RU2317701C2 - Forestry method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry.

SUBSTANCE: method involves successively performing cutting, felling, tree bunching operations in cutting area during advancement of machines along swath skidding roads, and planting forest crops; working out cutting area by successively performing the following steps of process circuit using cutting-delimbing-bucking-bunching machine moving along skidding road: successively cutting trees within skidding road width; moving each tree by distance sufficient for horizontal placement of tree in spacing without disturbing trees kept in rows and spacing and, while pulling cut tree with its head, delimbing it in skidding road; bucking successively delimbed trunk part into lengths and laying-bunching lengths near skidding road in spacing; after cutting of all trees for one pass of machine in skidding road, collecting and transporting lengths by means of forwarder to wood loading point to thereby set free spaces for processing of other trees cut in swath strips and bunching of lengths; at subsequent working stroke of machine, successively cutting and shortening cut trees at one side of skidding road wherein maximum access to trees in rows is provided, with direction of skidding road relative to direction of row being taken into account; after collecting and transporting by means of forwarder of stocked lengths to wood loading point, performing third working stroke of machine along skidding road in direction opposite to previous stroke, wherein maximum access to trees from other side of skidding road is provided without necessity for wide turnings of machine tools; providing procedures similar to previous circuit and terminating process by carrying stocked lengths to wood loading point; upon termination of cutting procedures at forest generation alternation stage, creating forest crops on the basis of line-row process by arranging forest crop rows along-parallel to skidding roads through cleaning of strips, tilling of soil and planting of seedlings, each of skidding roads being used as spacing; newly providing skidding roads intersecting forest crop rows at an angle thereto, and closing forest growing cycle.

EFFECT: increased efficiency in realization of various forest growing procedures.

6 ex

Description

The invention relates to forestry.

In forestry and forestry, methods are known for implementing various forestry activities with technologies characterized by a set of features, some of which are similar to the features of the proposed method. For forestry activities, technologies were singled out mainly in the main areas of forestry or its more or less large blocks - main felling, reforestation, forest protection and others (see sources of information 1 ... 7), developed and applied in practice independently and therefore poorly linked , if necessary, a holistic solution of the problems of forestry and forestry in accordance with the provisions of the section "Technological support of regional systems of forestry activities and integrated in measures for expanded reproduction of forest resources ”, approved as early as 1991,“ Fundamental provisions for the organization and management of forestry on a zonal-typological basis ”, specified in 2001, in adopted by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia“ Methodological Recommendations for the Organization of Forestry and Sustainable Management forests. "

Known methods of main-use felling, displayed in logging and forestry literature and documents (see 1, 3), however, they do not fully correspond to the variety of natural forestry objects. The technologies for logging operations of main cutting in the known methods are presented in a large chain of logging technologies, a separate integrated link - a chain of work operations of preparatory and main logging operations, differentiated depending on the features (characteristics) of technical equipment, as well as relatively for skidding (trees, whips etc.) and very weak, with the allocation of only certain technological processes according to the territorial technological structure of the cutting areas (narrow-risk and non-safe technology). The technologies of methods of thinning are relatively systematized according to the territorial structure of objects (see 3, 4), but they contain a far from sufficient set of technology options necessary for more or less complete implementation of systems and complexes of forest care measures. In addition, they are not worked out in the corresponding technological chains step-by-step and are not connected in space and time with the technologies of main-cutting and reforestation. Technologies in other areas of forestry and, accordingly, general forestry, in comparison with the technology of logging operations of main cutting and thinning, are not even structurally separated from the actual activities that they implement (see 2, 5, 6).

The forestry method (see 7) adopted in the Forest Encyclopedia edited by A.M. Prokhorov, M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1985, v. 1, p. 529-531, was adopted as a prototype.

However, this method has several disadvantages, among which the following can be distinguished.

1) For integral complex complexes of forestry activities and their components, as a whole, adequate technologies are not given, their systems and complexes - there is no “Forestry Technology”.

2) For the development and formation of technologies of individual blocks of events of a single forestry complex, various sets of unrelated technology-forming factors are used, which largely determines the difficulties of their necessary combination.

3) The technologies of individual events, their blocks, which are the means of implementing systems of forestry measures, in turn, are not enough or even not interconnected and do not form a single whole, which reduces the effectiveness of their application.

4) The technologies of many forestry events are not structurally separated from the events themselves, representing aggregates consisting of methods, standards and methods, which naturally creates difficulties in improving them as systems of the whole - technologies for forestry measures systems, forestry technologies.

5) In existing and emerging technologies of various forestry activities, technological means are used in general and in some parts that are not technologically systematized, which reduces the effectiveness of their application, assessment and determination of the full scope (set) of technologies for use.

6) The technologies of the existing method of forestry as a whole and in separate parts do not contain an integral component of the modern technological complex - a set of operations for assessing their acceptability, effectiveness, and certification for compliance with established forestry and technological requirements.

