RU2296458C2 - Forestry method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry, in particular, forest reproduction.

SUBSTANCE: method involves carrying out forest reproduction cycle practices on forestry plots, said practices including steps ranging between forest reproduction and forest generation alteration steps; according to natural features of forestry plots, their target designation and state, using mutually changeable and mutually completing system of practices for reproduction of main and derivative kinds of forest, with the latter being similar to main kind but differing in formation of derivative crops after alteration of generations. With existing basic crop, at the stage of forest reproduction, between stage at which crop reaches average age and stage of alteration of generation, clearing cuttings are performed for forest retention through periodic clearing cutting of trees which turn to belong to the category of heavily weakened and suppressed trees and with improving growth conditions for high-quality trees, including young growth. Thus, conditions are provided for reproduction of forest forming plants of next forest generation.

EFFECT: provision for mutual correlation of all forest reproduction practices united into systems conforming to target designation and natural features of forests.

17 ex

Description

The invention relates to forestry, including to forestry, in particular to forest reproduction (reforestation).

In forestry and forestry, methods of forest reproduction (LPA) are known, characterized by a set of features, some of which are similar to the features of the proposed method. Forest regeneration is traditionally carried out by methods based on the cyclic sequence of main cutting, reforestation and thinning, or the formation of stands, accompanied to the extent necessary by forest protection and forest protection.

Closest to the claimed are the methods of forest reproduction, currently used in accordance with the current regulatory documents (1, 2, 3), which provide for reforestation measures in general in all forests, without a clear separation of these measures according to certain systems (1), then the formation plantations from young trees to middle-aged inclusive thinning, including lightening and cleaning, thinning and clear-cutting in all forests, with some consideration for the features of their intended purpose Niya, in the forest, where are conducted and not conducted felling, including with subdivision into subgroups, then in the forests where main cutting is prohibited, thinning-maintenance cuttings are carried out (2), and in forests where there is no such ban, main-cutting cuttings are carried out in ripe and overripe stands (3). The prototype is the method most fully described in the regulatory document governing its use (2).

However, this method has several disadvantages, among which are the following:

1. Activities of the entire forest regeneration cycle are often not interconnected into systems that are differentiated comprehensively according to two main critical criteria: target use - main or priority forest use, and the state of the stands, the correspondence of their characteristics to the target. Such differentiation takes place only in the case of thinning with the emphasis on renewal and reforming of stands, as well as reconstruction of low-value stands. This is also insufficiently reflected at the stage of main cutting, and at the first stages of planting creation it is almost not traced (absent).

2. The most important stage in the cycle of plantation dynamics — the maturity period, the final stage of reproduction of the forest and forest resources, the accumulation of resource productive potential, the most effective ecological functioning, is not clearly identified and defined for plantations of various purposes, and specific, adequate for him, measures to preserve, maintain plantings in a state of effective functioning. Moreover, the current principle of determining the ripening age by forest groups and protection categories with a shift-difference of this most important parameter by one to three age classes for different groups and categories leads to the fact that biologically different, at different ages, stands belong to the same group.

3. When changing generations, the quality, value of plantations, economic feasibility of implementation in the relevant areas of main use are not taken into account. Land plots with low-value plantations attributed to the main use fund are not developed and the necessary change of old stands, already poorly performing all environmental functions, is not carried out.

To eliminate these and other shortcomings, the proposed method provides an integrated interconnection of all existing and introduced new measures of the forest regeneration cycle into systems differentiated depending on the purpose of the forests, priority or main, including ecological environment-forming, use and condition of forest areas, with each stage of the natural the dynamics of biocenoses as objects of forestry in accordance with certain measures, including at the maturity stage, the implementation of the change of forest generations by measures corresponding to the purpose of the forest areas, their natural features, condition, quality, resource production and environmental environment-forming value.

The technical result is the implementation of interconnected management of all forest production activities, combined into systems that correspond to the purpose and natural features of forests, ensuring sustainable multi-purpose effective main or priority use of forests (forest management).

