocks during loading and unloading. It consists of a central and two side rings and six cable ends. Four cable ends are free on one side and have hooking hooks at the ends 14. The central ring has a half-ring welded to it, for which the crane hook hooks when loading the blocks. Cable equipment is put on cut blocks immediately after its displacement from the bottomhole array in preparation for the descent to the lower horizon.

Figure 4 - metal pallet, cable accessories and canvas for sheathing the sides of the fossil block before its descent to the lower horizon, plan view: 16 - canvas for sheathing the sides of the block; 17 - hooks for slinging the sheathed web.

If the fossil massif is loose and destroyed during transportation by blocks, then before installing the equipment, the fossil block must first be sheathed on the sides with dense material, on which the cable equipment is then put on. As can be seen in figure 4, on the one hand two cable ends are sewn into the cover fabric. After the central and lateral hoisting rings are lifted up, the cover sheet is pulled around the block and secured with hooks 17. Then, four free cable ends drop down on the sides of the block and hook 14 to the other hinges of the pallet.

In Fig. 5, a and b - retraction of a metal tray in the lower slot; 5a is a profile view along a section of a transverse slit; and 5b is a plan view: 18 is a lower slot; 19 - cable ends for retracting the pallet.

Figures 5a and b are a graphical representation of the process of retracting the pallet 10 into the lower slot 18 with two cable ends 19 that are slid with their hooks and loops 13 of the pallet. Pulling is performed by two workers, who, holding the free ends of the cables, move along the exposed surface of the developed formation along the transverse slots in the direction opposite to the working face. In this case, both cable ends pass through transverse adjacent slots from top to bottom from the workers to the hinges of the pallet, pulling it into the lower slot. After the pallet is completely pulled into the slot, the workers return to the retracted pallet and, using poles with bent ends, pull out the hooks of the cable ends from the loops of the pallet and pull the cable ends out of the transverse slots.

Figure 6 - diagram of the development of minerals according to the method of Professor Kariman, view in plan: 4 - cutting machine No. 2, cutting through the lower slot; 5 - cutting machine No. 3, cutting through the rear vertical gap; 10 - metal pan, before retracting it into the lower slot; 20 - winch for lifting pallets on the face; 21 - fossil block, lowered to the lower horizon by sliding on pallets using a cargo winch; 22 - a cargo winch for delivering blocks to the lower horizon; 23 - fossil block, pulled to the place of loading; 24 - winch for pulling the blocks to the place of loading; 25 - heavy-duty truck crane for loading blocks into wagons; 26 - railway cars for loading with mining blocks; 27 - truck crane for loading pallets from wagons onto the cargo horizon.

Figure 6 schematically depicts the technology for developing a hollow bed of fossil in large blocks according to the method of Professor Kariman. The entire excavation section is cut by a cutting machine No. 1 with transverse slots of 12 transverse stripes. Two cutting machines move along the working face: No. 2 and No. 3. Machine number 2 moves along the bottom of the face close to his chest. Machine No. 3 moves along the exposed lateral surface of the formation parallel to the face line at a distance of the cutting width of the cutting machine from the edge of the face. To the place of laying pallets in the lower slot with these cutting machines, pallets are fed from the lower cargo horizon using a cargo winch 20 located on the upper horizon in the area of its interface with the face. On the lower cargo horizon, pallets are unloaded together with a cable case cover with a truck crane 27 from the railway wagons fed under loading by fossil blocks. Then they are pulled by the winch 24 to the lower mating zone, where they are slinged with the cable end of the winch 20 for lifting to the bookmark in the lower slot.

Before descending to the lower cargo horizon, the cut-out fossil block 21 is displaced from its initial position in the array by means of a winch 22 a short distance to install cable (and cover, if necessary) equipment on it. Then, with the help of winch 22, the block descends along the bottom by the fall of the formation to the lower horizon. In the zone of lower bottom mating, the delivered block is slinged with the cable end of the winch 24 and is pulled up to the truck crane for loading into the railway. wagons or truck.

Figure 7 - diagram of the descent of the cut out fossil block from the face of the upper layer to the lower cargo horizon during the development of a powerful flat layer in layers, front view: 21 - descent mining block of the fossil; 22 - cargo winch used to move the block along the face and on the descent; 28 - mobile mechanized metalwork for lowering the blocks; 29 - bypass block; 30 - metal rack under the bypass block.

The use of mobile mechanized metalwork for lowering blocks of fossil from the face, developing the upper layer of a powerful layer to the lower cargo horizon, allows us to efficiently develop powerful flat layers of the method of Professor Kariman according to the layer scheme. The thickness of the layer, which is removed by one face, is determined by the capture depth of the cutting machine. Therefore, the thickness of the developed layer cannot exceed the maximum capture depth of the cutting machine by 2.2 m. The lower cargo horizon, along which the railway track passes and where the blocks are loaded into the cars, is located on the soil of the developed powerful layer. Mined fossil blocks from the working faces of each layer are lowered to the lower cargo horizon. Layers are developed from top to bottom. The loading of blocks into the cars is carried out separately near each mechanized descent, which move on the rollers after the face of each layer. In this case, the maximum concentration of mining operations per cargo horizon is achieved, since the loading of mined blocks from all layers goes to one loading train.

Professor Kariman’s way of developing minerals in open cast mining allows for high productivity even on small formations. So, with a thickness of a shallow layer of 2 m, blocks with dimensions of 3 m × 2.2 m × 2.0 m are mined. At a cutting speed of 2.8 m / min, the rate of entry of cut blocks into the lower cargo horizon is 1.07 min. With a lifting weight of 1.45 t / cbm, the weight of each unit is 19.1 t. This gives an hourly output of a single face of 1080 t / h. Since the blank driving of the cutting machine No. 2 takes a short time, because is produced using winch 22, without removing the cutting machine from its working position, in general, the average daily productivity practically does not decrease, amounting to 24 thousand tons per day.