The technical result is an increase in the efficiency of the implementation of various systems of forestry activities by implementing a single technology interconnected in the system of forestry activities. It consists of mutually agreed components (links) that are cyclically repeated in the aggregate, ensuring the effective (adequate) implementation of all activities of forestry systems.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that in the method of forestry, which includes the sequential execution of cutting operations on the cutting area, felling, tree packing while moving machines along the technological lines of apiaries and planting forest crops, the development of the cutting area is carried out by the sequential execution of the following operations of the processing chain: cutting-delimbing in the working mode of movement in the direction of the drag, the trees are cut sequentially by cutting and sequentially cutting trees within its width, while Before the cut tree is moved to the distance necessary for horizontal placement in the row-spacing, they are stacked without damaging the trees stored in the rows and row-spacings and dragging the cut tree with the working head, the knots are cut on the fiber, the parts of the trunk that are cleared of branches from the branches are sequentially cut into stacks with packing they are next to the drag in the row-spacing, then after cutting down all the trees on the draw in one working move, the logs are collected and transported by the forwarder to the timber loading point, freeing places for processing other cuttings in technological strips of trees and bundling assortments; during the next working stroke of the machine, all trees that are cut down are cut and cut sequentially on one side of the draw, where the maximum availability of trees in the rows is ensured, taking into account the direction of the draw in relation to the direction of the row, after collection and delivering the harvested assortments to the logging point by the forwarder, carry out the third working stroke of the machine along the wire in the direction opposite to the previous move, where the maximum accessibility of trees on the other side of the draw is ensured without large turns of the working bodies of the machine, they carry out technological operations similar to the previous chain and complete the transportation of harvested assortments to a timber loading point; upon completion of felling at the stage of changing forest generations, the creation of forest crops is carried out according to a linear-row technology with the placement of rows of forest crops along - parallel to the draws - stripping, cultivating the soil, planting seedlings, and each draw is used as one of the row spacing, then after the young growth according to linear technologies, using aisle for passage of machines, upon reaching the thinning stage, dies are again laid, intersecting rows of forest crops at an angle, and closing the reforestation technological cycle duction. According to the established goals and content of forestry activities, taking into account natural and other conditions on the basis of the presented basic technology, a set of the following technology-forming factors is determined for forestry technologies as a whole, including the technological structure of territorial forestry facilities; technological subjects and technological materials of forestry technologies; complexes sequentially performed on certain parts of the forestry facility and at a certain time of operations; technological types of technical means providing appropriate methods for performing technological operations. If necessary, they also use, to one degree or another, regulated processes for converting objects, materials, and territorial objects of technology.

In the basic version, the technological structure of the site - forestry facility in accordance with the objectives of reforestation, taking into account the possible use of technical means of forestry cutting, shearing, delimbing, bucking-and-bunching machines (harvesters), determine the technologically accessible width of technological strips and apiaries and based on the required number of planted plants of forest crops determine the target distance between the rows of planted plants, including with incomplete and partial forest crops, and establish the angle at which the technological corridors - dies must cross the rows of forest crops to ensure technological accessibility of all trees, taking into account the size of the working head of multi-operation machines to prevent damage to the trees left when it is brought to the tree to be cut by the manipulator under the necessary and a possible angle to the direction of the row. At the same time, it is taken into account that, in the variant of crossing the rows by dies at a right angle, equal accessibility of trees in both rows of crops adjacent to the row-spacing is provided, and with an increase in the deviation of the angle from the straight, the accessibility of trees on one side of the draw increases in one row and sharply decreases on the other.

Taking into account the established direction of technological trails (corridors) relative to the rows of forest crops, they determine and create an almost territorial technological structure of the site.

Development of the cutting area is carried out by sequentially performing the following operations of the technological chain in certain ways: a shearing-delimbing-shearing-stacking machine in an operating mode of movement in the direction of the draw sequentially cut trees within its width, while each cut tree is moved to the distance necessary for horizontal placement in row-spacing, stack without damaging the trees stored in rows and row-spacings and dragging a cut tree with a working head, cut uchya portage on (if necessary its strengthening) and raskryazhevyvayut sequentially cleaned by branches of the barrel with the laying on assortments - stacking (ridging) near their dragged between rows. If it is necessary to use chopping residues, pruning is carried out next to the die with their earthing up for subsequent shipment.

With a relatively large number and the need to preserve many trees (during thinning, logging and other logging) after cutting all the trees in the drawing strip in one working step of the harvester, the assortments are collected and transported by the forwarder to the timber loading point, freeing up space for processing other cut trees and packing assortments . At the next working course of the harvester, all trees that are cut down are sequentially cut and cut on one side of the draw, where the maximum availability of trees in the rows is ensured, taking into account the direction of the draw in relation to the direction of the row. Each cut tree is moved to the felling zone - stumps of branches in the row-spacing, where it is laid safely (without damaging the trees being preserved), then the harvester is pulled by the manipulator to the fiber, the branches are cut, the assortments are cut and bundled next to the fiber. After collecting and transporting the harvested assortments by the forwarder to the logging point, the third harvester travels along the draw in the direction opposite to the previous move, which ensures maximum accessibility of trees on the other side of the draw (in the other opposite apiary ribbon) without large turns of the working bodies of the machine. Technological operations are carried out in the same way as in the previous component chain, and complete with the transportation of harvested assortments to the timber loading (forest technological) point.