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that in the method of forestry, including carrying out measures on the forestry areas of the reforestation cycle from reforestation to the change of forest generations, in accordance with the natural features of the forestry areas, their intended purpose and condition, apply interchangeable and complementary systems of measures of forest production of the main and derivative types, the latter being similar to the main one, but with the formation of derivative stands after generation change, while with The existing initial plantation at the stage of the reforestation cycle between the stage of reaching the middle age of the plantation and the stage of changing the forest generation is carried out with thinning to maintain plantation by periodically cutting down trees that fall into the category of greatly weakened and dying trees with better conditions for the best trees, including undergrowth, and create conditions for renewing forest-forming plants of the next generation of forest. Accordingly, on the basis of the known identification of the stages of forest dynamics and the age stages of plantations — the renewal of forest-forming vegetation with the formation of plantations, young growths, poles, middle-aged, ripening, ripe and overripe plantations, stages or years of biological age, several, most expediently, six qualitatively different forestry stages (stages) are distinguished ) - renewal-creation or renewal-formation of plantations, the formation of young plants, poles, middle-aged plantations, with injuring or maintaining the stands in an efficiently functioning state, with the corresponding cuttings to preserve or care for the main use at the stage of maturity of the stands, change of forest generations - cuttings of the main use in forests where they are permitted, in mature and overmature stands, and in forests where these cuttings forbidden, - cutting during the period of overripe, sometimes ripe and ripening plantings of the corresponding state, for the purpose of differentiated - in accordance with the natural features of forest areas, their purpose the state and condition of effective forest reproduction over the full cycle of plantation dynamics, certain systems of sequentially interrelated measures of forest reproduction of the "main" or "permanent" types are used that are designated by the basic measure of generational change of forest-forming vegetation - from the most environmentally acceptable or "sparing" - "renewal" , medium ecologically acceptable - “forestry-regenerative” or “reforestation”, and to satisfactorily environmentally friendly - “forestry” - operational "or" forest exploitation ", applied only in the forests of the second and third groups, while if for some reason the indicated systems of measures of the main or permanent type are interrupted or it is advisable to interrupt them, the necessary, corresponding to the prevailing conditions, system of measures of" transitional types "or" transitional ", including special events that allow you to return after a certain period of time to the appropriate system of basic types, and in the case of inappropriate composition, age structures or forms of plantings include transitional systems based on cutting reformation of stands - “reorganization”, in the case of low-value plantations, including systems based on reconstruction of plantations - “reconstructive” (or “reconstructive”), if the plantations become unstable due to with the development of diseases, the spread of pests, irreversible changes caused by natural or other factors, - systems based on clear felling, accompanied by reforestation interventions - “sanitary restoration”, and in case of loss of plantations due to fires and other causes, systems with initial reforestation measures - “initial restoration”, are differentiated, taking into account the causes and consequences of the loss of plantations, if necessary, due to with the bioecological features of certain forest-forming plant species and taking into account economic conditions, a combination of the main forest production systems (BAS) and unique systems is carried out we eat “derivative” types, (Pzv) similar to the main ones, but with the formation of derivative stands after felling and, possibly, under appropriate conditions, by a sequential combination with systems of transitional types (Pcd), forming as a whole two- or three- sometimes and four-component (system) complexes that are used in cases where the change-restoration of the target most valuable forest-forming plant species, especially with the creation of clean stands of spruce, cedar, and sometimes others, is expedient for environmental and economic reasons through a shift they are usually one generation of soft-leaved with the formation of the so-called "potential" plantations of spruce, cedar, linden and other species, which in turn are replaced by the target ones at the end of the derivative type system or break it, are transformed into the target plantations.

In this case, the following operations are performed sequentially.

Initially, the objects of forestry - forest and other areas - are divided into three complex groups: one - areas with the dynamics of biogeocenoses, more or less consistent with the intended purpose, the main or priority forest management - forest areas of the target, desirable or acceptable dynamics; the second - areas of inappropriate or undesirable dynamics of biogeocenoses with non-targeted, relatively valuable, low-value plantations, unsustainable or unsatisfactory sanitary conditions that have become unstable, as well as areas of forest land with completely lost plantations; the third - sections of the “derived dynamics” of biogeocenoses, where, taking into account the bioecological features of forest-forming plant species, their regular change in these forest conditions, as well as the economic possibilities of conducting targeted forestry activities, restoration of the target forest stand will be carried out through a more or less long period of the derivative's existence.

The forest plots of the first group, depending on the purpose, priority use and the corresponding target setting of the change of generations of stands (forest-forming vegetation) are divided into three subgroups: with the target setting for the most environmentally friendly change of generations - the forest areas of the formation-renewal fund (F. Obn. ); with the target generational change

Reforestation - forest areas of the formation-reforestation fund (F. LAN); with a targeted installation of a forestry or forest exploitation change of generations — forest plots of a forestry-forest exploitation (“forest exploitation”) fund or felling formation and main use (F. Apple). Similarly subdivided are the sites assigned to the third group of “derivatives”.

Forest plots of the second group, depending on their condition and corresponding characteristics, are divided into at least four groups: forest plots with planting of an undesirable composition, shape or structure - reformation fund (F: PF); forest plots with low-value and relatively low-value plantations of the reconstruction fund (F: Rts); forest plots with plantations of unsatisfactory sanitary condition, which have lost stability - the fund of clear sanitary felling (F: RCC); forest plots with plantations lost for various reasons (burning, sites of dead stands, etc.) - the initial reforestation fund (F: NLVs). The plots allocated to the subgroup of non-target derivatives will essentially constitute the fund of more or less complete natural restoration and the dynamics cycle of the derivative plantations, which also represent, to a certain extent, a reserve fund.