When developing a powerful reservoir in layers by the method of Professor Kariman, the daily production from the reservoir is summed up from the production on each layer. Therefore, when developing a reservoir with a capacity of 11 m, developed in five layers with a thickness of 2.2 m each, the total production from the site will be equal to 24 thousand tons × 5 = 120 thousand tons / day.

An important advantage of the development method is that high productivity of mining sites is also achieved on milk-producing strata, which are not developed at many sections, since they are considered substandard. So on the reservoir with a capacity of 1 m the average daily production can be brought up to 10-12 thousand tons per day.

The very high productivity, as well as the non-use of expensive mining equipment: excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, etc. greatly reduces the cost of cleaning operations when they are conducted by the method of Professor Kariman, making them economically very effective.

This method of developing minerals significantly increases the safety and environmental friendliness of sewage treatment in connection with the non-use of blasting. Failures of electric detonators, unexploded explosive cartridges in coal wells then explode from detonation when excavators or bulldozers are working, seriously injuring workers. The non-use of bulldozers eliminates the risk of severe or fatal injuries to tractor drivers from lateral tipping or tipping back of the tractor when it moves along an inclined uneven surface of the developed formation due to the squeezing of the cab by a heavy motor reinforced by the action of a large tipping moment during tipping.

The development of fossils in large blocks allows you to create truly environmentally friendly production at sections. The non-use of blasting during mining allows you to prevent the creation of dust clouds, which hang especially in deep sections, not dispersing in the atmosphere, poisoning the environment and causing occupational diseases of miners. Non-destruction of a fossil during mining leads to a 3-4-fold reduction in the emission of harmful gases contained in the fossil into the atmosphere. Failure to appear in the context of a mineral in a placer sharply improves the environment.

The extraction of minerals by the method of Professor Kariman gives many advantages in the further transportation of production to consumers. So almost one and a half times the railway capacity increases. cars for the placement of the extracted mineral. This is due to the fact that the bulk density of the fossil in the blocks is much greater than its bulk weight when the fossil is transported in bulk. An increase in the carriage capacity by one and a half times, respectively, by one and a half times reduces the need for cuts in the number of cars for loading, the length of freight trains, the length of railway platforms, and railway stations. paths etc. When equipping freight railways transportation by a sufficient number of powerful locomotives capable of driving one and a half times more heavy trains from the same number of cars, with the existing development of railway lines and loading cars with fossils in large blocks, the throughput of railways along major freight routes will increase one and a half times. For Russia, where the main largest mining enterprises are located in Eastern and Western Siberia, and the main consumers in the European center and abroad, remote at a distance of 4-5 thousand km, this is very important.

When transporting production in large blocks, loading and unloading, warehousing, port terminal operations, transportation of fossil in sea vessels are greatly simplified and cheapened.

With regard to transportation and storage of coal, mining in large blocks provides two more important advantages: coal does not ignite spontaneously and does not freeze in winter. These phenomena are currently very seriously complicate the work of many industrial enterprises. Significant savings on railways transport, loading and unloading, sorting and storage of minerals for Russia as a mining country is of paramount importance.

References.

1. Mountain encyclopedia. M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1984.

Claims (4)

1. The method of open development of mineral deposits, including mining of large rectangular blocks with cutting transverse, lower and rear slots with cutting machines, laying in the process of cutting metal pallets into the lower slot, subsequent transportation of the extracted blocks to the loading horizon and loading into cars or cars , characterized in that the cutting of all types of slots is made by cutting machines, the line of the face is moved along the strike of the formation, the excavation of blocks plagued bottom updip formation and fossil descent blocks produced by drop formation by sliding on pallets on the lower face soil horizon displacement winches to the loading; loading of blocks is carried out on pallets dangled with a cable and a cover or without it, rigging, truck cranes of greater carrying capacity. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cutting of the slits is performed simultaneously by three cutting machines: first, the transverse slots are cut by moving the first cutting machine from the edge of the face along the strike along the exposed side surface of the formation, being on its side, so that its cutting bar is directed down and cuts the transverse gap perpendicular to the plane of the reservoir and the line of the face; the second cutting machine cuts the bottom gap in the formation at its border with the soil rock, so that the plane of the lower slot is parallel to the plane of the formation, while the 2nd cutting machine moves along the face line along the uprising of the formation along the soil close to the bottom of the face; the third cutting machine also moves along the uprising of the formation along the face, being on its side and moving along the upper exposed side surface of the formation, while its cutting bar is directed vertically downward and forms a back vertical slit when the machine moves, ending the cutting of fossil blocks in this excavation cycle. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that in the sections along the length of the face between the 2nd and 3rd cutting machines, metal pallets are laid in the lower slot; the pallets are drawn into the slot with two cable ends with hooks dangled to the hinges welded to the corners of the pallets from the bottom; two workers, located above on the side surface of the formation, by pulling the cable ends passing from top to bottom through the transverse slots to the loops of the pallets, draw the pallets into the lower slot to its entire depth. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when developing a formation with a capacity greater than the maximum capture depth of the cutting machine 2.2 m, the development of the formation is carried out in layers from top to bottom with sequential mining of layers with a capacity of no more than the depth of capture of the cutting machine; at the same time, the lower cargo horizon along which the railway track runs and where the blocks are loaded into wagons is located on the soil of the formation; from the working faces of each layer, the extracted fossil blocks are separately lowered to the cargo horizon using mobile mechanized metal structures equipped with a smooth metal descent, rounded at the ends, a cargo winch and a bypass block mounted on a vertical rack, together with which the cable moves freely to move the extracted blocks; blocks are loaded into wagons separately from each layer.

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