Based on the described basic technology with a possible probability of its use, incl. using other technologies, forestry-technological systems are built by identifying at the first stage one, two, less often more of the key technologies of forest regeneration (forest felling, reforestation) - the most advanced ones that determine the construction of targeted effective environmentally friendly technology systems, complementing and linking all the key ones other technologies on the main technology-forming factors. At the same time, more and less universal modular systems for many forestry and technological systems are used as nodal maximally.

According to the functional purpose, the types of technologies of logging are more often used as nodal - cutting areas, supplementing them with second nodal reforestation technologies, if necessary. At the same time, in order to take into account the variety of conditions and objects of application, in addition to using simple ones, complex multivariate types of technologies are created, including technologies of forest felling with transportation of assortments on the basis of harvesters and forwarders, where in addition to the typical option - with felling of all trees (to be felled) in an apiary in one working stroke of the harvester, two, three and even four receiving technologies are formed and applied, in which all trees are respectively they cut down in two, three, four working steps of the harvester alternating with complete transportation of the assortments by the forwarder, which ensures better safety of the undergrowth, when using the same methods for re-felling the trees station in the apiary and, first of all, strips of dragging and dragging areas - “pockets” for hilling - packing of a significant number of assortments, especially in case of single-reception (continuous) felling of highly productive stands with preservation of undergrowth. Subtypes and variants of nodal technologies are similarly formed on the basis of shearing (felling) -batching (VPM) and skidding machines with the formation of bundles of trees that are optimal in width and volume. Moreover, taking into account that the bulk of damage to the undergrowth occurs in the borderline with the fiber during the skidding of large bundles with wide-crowned trees, and sometimes only one tree in the apiary with large branches from the trunk, the technology is formed as two, three, respectively, with two, three technological chains of work operations, including cutting the tree, moving it in an upright position and packing on the track of the VPM, and in the first step all the trees in the dragging strip and part of the trees are cut down tapes to the formation of bundles of optimal volume that fit when skidding into the technological corridor. After the formed packs are skimmed out with a skidder, the second technique is carried out respectively - VPM working stroke with cutting down all or part of the trees in the technological apiaries, packing them along the VPM trail and picking up the bundles at the logging point, and if some of the trees did not enter the second cycle of the technological chains repeat the third time like the previous one. In the implementation of all the techniques, starting with the first one for cutting trees in technological strips — the hair strips, the number of optimal “moves” is determined, the manipulator moves the working head to the trees being cut down one by one and back to the minimum departure of the manipulator, using them many times to ensure minimal destruction of the undergrowth and damage to the trees , and to narrow the wide bundles, they use a technology option with an additional (before skidding) operation of trimming individual large branches that extend beyond The limits of the drawing. Similarly to the above, multi-receiving technologies are formed with skidding of whips beyond the peaks, as well as technologies with skidding of assortments based on rope-choker skidders - chain saws and others.

The technologies create relatively independent, relatively differentiated according to the functional objects of silvicultural measures - logging, reforestation and others, and within them for each respective type of measures, while several technologies can bring a particular type of measures into line and vice versa, which makes it possible to choose technology options depending on specific conditions and goals, and for the implementation of systems and complexes of measures of different levels of generality from individual technical ology create and enforce appropriate systems and complexes forestry technologies.

To assess the acceptability and quality of the created technologies and their systems, the effectiveness of their use, a monitoring system is used, including an assessment of compliance with the established requirements of the actual data of the characteristics of the technologies, starting from the stage of their development, design and ending with the stage of testing and acceptance, and then the efficiency of use in practice, establishing (identifying) the revealed shortcomings and making changes to the technologies, the mode (rules) of their application, to eliminate the identified shortcomings and improved I technology.

Certification of any private technology, technological systems and complexes, and forestry technology as a whole is carried out by establishing the conformity of their characteristics, projected and actual technological impacts and their consequences, which are displayed by certain parameters of forestry objects, acceptable normative according to forestry and environmental requirements. At the same time, they establish a specific certification area of individual technologies for functional and territorial objects of their application.

The lack of information on the application of the described system of actions and operations to solve the task and achieve the corresponding goal and the non-obviousness of the proposed solution for specialists, based on the known level of forestry development, allows us to conclude that the proposed invention meets the criteria of “novelty” and “inventive step”. The possibility of implementing the described technological solutions allows us to recognize the invention as acceptable in practice through the inclusion in regulatory and technical documents, textbooks and recommendations without allocating special funds for the development of the method, but with a clear economic and environmental effect in its application.

Examples

Example 1. Creation and application of a multifunctional forestry-technological system (complex) based on a nodal narrowly straight-strip (apiary) technology of forest felling with logs transportation on the basis of shearing, delimbing, bucking-and-bunching machines and machines for sorting trucks, and supplementing interconnected with it (nodal) linear-ordinary technologies for the creation of forest crops, as well as technologies for other forestry activities, including based on multioperational machines.

The initial characteristic of the functional-territorial object of application of the forestry-technological system.

Plots of complex and blueberry spruce forests in the forests of the first group, characterized by a relatively even relief, in the absence of a reliable potential for natural reforestation.