The forest plots of each of the identified groups and subgroups are brought into line with certain systems of silvicultural measures (SLM) of forest regeneration (LPP) of a permanent derivative and transitional type: silvicultural and renewal (forest renewal) system of measures (SLM. Obn); silvicultural and regenerative (SLM. LANs); forestry-operational (SLM. LEpl); reformation systems (SLM. PF); Reconstructive (SLM. RC); sanitary-restoration (SLM. SVs), initial recovery systems (SLM. NVs).

In the areas assigned to certain funds, according to the brought to them in accordance with the systems of HDL, sequential measures of forest reproduction are carried out at stages of the cycle. In this case, the systems of the main and derived types are implemented, starting from any event in the system corresponding to the current stage of the HDL cycle, and the transitional type of system - only from the special event that defines this system.

In the areas of the SLM.LVP of the main type (SLM. Osn), measures are taken sequentially according to the stages of the cycle and interlinked that determine the entire system, including necessary reforestation and planting formation (clarification, cleaning, thinning, through cutting), measures to preserve plantations during the period of effective functioning - care for the main or priority functions (environmental environment-forming or resource-producing). Upon completion of the stage of planting conservation, at the stage of generational change, forests carry out renewal, reforestation, or main use cutting areas corresponding to the intended purpose.

In the areas of the SLM.LVP of the transitional type (SLM. Pcd), they carry out the corresponding initial special event defined in this system or complex along with other related activities (re-felling, reconstruction with the creation of forest crops, clear felling with the necessary reforestation measures, initial reforestation measures), with the transition then to the activities of a specific target system for the given site of the main type, sometimes at the beginning of the derivative.

In the sections of the SLM. “Derived” type HDL (SLM. Pzd) usually carry out activities to a minimum extent, similar to those of the main type, in a timely manner with the change of forest generation or, under appropriate conditions, transfer, after a certain period of natural restoration, to the appropriate state of the site, a typical subgroup of transitional type systems .

Depending on the specific natural and economic conditions and priority objectives, the method is carried out in certain variants.

Option 1 (comprehensive). In accordance with the natural features of the forestry areas, their purpose and state - the effective implementation of forest reproduction, for the full cycle of the dynamics of plantings, certain systems of interrelated measures of forest reproduction of the "main" and "derived types" are used, denoted by the basic measure of generational change of forest-forming vegetation - from the most environmentally acceptable or "gentle" - "renewal", medium environmentally acceptable - "silvicultural and regenerative" or "forestoss anovitelnyh ", and to satisfactorily environmentally friendly -" silvicultural-operational "or" forest exploitation ". The following options are distinguished in this complex (1.1 ... 1.3).

Option 1.1. In systems silvicultural lesovosproizvodstva most environmentally friendly "of renewable" fundamental type (Upd ^O), in areas with vegetation on maturity, the effective execution of the target features is carried out preserving the original stands for the maximum length of time, at least three age classes by periodic thinning conservation plantations with an interval of 10-15 years, an intensity of 5-15% in reserve and planting, if necessary, of individual trees in large windows formed in places then, with weakening of the target properties of the plantation at the stage of changing forest generations, it is gradually updated with thinning nurseries with an intensity of 20-25% of the reserve with planting of target plants instead of old ones, in order to ensure targeted, permissible vegetative renewal, thinning is carried out in the winter, while maintaining stumps of sufficient height (within 15-25 cm, depending on their thickness) and safety (without debarking) - Examples 1, 2.

Option 1.2. In the systems of reforestation “reforestation” reforestation events with reforestation, primarily due to the need for renewal of new generations by reforestation and reforestation, with targeted ripening - in the initial part of the planting stage or maturity period — the effective fulfillment of priority environmental environment-forming functions and the accumulation of production Resource, plantations are maintained for a long period of time, at least 2 classes increased Then, by carrying out gentle cutting of the conservation, the intensity of 10-15% of the stock is repeated after 10-15 years, removing weakened trees, and also other vegetation, then the old forest stand is replaced by a young clear-cutting with a small cutting area, and the forest stand is felled with reliable subsequent artificial the renewal of almost full forest crops with a small 1-3 units of the target supplementing them with the natural regeneration of other species, at the stages of renewal-formation of the stand and formation young growth is carried out intensive care of the target breed with 3-4-fold felling of naturally renewing soft-leaved trees, in such a way as to maintain their renewable ability and form an additional part of the planting in the amount of 1-2 units as part of a ripe forest stand, then, starting from the maturity stage and generational changes, forestry activities are already being repeated in the next cycle of reforestation of the main reforestation type (LAN ^O ) - Example 3.

Option 1.3. In the systems of measures of forest reproduction, “forestry-operational” of the main type (LP ^O ) with a relatively sparing regime of all activities without limiting the main use of wood, is environmentally friendly, the period (stage) of planting conservation is reduced to a duration of 1.5-2.0 age classes, then the stands are replaced by cutting with the main use of wood - continuous, gradual, selective and, accordingly, create satisfactory conditions for reforestation, education ovyh young forest stands, while lead generation for unripe care - Example 4.