According to the state of natural conditions and the intended use of forests, it is established that for the maintenance and use of forests in these areas it is necessary and sufficiently guaranteed to use the forestry-reforestation system of reforestation and forestry in general with the creation of incomplete or partial forest crops of target species, supplemented by naturally regenerated forest-forming plants. Construction and application of forestry-technological system.

The forestry-technological system is created on the basis of a combination of two key technologies of the main forestry measures of forest cutting and reforestation, supplemented by the technologies of all other measures interconnected with them, based on the use of multioperational machines as basic technical means. According to the characteristics of cash and planned for the use of technical means of forestry cuttings (maximum reach of the harvester manipulator), the technologically possible width of technological strips and apiaries is determined, then, taking into account the required number of planted plants of incomplete or partial forest crops, they determine the target distances between rows of planted plants and, therefore, the angle at which the technological corridors - dies must cross the rows of forest crops to provide technological access st of all the trees in view of the magnitude of the working head of multioperational machines to avoid damage to remaining trees when approaching it against the cut wood manipulator under the necessary and possible angle to the direction of the series. At the same time, it is taken into account that, in the variant of crossing the rows by dies at a right angle, equal accessibility of trees in both rows of crops adjacent to the row-spacing is provided, and with an increase in the deviation of the angle from the straight, the accessibility of trees on one side of the draw increases in one row and sharply decreases on the other.

Taking into account the established direction of technological trails (corridors) relative to the rows of forest crops, they determine and create an almost territorial technological structure of the site.

The development of the cutting area is carried out by sequentially performing the following operations of the technological chain in certain ways: a shearing-delimbing-shearing-stacking machine in an operating mode of movement in the direction of the draw sequentially cut trees within its width, while each cut tree is moved to the distance necessary for horizontal placement in the aisle , stack without damaging the trees stored in rows and row spacings, and dragging a cut tree with a working head, cut with training on the draw (if it is necessary to strengthen it) and level out sections of the trunk sequentially cleaned from knots on assortments with stacking - packing (hilling) them next to the draw in the aisles. If it is necessary to use chopping residues, pruning is carried out next to the die with their earthing up for subsequent shipment.

Depending on the number of trees felled in the technological lanes, they are felled according to one of the following options. With a relatively large number and the need to preserve many trees (during thinning, passage and other logging) after cutting, in one working move of the harvester, all the trees on the strip, the assortments are collected and transported by the forwarder to the timber loading point, freeing up space for processing other cut trees and batching assortments. At the next working course of the harvester, all trees that are cut down are sequentially cut and cut on one side of the draw, where the maximum availability of trees in the rows is ensured, taking into account the direction of the draw in relation to the direction of the row. Each cut tree is moved to the felling zone - stumps in the aisle, where it is laid safely (without damaging the trees being preserved), then the harvester is pulled by the manipulator to the draw, the knots are cut, the assortments are cut and bundled next to the draw. After collecting and transporting the harvested assortments by the forwarder to the logging point, the third harvester travels along the draw in the direction opposite to the previous move, which ensures maximum accessibility of trees on the other side of the draw (in the other opposite apiary ribbon) without large turns of the working bodies of the machine. Technological operations are carried out in the same way as in the previous component chain, and complete with the transportation of harvested assortments to the timber loading (forest technological) point.

With fewer trees, wider row spacing and the absence of a significant number of trees in them, the cutting area is developed in two technological cycles (methods) - two components of the technological process chain - in the first, all trees are cut down, as well as trees on one side of the draw, the second - on the second tape of the technological strip (on the other side of the drawing).

In the third version, all the trees that are to be felled both on the strip of the draw and on two strips of the apiary (on both sides of the draw) are cut down in one working stroke of the harvester. This option is acceptable when there is a small total number of trees to be cut, no or few trees to be kept in sufficiently wide aisles (especially for re-felling, when the dies are already prepared in the previous felling. This option is also used for the final felling of generations of stands - preparation for reforestation within the framework of the target system of forestry measures and the given forestry-technological system implementing it.

When calculating the use, instead of the technological complex, of technical means that are used to achieve similar goals, in particular, the technical complex, which includes the well-known cutting (felling) -bunching machines (VPM), chainsaws and forwarders or harvesters and forwarders, technology for the development of cutting areas (forest felling) ), accordingly, changes somewhat, mainly due to the separation of the complex operation and the replacement of the operation of moving trees in an upright position with a directed felling operation - dragging anany of cut wood. In the variant with VPM, cutting is carried out - the tree is taken out and it is stacked in the row-spacing, then the chainsaws cut tops and tops and cut the whip into logs that are collected and transported to the timber loading station by forwarders. In the version with the harvester, the cut trees are directed down in the row-spacing with the removal of the butt to the optimal place for the subsequent operation (without damaging the stored trees and undergrowth), dragged to the draw, cut branches and trimmed into assortments. It is possible that within the framework of this subtype (established according to two of the three main types - technology-forming factors - the type of territorial organization of the site and the type of items transported (trawled) through the cutting area, another type of technology, distinguished by the method of performing technological operations on the basis of traditional technical means (cutting trees with chain saws, felling them with felling tools in the row-spacing across the wire, cutting branches and bucking whips with power tools, collecting assortments and trans porting them along the drag by cable-haul skidder or forwarder, if available).