Option 2 (comprehensive). At forestry sites with the presence of non-targeted or low-value plantations, as well as lost for various reasons, including as a result of fires affected by diseases, pests, damaged due to unfavorable natural and other factors, afforestation sites belonging to the objects of extensive expanded forest reproduction, forestry systems of transitional forest regeneration are used, which provide transition to basic, derivative types of systems including events: reorganization (“reformation systems”), reconstruction of plantings (“reconstructive systems” ), sanitary-restoration ("sanitary-restoration systems"), initial restoration ("initial-restoration systems"). Several options are distinguished in this complex (2.1 ... 2.4) - Examples: 5 ... 8.

Option 2.1. In the systems of transitional forestry type transitional arrangements — transitional reorganization ones, providing transition from relatively valuable, but not target plantations with stands that do not meet the intended purpose of forestry objects in composition, structure or structure to target ones, they carry out appropriate measures to reorganize plantations - reforestation cuttings, supplement if necessary, by special reforestation measures, and then carry out activities on one of the first three sys topics - renewal, reforestation, forestry-operational - Example 5.

Option 2.2. In systems of transitional type of measures - transitional "reconstructive" ones, which provide recreation instead of low-value stands of valuable or target plantations for a given silvicultural object, a complex of reconstructive measures (Rx) is carried out - cutting operations with the creation of forest crops, sometimes guaranteed targeted natural regeneration, interrupting the current cycle of dynamics low-value stands at any stage, and provide a transition to a qualitatively new cycle of valuable stands, to a new cycle of reproduction explicit type followed by all systematic activities of one of the first three groups of forestry systems of the "main" type (renewal, reforestation, forestry-exploitation). - Example 6. Transitional systems are formed in a similar way with the implementation of land reclamation measures, which also provide expanded forest reproduction.

Option 2.3. In the systems of transitional forestry type transitional arrangements — transitional “sanitary-restoration” (SHS), which, instead of having lost the stability of plantations due to pests and diseases, fires on burners, and those who died for other reasons, ensure the restoration of sustainable plantings that are targeted for the relevant forestry objects, carried out by carrying out clear felling and reforestation measures at any stage of the dynamics of plantations interrupted for the indicated reasons, from to leduyuschim conduct all activities for one of the first three systems - of renewable, reforestation, forestry and maintenance - Example 8.

Option 2.4. The systems of transitional forest regeneration measures are transitional “initial restoration” (NVS) at non-renewable cutting sites, burned woods, dead stands, glades, vacant lots, i.e. characterized by the absence of a planting and the corresponding measures for changing it, they begin with special reforestation activities - usually the creation of forest crops, sometimes in appropriate conditions with the promotion of natural reforestation, followed by all other activities of the reforestation cycle, more or less similar to one of the first three systems - renewal, reforestation, forestry-operational. - Example 7.

Option 3 (comprehensive). In difficult economic conditions of lack of funds, in areas where acceptable forest production is ensured by natural dynamics, and in order to achieve somewhat greater efficiency of HDL, a large amount of costs, incomparable with the resulting additional effect, are used to some extent incomplete systems of forestry measures, cutting of stands, measures to promote reforestation and forest stand formations and others, covering respectively an incomplete forest regeneration cycle, leave a greater or lesser part of the stage in (stages) without an active impact on the natural processes of forest dynamics, respectively, depending on the scope of measures covered and taking into account the goals of forestry and forest management, at least two types of incomplete forest production - initial and special, with the special version with the maximum coverage of events can reach full or match with it. In this complex, in addition to the SLM of the special HDL of the corresponding SLM of the full HDL, two more variants of the SLM are distinguished (3.1 and 3.2).

Option 3.1. In areas with acceptable natural dynamics of established stands, usually in difficult economic conditions, forestry systems of initial forest production or “initial” are used, which are built on the same principle as full forestry, but include only a minimal part of the complete forestry systems, ensuring recreation forests and, in this regard, covering only the events of the stages of changing stands - creating conditions for the renewal of a new generation of forest-forming vegetation and the stage of formation plants - cutting, reforestation and facilitate the formation of the stand - young target close to the target, wherein the specific types of activities are carried out similarly as in the full LCS systems - Example 9.

Option 3.2. Taking into account the specific natural and economic conditions and the goals set, forestry systems of special forest production are used - “special”, which are built on the same principle as the full ones, but depending on the goals set, they include a different set of measures: from full - special or target full forest regeneration, before the initial - special initial forest regeneration, with the corresponding coverage of the stages of the cycle of dynamics of plantations - Example 10.

Option 4 (comprehensive). In accordance with the natural, socio-economic conditions, the intended purpose of forests and depending on the initial characteristics of forestry objects, their target dynamics for different periods of time, various combinations are used, complexes of systems of forestry measures for forest regeneration, complete and incomplete, basic, derivatives, transitional, unidirectional or cyclical, more or less constantly or significant periods repeating, ensuring, when applied, achieving specific goals of forestry and forestry lzovy. This complex combines many options, among which there are several, the most typical (4.1 ... 4.11).