The technology (in any of the indicated types and variants) is used repeatedly during the forest regeneration cycle periodically upon completion of the process of more intensive growth of trees and increase in tree closeness to normally established for the next felling and, accordingly, to the final felling of the forest for the main use. Given that the dies are reinforced with cutting residues, the creation of forest crops is carried out according to a linear-row technology with the placement of rows of forest crops along - parallel to the dies - strip clearing, soil cultivation, planting seedlings, and each dies is used as one of the rows. Correspondingly, agro-technical care is carried out between rows (periodic treatment with disk implements) and care in young growths, with full forest crops, it is possible using technology based on tractor rollers or brush cutters, clarifiers, and with incomplete usually with power tools with the admixture of naturally renewed valuable trees in the rows. At the onset of the next thinning subsystem, technology is again applied with the laying of draggers crossing the rows of forest crops with the establishment of the angle of intersection according to the principle already indicated.

Throughout the entire forest growing cycle, they monitor the effectiveness, environmental acceptability and safety of the applied forestry and technological system, while assessing the conformity of the technology-dependent actual parameters of the state indicators of the site after an event using this technology, as well as before the next application of the technology, or even the period stipulated by the monitoring program for the assessment of restoration processes and for other purposes. If actual parameters exceed any indicator of assessment of the maximum permissible normative established by forestry and environmental requirements, due to imperfection of the technology, necessary adjustments are made to it or it is replaced by another in the forestry and technological system.

Example 2. The creation and application of the nodular modular technology of forestry measures for forestry and technological systems - narrowly straight-line-strip-apiary technology of forest felling with skidding of whips for the butt on the basis of shearing-delimbing-and-bunching machines.

The initial description of the goals and conditions for the creation and application of modular forestry technology.

Areas of the forest fund where it is possible and appropriate to use the nodal technology of forestry technological systems - narrowly straight-apiary apiary technology of logging with skidding of whips and the presence of need for wood in whips in the conditions of their subsequent rational stationary processing using all parts of the trunk.

The formation of modular technology.

Based on the conditions and purposes of using the technology, its parameters and characteristics are determined (set) by technology-forming factors: a narrowly rectilinear (strip) -meshing technological structure of a territorial forestry facility (technology), laying of straight-line apiary technological corridors (draggers) at a distance equal to the double overhang of the manipulator - delimbing-and-baling machine - (in the example about 16 m), length 250-300 m, closed on both sides by main technological corridors (dragging mi) adjacent to a timber loading point; a complex and a chain of basic technological operations, including: cutting of trees - moving them vertically to the area of the drag, i.e. directional stacking, stacking-stacking along the draper with knots in the direction of skidding, dragging the shearing-delimbing-and-stacking mashines with the working body to clean the knots from the trunk and placing them on the draw to strengthen and clean the cutting sites, with stacking - packing of whips on the draw, followed by collection and skidding them behind the Komli skidder to a timber loading station, piling whips with subsequent shipment to a timber transport equipped with crane submersibles.

Construction of forestry-technological systems based on modular nodal technology.

Depending on the forest typological and other conditions, based on the prepared modular technology for the implementation of various systems of forestry activities, forestry-technological systems are created:

a) in conditions where the preliminary regeneration of the target forest-forming vegetation is ensured, the same technology is used when cutting forest generations and in one or two steps of its application, provide rarefaction for the undergrowth to achieve sufficient viability and competitive size in height (usually not less than 1.5- 2.0 m), and at the final felling reception - the preservation of undergrowth, while, as a rule, care for young animals is not required and, accordingly, there is no need to include additional technologies in the system;

b) they use, in addition to this nodal, in appropriate forest typological conditions, auxiliary technology interconnected with it to facilitate subsequent natural regeneration by narrow linear-strip (SF) loosening of the surface soil layer (by shuttling the aggregate through the technological strips with the distance between the centers - boundary lines of the SFM strips 4-5 m wide) and technology for the care of young animals (first class of age) without procurement of products on the basis of power tools - by cutting and prism laziness of unwanted plants;

c) in forest typological conditions where natural regeneration is not provided, the developed modular technology is supplemented by linear-ordinary forest restoration technology - the creation of forest crops with clearing narrow (linear) strips within apiary technological strips by shuttle cannons for clearing strips and possibly elementary tillage by creating narrow mineralized strip with wedge-shaped tools with a cutting knife (roots and small stumps), or subsequent narrow-linear-strip soil cultivation by disking with plows during shuttle 1-2 multiple passes of the unit along the cleared strips, technology (or technological units) for planting seedlings or seedlings or sowing seeds (acorns, etc.), technology or technological unit for agrotechnical care of forest crops - loosening the soil between rows between successive unit moves with disk implements; technological care in young animals (clarification) by rolling in unwanted vegetation with the machine’s working strokes with rollers clarifiers in row spacing or technology, including cutting and possibly chopping and spreading chips, carried out on the basis of front-type brush cutters-clarifiers.