Option 4.1. In areas where there is no natural regeneration of the target coniferous, hard-leaved species in the derivative soft-leaved plantation and repeated deciduous reproduction is permissible for targeted forest management, the achievement of the goal is ensured by 3-5-fold (N), sometimes large, application of the derivative type afforestation system with vegetative renewal of aspen, other hardwoods, while creating the conditions for the renewal of forest-forming plants of the next generation of forests by cutting old stands in winter-autumn-ve Noah, in which a more powerful renewal is ensured than during felling in the middle of summer, and if necessary, reinforce root sprout regeneration and at the end of summer with damage to tree root systems during skidding, and then with significant degradation of derived stands, reduction of their productivity and productivity, systems reforestation of the main type with the creation and cultivation of valuable target plantation from forest crops, complete or incomplete with the participation of natural reforestation (General ph KSLM.LVP: / NPzv / Osn /).

Option 4.2. In areas where change-restoration of the target most valuable forest-forming plant species, especially with the creation of clean or close to clean stands of spruce, cedar, linden, ash, and sometimes others, is advisable for environmental and economic reasons through changing them usually with one generation of deciduous with the formation of called "potential target" or "potential" plantations of spruce, cedar, linden, ash and other species, which in turn are replaced by target ones at the end of the derivative type system or its interruption, reforming are in the target crops (KSLM.LVP general formula: / ELV / Basic / or / KPzv / PCB / Basic /).

Option 4.3. At forestry facilities where target plantings are not formed naturally, and for economic or other limiting factors, the application of the main systems of measures for forest reproduction with active costly measures is impossible or impractical, but it is possible to temporarily reproduce forests with relatively less valuable or low value, so-called derivative forest stands, respectively, apply systems of forestry measures for forest management of a derivative type, including a more or less complete set of forestry measures (KSLM), similar to those of the main type of forestry, but usually simpler to execute, less costly, often based on natural reforestation, forest distribution and the whole natural dynamics of the forest (General formula KSLM.LVP: / NPzv /).

Option 4.4. In the forestry areas of the second and third groups, where it is possible and appropriate, by natural and socio-economic conditions, to have more or less constant presence of plantations belonging to the first group, a unidirectional two-tier complex of two systems of transitional and main forestry measures is used with subsequent repeated techniques of the restored main type, and depending on the specific initial characteristics of the plot, restoration of the stands of the main (or root) type carries out using one of the systems of the transitional type: "reformative"; "reconstructive"; “sanitary-restoration” or “initial restoration” (General formula KSLM.LVP: / Pkd // Osn //) - Example 11.

Option 4.5. In the forestry areas of the third group, where it is possible and appropriate, by natural and socio-economic conditions, not only more or less constant use of the stands of the first group, but also the completion of the HDL cycle of the derivative type system with the production of large grades of wood (such as plywood logs or others), and also for other purposes, apply two-link unidirectional complexes of two systems of forestry activities of the derivative and the main types with the subsequent constant use of only the main type of systems ( The general formula of KSLM.LVP: / Pzv // Osn //), and in conditions where, by the combination of determining ecological, forestry and socio-economic factors, it is possible and expedient to use more or less constant use of a complex of two alternating systems of a derivative and a basic type, apply corresponding cyclic two-link complexes of forestry activities (General formula: KSLM.LVP: // Pzv / Osn //) - Example 12.

Option 4.6. Taking into account the natural dynamics of the plantations of cedar, spruce, linden, ash and other shade-tolerant forest-forming plant species, with insufficient economic and other possibilities, two- or three-component complexes of systems of measures for forest reproduction are used, including systems of a derivative and basic types, or also a transitional type, providing periodic alternate cyclic change of primary stands to derivative soft-leaved and then soft-leaved to root, etc. (General formula: KSLM.LVP: // Pzv / Osn // or // Pzv / Pkd / Osn //) - Example 13.

Option 4.7. In the forestry areas of the second and third groups, where, due to natural and economic conditions, restoration of target plantations and the applied two-link transition to the main type of forest reproduction are impossible or inexpedient as too high-cost or for other reasons, KSLM complexes are used. HDL, consisting of several (two to five) sequentially interconnected systems of a derived type, directly replaced by a system of the main or transitional and main types (formulas: KSLM. HDL: / NPzv / Osn / or / NPzv / Pkd / Osn /) - Example 14.

Option 4.8. In conditions where in areas with low-value plantations, as well as severely damaged and lost for various reasons, it is advisable at first to restore derivative plantations, including potentially targeted, with their subsequent reforming into target ones, complexes of three or four systems of forestry measures are used, including reconstructive, or sanitary-restoration, or initial restoration measures, and in accordance with the purpose of forests, the system of measures of the main or permanent type: reforestation, reforestation , forest exploitation (KSLM.LVP formula: Pcd / Pzv / Pkd / Osn / or / Pkd / Pzv / Osn / or / Pkd / Osn / or / Pkhd1 / Pkhd2 / Osn1 /) - Example 15.