Example 3. A single-function single-link system of technologies with a nodal mid-band (apiary) -current logging technology (for the renewal system of forestry events of absolutely different-aged stands).

The initial characteristics of the forestry facility and the application of technology.

The section of the second zone of protection zones for water supply sources of coniferous-deciduous forestry district of flat forests of the European part of Russia, characterized by a relatively even relief with absolutely different age plantation, characterized by a curtain-group structure related to spruce forests. To maintain the site, an updated system of silvicultural measures has been developed and is being used, including periodic thinning, which is also a measure to promote natural regeneration.

The technology for the implementation (implementation) of the renewal system of forestry activities of absolutely planting of different ages.

In accordance with the proposed method for characterizing a functional object, an update system of forestry activities in absolutely different-age stands, consisting of periodically repeating cutting operations with necessary additional assistance measures, forms an adequate system of technology of functional type, while establishing a technology for forestry measures - forest felling - mid-band (apiary) -court (mid-axillary-crust) technology with logging trans porting assortments, which is practically sufficient for a given object, when it is periodically applied with an interval of time equal to the repeatability period of the renewal felling - the period of the normatively defined bioecological restoration process and the effective functioning of the plantation until the normative amount of old (overripe) trees of older generations is accumulated, significantly losing their functional role and the need to care for younger generations. Entering into the system is carried out depending on the necessary and possible according to standards intensity of logging, taking into account the principle of maintaining the potential for sustainability of stands according to forest typological conditions, well-known in forestry, and also the features of the intended purpose, in the following options. With a permissible excess of the total intensity of cutting for laying the dragging and the necessary selection in apiaries of the established normative (according to the current documents), entering the system provides the use of a typical version of the medium-pitch technology with the laying of all the dragging and the necessary selection of trees in the technological planting strips (between the draws).

If the specified excess is unacceptable, but without loss of stability, laying all the dragging and delaying the selective cutting on the technological strips for the recovery period, the felling is carried out according to the same mid-cutting technology, but in two stages with a time interval equal to the recovery period, while at the first stage carry out only preparatory operations and operations of technological cutting - laying all the dragging, and at the next stage - technological operations of selecting trees on the technological strip x plantings.

If at the indicated, but unacceptable excess, it is necessary to carry out at least partial selective cutting already at the first stage and-or if simultaneous laying of all the dies is undesirable, the cutting is also carried out according to the secondary method in two stages, but at the first stage it is used in-strip, laying accordingly every second drag with a full selection of trees in apiaries, at the next stage, felling is carried out according to the adopted technology, as at the previous stage, but already on the first missed lanes - apiaries.

In subsequent techniques in the second and third variants of entering the system, the felling is carried out according to the medium-pitch technology with full regulatory sampling of trees in apiaries within the entire territory of the site.

Example 4. A multifunctional three-link (forestry-technological) technology system based on the narrow narrow-hazard straight-line straight forest cutting technology and the linear-ordinary forest crop creation technology - reforestation supplementing it.

The initial characteristic of the technology application object (functional-territorial object of forestry technology or forestry-technological system).

The plot of complex pine in the forests of the third group, characterized by a relatively equal topography with ripe pine stands of the same age and without undergrowth, with practically no potential for natural regeneration.

By a combination of natural conditions and intended use, it is established that for the maintenance and use of the forest area (this territorial-landscape-forest-typological forestry facility), it is necessary to use the forestry-reforestation system of forest regeneration measures (LPA) and the corresponding system of forestry measures (SLM) with the creation of full forest crops pine (with periodically complete artificial regeneration of pine, the creation of ordinary forest crops).

Technology for the implementation of silvicultural reforestation SLM of lowland complex pine forests with artificial reforestation.

Based on a comparative comparison of the characteristics of the functional-system object of forestry and the potentials of forestry-technological systems and their basic (nodal) components, taking into account real technical and economic capabilities, a forestry-technological system based on a narrow-risk (straight-line) technology is established (formed) for this object logging and linear-linear technology of artificial reforestation.

The established forestry-technological system is implemented by the sequential implementation of the following actions.