Option 4.9. In areas with relatively low-value derivative forest stands (such as aspen forests), under the canopy of which there is a more valuable, but not targeted generation of forest-forming plants (such as lindens in complex pine sites), and where, due to economic and other conditions, it is advisable to first liberate and grow non-target generation (lindens ), and then replace it with the target one (pine trees) by reconstruction, apply a complex of three to five systems of forestry measures, including a transitional system - reformative, a derivative ty system PA and the main type system (KSLM.LVP formula: / Pzv1 / Pkhd1 / Pzv2 / Pkhd2 / Osn / or for forests of group C, respectively, using forest regeneration KSLM) - Example 16.

Option 4.10. In areas with valuable or relatively valuable even-aged, simple in form and structure plantings of ecological environment-forming (water protection, protective, nature conservation and other types) destination, to increase the target value of the plantation, completing the current main (or, accordingly, conducted) renewal system of measures of forest reproduction, calculate the period necessary for the conversion of a relatively simple plantation, respectively, into different ages, complex in form, structure, and the corresponding ne the period when the reformation system begins to be applied, so that it ends on the eve of the expected (estimated age) start of decay of the original plantation, it is usually close to the age of natural ripeness (and for a derivative it can be much earlier), and in the prescribed period of time, the reformation system is used from 4-5 or more reforestation felling techniques with the assistance of natural reforestation in conditions where it is effective, or the phased introduction of partial forest crops, usually at sites, in windows, forming a plantation with ozhnoy structure and then applying the main system silvicultural - DC type reproduction of plants, and age appropriate spatial structure (Formula: KSLM. HDL: / Osn / Pkd / Osn // or for forests of group C, respectively, using forest regeneration KSLM) - Example 17.

Option 4.11. At the beginning of the systematic management of forestry activities in accordance with the present method in areas-objects of forestry, where, according to their initial characteristics and condition, it is impossible to directly use the formed typical forestry systems, primarily the main, at least derived type, they gradually transition to systemic forestry using temporary (auxiliary) (B) options for relevant forestry systems that differ from typical or basic regulatory with a base that is specially brought into line with the state, initial and target characteristics of the sites, for various indicators, especially the regime of thinning in poles, middle-aged and maturing stands, when the possibilities of a significant targeted change of stands are limited by the natural features of the stands and their dynamics (KSLM.LVP formula : / ^The Basic Basic / or / ^ELV / ELV / or / ^ELV / Basic / or these simple KSLM are functioning in more complex KSLM).

Option 5 (comprehensive). Depending on the specific ecological-forestry, socio-economic, including organizational conditions, complete and incomplete (NP) systems of forestry measures of the derivative, transitional, main types are combined in the forest production complexes, while the derivative systems end upon completion of the cycle at the stage of changing the old generation ( full SLMs) or are interrupted at the stage of the transition system cycle corresponding to the prevailing conditions, which, in turn, starting from the system-determining event, may end to complete at the stage of the old planting at the end of the cycle or to be limited only to determining the transitional system and the accompanying measures with changing its main system (basic or temporary) is also often not complete without primary measures for the formation of plantations, and sometimes others (if necessary, this can be reflected in KSLM formula.LVP: / Pzv ^NP / Pkd ^NP / ^NP Osn / or / Pkd ^NP / ^NP Osn / etc.).

The lack of information on the application of the described operations and their systems for the implementation of the task and the non-obviousness of its proposed solutions for specialists, based on the known level of forestry development, will allow us to conclude that the proposed invention meets the criteria of "novelty" and "inventive step". The possibility of implementing the described measures allows us to recognize the invention as practically applicable.

Examples

Example 1 (to 1.1). Reproduction of the target forest for ecological and recreational purposes by more or less constant application of the forest renewal system of measures of forest reproduction of the main type (formula SLM.LVP: // Obn ^O //)

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Plot in the forest-park part of the green zone of the coniferous-deciduous forestry district in the group of forest lingonberry pine forests, type A ₂ forest conditions, with targeted planting of pine trees at the maturity age - effective fulfillment of ecological and recreational function, stand composition 8С2Б.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is the preservation and simple (main type) regenerative reproduction of this type of forest - with planting: (7-9) С (1-3) B, and its continuous fulfillment of the targeted ecological and recreational functions (excluding interruptions in the implementation of forest areas target functions).

Implementation of forestry activities in the system to achieve the goal.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the application of an update system of forestry activities for the main type of forest reproduction, including a sequential phased chain of measures: maintaining and maintaining the target plantation, updating the plantation with the creation of a young plantation of this species, the formation and then again maintaining the target plantation.

With the existing initial plantation at the fifth (this) stage of the reforestation cycle, covering 2-4 age classes, thinning is maintained by planting trees by periodically cutting down trees that become strongly weakened and dying, with an interval of 10-20 years, with an improvement conditions left to the best trees in any tier of the plantation, including undergrowth, as well as creating conditions for renewal where there are no target trees, the intensity of thinning is weak or very weak - up to 10-15% of the stock.

At the next, “sixth” stage of the reforestation cycle, as the old stand is growing weaker as a whole at an old age close to the natural ripening age of 180–200 years, thinning of planting renewal is carried out in combination with reforestation measures that are reduced in this group of forest types as a rule, to measures to promote natural reforestation - coordination of the time of thinning with a year of satisfactory or good fruiting and mineralization of the soil surface in places where there is no natural regeneration of pine yet. Depending on the closeness of the stand and the presence of undergrowth for two or four harvesting, renewals with the indicated accompanying measures for reforestation and care for it solve simultaneously the tasks of at least 0 and 1 or of the 2nd stage of reforestation - “renewal” - “plantation formation” or also the "formation of young animals" of the first class of age.

Educated young pine plantations with the participation of birch are formed during the second stage in composition, and the third in form in the repeating renewal system of forest production and the forestry system based on it in accordance with the ecological and recreational purpose of forests - planting landscapes of a closed type using silvicultural and aesthetic principles selection of trees for growing and felling.

At the fourth stage of the reforestation cycle, which covers the first large half of middle-aged stands, through passage thinning completes the formation of the target landscape of the closed type, prepares the site for long-term performance at the optimal level of the target ecological and recreational functions in the (fifth) period of plantation maturity.

Example 2 (to 1.1). Reproduction of the target forest of the priority resource production non-wood destination - nectar-producing with a more or less prolonged use of the system of forestry activities of the main type - "forest regeneration" (formula SLM. LVP: // Obn ^O //).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Particularly protective plot (RAM) of honey plantings in the broad-leaved forestry area of the coniferous-deciduous forest zone of the group of forest types of the group "Lipnyaki complex broad-grass" with seedlings of seed origin at the age of maturity, the effective fulfillment of the targeted nectar-producing functions, the composition of the middle-aged tree stand is 9Lp1Kl, with a density of 0.5 .

The purpose of reforestation, forestry and forest exploitation. Ensuring continuous inexhaustible fulfillment of the target functions by the forest site, constant preservation of the producing limestone on the site, sparse, with trees of the target shape - well-developed open (unshaded) crowns.

Implementation of forestry activities in the system to achieve the goal.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the more or less constant application of the renewal system of measures for forest reproduction of the main type, which includes a sequential chain of measures: preservation and maintenance of the target nectar-producing plantation (melliferous linden), updating the plantation with the formation of a young plantation of the same species, its target formation and then maintaining it effectively functioning state with a more or less smooth transition to the next cycle of forest reproduction.

Preservation of the initial plantation is carried out by appropriate forestry measures for the longest possible time, at least 3 classes of age (up to 100-150 years) without a noticeable decrease in the nectar-producing function by periodically conducting thinning-preservation of the plantation with an interval of 10-15 years, an intensity of 5-15 % on the stock and planting of individual trees in large large planting windows formed in places.

At the sixth stage, with weakening of the target properties of the plantation, it is gradually updated. By renewing thinning with an intensity of 20–25% of the stock with planting of target plants instead of old ones removed, by caring for naturally renewed mainly seed specimens, and also planted with achieving at least the 1st and 2nd combinations with this (sixth) stage of HDL, and perhaps the 3rd stage of the forest regeneration cycle and thereby the exclusion of a break in the fulfillment of the priority objective function by the forest site.

Forestry options.

With allowable target forest reproduction of honey-bearing linden-trees of vegetative origin, the HDL cycle is carried out up to 100-120 years, plantations are renewed in the period of 90-110 years, preceding a strong decrease in the growth of linden renewal in growth, in order to ensure targeted vegetative renewal, the felling is carried out in the winter, while maintaining stumps of sufficient height (within 15-25 cm, depending on their thickness) and safety (without debarking).

With a lack of seed or vegetative renewal, forest regeneration is carried out on the basis of the combined renewal of forest-forming plants (linden).

Example 3 (to paragraph 1.2). Forest reproduction of a multi-purpose environment-forming production purpose by silvicultural and reforestation systems of activities of the main type (formula SLM. LVP: // LAN ^O //).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Forest reproduction facility - a site in the forestry part of the green zone of the coniferous-deciduous forestry district of the group of indigenous forest types. Pine forests are complex, the type of forest conditions is ₂ , with the target pine forest 8C2B, full 0.8, without undergrowth, maturing in the initial part of the stage or period of planting maturity - the effective implementation of priority environmental environment-forming functions and the accumulation of a productive resource - a stock of high-quality large-sized wood for sawlogs.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and forest management).