In accordance with forest typological conditions - productivity of the stand, its upper height at the age of ripeness, taking into account the capabilities of technical means, determine the optimal width of strips - apiaries within the limits adopted for narrow-hazard technologies from 0.6 to 0.8 of the upper height (HB) or within> 0.5 ... <1.0 Nv (16 ... 25 m). Depending on the capabilities of the technical equipment (the availability of multi-operational, traditional technical means), the appropriate technical type of technology is determined (based on the harvester-forwarder, forwarder-chain saws, rope-choker skidder-chain saws) and a chain of known basic technological operations is brought into line with it (cutting - felling - pruning - skidding or transportation - bucking). The area (time period) of application of nodal technology within the framework of the general forest regeneration cycle is determined (mainly by the height of the stand, taking into account the number of target trees and the availability of trees harvested by the harvester from the draw), including the following stages (periods): thinning, clear cutting, conservation and change generations of stands (main cutting). Then they bring the “nodal" intermediate into line, supplementing its technology with the establishment of complementary structural territorial elements (dragging, etc.). For "missed" between the period of main cutting (ripe, overripe pine stands) and the period of thinning (poles) periods of reforestation - the formation of plantations and the formation of young growth (first age class), the second nodal, linear-ordinary, supplemented with the first nodal, is determined and applied technology for the creation of forest crops (with the sequential execution of technology operations: narrow-linear-stripe clearing of the site with a wedge-shaped tool after 4.0-4.5 m, planting seedlings of target p asthenia with a distance between them of 1.0-1.5 m) and periodically caring for them by rolling in or cutting off renewable unwanted plants until the site is transferred to forested land with a smooth transition to the technology of caring for young animals of the first class of age (also using linear technology with rolling rollers-clarifiers or cutting unwanted plants between the rows between brush cutters-clarifiers, including grinding plants and spreading the resulting mass (wood chips) in the area for decaying and supporting fertility). At the end, after the cutting effect is manifested - with respect to the optimal biological process of tree growth and reaching the stand age of the poles and the density established by regulatory documents - the closeness (or completeness) of the plantation - they proceed to the application of nodal narrow-hazard technology. In the presence of forwarders and chain saws, technological corridors are laid - dragging across rows of forest crops (performing a series of felling operations - cutting knots - cutting logs with saws, collecting and hauling assortments with forwarders), and then selectively cutting trees to be removed in technological strips with felling them perpendicular to the rows dies, trimming branches and bucking of whips with chainsaws, collecting assortments by the forwarder at his next working moves on dies. Periodic application of nodal technology of forest cutting is continued until the completion of the next final stage of removal of the old stand and the transition to the complementary nodal technology of reforestation - linear-ordinary creation of forest crops.

Example 5. Creation and application of a nodular modular subtype of technology for silvicultural measures of silvicultural and technological systems: "narrow-band-curtain-apiary technology of logging with the transportation of assortments."

The initial description of the goals and conditions for the creation and application of a modular subtype of technology.

It is created for the formation of forestry-technological systems used at forest-typological forestry sites with good potential for natural regeneration (lingonberry pine forests and similar groups of forest types (GTL), but can also be used as nodal technology in other forestry-technological systems.

Creating a modular subtype of forestry technology.

In accordance with the conditions and goals, similarly as in example 2, the parameters and characteristics of the technology are determined, but take into account that the natural regeneration of forest-forming vegetation is more often group, courtyard in nature and therefore establish the territorial type of technology narrow-band-curtain-apiary, which naturally combines with the type of technology with logging transportation of assortments, while the third technology-forming factor (the method of transportation determined by the type of technological technical means) they are not rigidly fixed, which ensures maximum use of the resulting subtype if the performers have various complexes of technical equipment corresponding to this subtype: “harvester - forwarder”;

“Forwarder - chainsaws”; "Chain saws - cable-choker skidder" and others. In the forms formed with the indicated basic technological means, there are several subspecies and variants, among which the following.

The type of forestry technology (LVT) is a narrow-band-curtain-apiary technology with the transportation of assortments based on harvesters and forwarders. A typical or basic version of the technology, in which all the required number of trees in apiaries are cut down in a single harvester operation, followed by the collection and transportation of assortments to a timber loading point. To better preserve the preliminary regeneration, they develop and apply, depending on the number of trees felled, especially at the final felling, change of forest generations, two ... four receiving technologies of this type, in which all trees are felled, respectively, in two, three or four stages. At the same time, with a large number of trees being cut down, especially with large wide crowns, at the first stage, trees are cut down only on a strip of dragging with a maximum roll of crowns per draw and to other places with a minimum number of undergrowth, cut branches on the draw, with the subsequent collection of assortments by a forwarder. During the second working course of the harvester, on each hairband tape (left and right), a part of the trees with the maximum felling of their crown in the intervals where there is no undergrowth in places where the felling was already taken, including and on dragging. After trimming the knots - cutting logs into logs, collecting and transporting them to the logging point, the next harvester moves along with cutting all or part of the trees with their felling directed to their maximum crowns to the places of felling of the previous tricks or others where there is no undergrowth, giving movement of the butt to the direction of pulling tree with minimal damage to the undergrowth. If there are too many trees (and, accordingly, assortments), they carry out another harvester working step with repeating the same methods of cutting trees while preserving the undergrowth. Similarly form variants of technology types with the transportation of assortments based on forwarders and chainsaws; chain saws and cable-choker skidders. On the basis of any technology of this subtype, the most appropriate silvicultural and technological systems are built, including at different stages of the forest reproduction cycle optimal one or four receiving technologies in terms of the number of trees and other conditions. In conditions with insufficient natural regeneration at the generational change stage, this nodal technology is supplemented with technology to promote natural reforestation - loosening (mineralization) of the surface soil layer at sites using manual or motorized tools, and if necessary, group planting of target plants with hand tools, and if available mini-manipulators machines for planting woody plants.

Example 6. The creation and application of a modular multi-node technology for forestry measures of forestry technological systems: “narrow-rectilinear-strip-apiary technology” of logging with the transportation of trees for the root on the basis of cutting (felling) -batching machines with the removal of cut trees to fiber .

The initial description of the goals and conditions for the creation and application of modular technology.

It is created for the formation of forestry-technological systems used at forest-typological forestry sites with various potential for natural regeneration - from its full to partial and almost complete absence (i.e., at the objects of combined and artificial regeneration).

Creation of modular technology for forestry activities. According to the initial conditions and in order to achieve the set of multivariate goals, they create a type of technology according to three technology-forming factors - the territorial organization - “narrow-rectilinear-strip-apiary”, according to the type of objects being traversed — “with skidding trees for coml”, the method of carrying out technological operations - cutting the tree - moving it in an upright position - packaging, i.e. based on cutting (feller) -batching machines. Within the species, subspecies are formed - one, two, three receiving technologies, which are used taking into account the number of trees felled and the size of their crowns. In contrast to the typical one-reception method, which is used for a small number of trees that are cut down, usually relatively narrow-crowned trees (with crowns not exceeding the width of the wire), when the formed tree bundles fit into the wire strip without damaging the undergrowth during skidding with a significant number of trees being cut in the area with highly productive forest stands, especially during clear felling with the preservation of undergrowth, two, three receiving technologies are formed, in which at the first reception - at the first working course of VPM I cut down t all trees on the dragging and possibly part of the trees from the hair strips, reaching the optimal bundle size by a combination of performance requirements and their width, avoiding damage to the undergrowth. After a skidding machine of the first pack of trees by skidding, the second VPM move is carried out and all or half of the trees are cut down (if necessary according to the indicated requirements for the formation of the optimal size of the packs), they are bagged and dragged at the logging point. Similarly, the working operations of the third technique are repeated (if it is necessary under the specified conditions). For areas with very wide-leaved trees, modifications of the given subspecies (options) of technologies are used, in which, after the formation of the bundles, the individual largest knots extending beyond the fiber are cut before logging with saws to exclude subsequent damage to the undergrowth.

Based on this multivariate type of technology, corresponding forestry and technological systems are built (as in other examples), including for areas with low potential for natural regeneration, while this first nodal technology is linked to the second linear-row technology for creating forest crops.

The proposed method involves the creation of a holistic system of forestry technology, containing interconnected and differentiated on a unified methodological basis components of technology components of the largest blocks of forestry activities (and parts): forest cutting and reforestation, taking into account forest protection measures and measures for the prevention and suppression of forest fires, reconstruction and other At the same time, each block - a set of technologies is built taking into account their features, but on a single system of technology-forming factors, which ensures their systemic relationship and effectiveness in achieving the goals of forestry in the corresponding complex, but holistic technology.

Information sources

1. Kochegarov V.G., Bit Yu.A., Menshikov V.N. Technology and logging machines. Forest Ave., 1990, 392 p.

2. Vorontsov A.I., Mozolevskaya E.G., Sokolova E.S. Forest protection technology. M., Ecology, 1991, 304 p.

3. Melekhov I.S. Forestry. M., Agropromizdat, 1989, 302 pp.

4. The main provisions for thinning in the forests of Russia. M., 1993, 64 p.

5. The main provisions for reforestation and afforestation in the forest fund of the Russian Federation. M., 1994.

6. Schetinsky EA Forest conservation. Textbook. M. 2001.360 s.

7. Forest encyclopedia. M., Soviet Encyclopedia, 1985, Volume 1, p. 529-531 (prototype).

Claims (1)

Forestry method, including sequential execution of cutting operations on the cutting area, felling, tree packing while moving machines along technological draws of apiaries and planting forest crops, characterized in that the cutting area is carried out by sequential execution of the following operations of the technological chain: shearing, shearing, shearing and baling machine , in the operating mode of movement in the direction of the drag, trees are sequentially cut within its width, with each tree being cut place it at a distance necessary for horizontal placement of it in the row-spacing, lay without damaging the trees stored in rows and row-spacings and dragging the cut-off tree with the working head, cut the knots on the fiber, cut out parts of the trunk that are cleaned from knots and cut them into stacks by packing them next to dragging in the row-spacing, then after cutting down all the trees on one draw, the assortments are picked up and transported by the forwarder to the timber loading point, freeing up places for processing another x cut in technological strips of tree apiaries and bundle assortments; during the next working stroke of the machine, all trees that are cut down are cut and cut sequentially on one side of the draw, where the maximum availability of trees in the rows is ensured, taking into account the direction of the draw in relation to the direction of the row, after collection and transportation by the forwarder harvested assortments to the timber loading station carry out the third working stroke of the machine along the draw in the direction opposite to the previous stroke, where maxi cial availability of trees on the other side portage without major reversals working parts of the machine, carry out technological operations similar to the preceding chain and finalize shuttle harvested logs to the lesopogruzochny point; upon completion of felling at the stage of changing forest generations, the creation of forest crops is carried out according to a linear-row technology with the placement of rows of forest crops along - parallel to the dies - stripping, cultivating the soil, planting seedlings, and each drain is used as one of the inter-rows, then after the young growth according to linear technologies, using aisle for passage of machines, upon reaching the thinning stage, dies are again laid, intersecting rows of forest crops at an angle, and closing the reforestation technological cycle duction.