In accordance with the priority silvicultural and forestry purpose of the forest site (this category of protection of forests of the first group) and natural typological conditions, as a rule, which do not provide the possibility of reliable preliminary natural regeneration of the target forest-forming vegetation (pine), the main integrated goal of forestry and forest management in this area is to maximize effective long-term performance of environmental environment-forming functions with a sufficiently effective economic using wood - it can be ensured by a more or less constant application of a system of forestry activities of a constant type of complete (cycle) reproduction of one type of forest - pine mixed with birch and other deciduous with different participation in the forest growing process, which ensures better performance of environment-forming functions and maintenance of soil fertility and relatively more favorable forest conditions in general (compared with the option of growing pure pine stands).

Implementation of forestry activities in the forestry-reforestation system of reforestation.

Achievement of the goals of forestry and forest management is ensured by the application of the forestry-reforestation system of main types of forest regeneration measures, including a sequential chain of measures, repeating from any of its links: maximum preservation and maintenance of plantations at the maturity stage and the most efficient implementation of environmental environment-forming functions; reforestation of plantations that lose their target functions; the resumption of target forest-forming vegetation and the formation of closed target plantations; their formation; preservation at the maturity stage and change to similar young ones already in the next cycle of forest reproduction.

With the existing initial plantation (and similar plantations in subsequent forest regeneration cycles), forestry measures ensure the maximum maintenance of the fulfillment of the specified target functions by the forest site, preservation of the plantation for a long period of time, at least 2-4 classes of age, by conducting sparing cuttings of conservation with an intensity of 10-15% in reserve with repetition in 10-15 years, removal of weakened trees, as well as other vegetation to improve the conditions left, still quite efficiently performing them target functions.

With the weakening of the environment-forming properties of the plantation, as well as of the resource-accumulating ones, in the absence of targeted regeneration at the sixth stage of the forest reproduction cycle, the old pine stand is replaced by young application of narrow-safe clear cutting with a small cutting area (5-10 ha), excluding a significant reduction in the ecological functions of the forest massif to which the given site belongs (exceeding its area by at least four times), supplementing deforestation with reliable subsequent artificial renewal Niemi almost full of pine forest plantations with a small (1-3 units) target complement their natural regeneration of birch and other hardwoods.

At the stages of renewal-formation of the forest stand and the formation of young growth, intensive care of the target breed is carried out with 3-4-fold felling of naturally renewing soft-leaved trees, but in such a way as to maintain their renewable ability and form an additional part of the planting in the amount of 1-2 units in the composition ripe forest stand. Then, starting from the stage of maturity and generational change, forestry activities are repeated in the next cycle of SLM forest regeneration. LAN of the initial type.

Example 4 (to 1.3). Reproduction of target forests of a priority operational purpose in the forests of group III by the silvicultural and operational system of measures of the main type of forest reproduction (formula SLM. LVP: // LP ^O //).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Plot in the forests of group III of the middle taiga forestry district in the group of indigenous forest types, lingonberry pine forests, type of forest growing conditions А ₂ В ₂ with uniform growing stand 9С1Б at the beginning of the maturity stage - effective fulfillment of environmental environment-forming functions and accumulation of wood stock (maturing forest stand) of 0.8 total.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and forest management).

In operational forests, in the group of forest types Lingonberry pine forests, where it is possible to naturally regenerate target forest-forming plants of Scots pine with minimal assistance measures, the main goal of forestry and forest management (reforestation) is continuous, non-depleting effective wood use - it is ensured by a more or less constant application of "forestry- forest exploitation "system of measures of the main type of forest reproduction.

Implementation of forestry activities in the SLM. - LEopl.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the use of cyclically repeating measures of the forestry forestry exploitation system of HDL, sequentially, starting from any link (event), including: maintaining and maintaining the target plantation in an efficiently functioning state, replacing the ripe forest stands with main cuttings with the assistance of the subsequent resumption of the target species - pine, the formation of young growths, poles, middle-aged stands, and then again maintaining the target stands and further through the stages of the next cycle.

With the existing initial plantation at the fifth stage of the main forest regeneration cycle, covering at least one age class (ripening stands) in operational forests according to regulatory requirements, but it is real, as a rule, more taking into account the planned arrival of ripe and overripe stands in the main cutting. With a short preservation period, up to 1.5-2.0 age classes, and the absence of special forest management goals (preparing the site for cutting, maintenance of the main use quality in order to increase the market value of the stand and others), the preservation of the plantation is ensured by its protection and non-interference with other measures , reducing the stock or quality of the stand.

At the next - the sixth stage of the HDL cycle, the forest stand is replaced by a continuous normative cutting of main use, followed by renewal and promotion of forestry measures (coordination of cutting with a year of satisfactory fruiting, mineralization of the soil surface, abandonment of testes during medium and wide-risk cutting).

At the stages of renewal-formation of closed stands and the formation of young growth of the first class of age with active renewal and growth of deciduous trees ahead of the pine, renewal and thinning care are carried out, i.e. measures of initial reforestation, and when the target composition is reached, forestry measures in the conditions of lack of funds may not be carried out until the generation of the forest is replaced by main cutting with subsequent reforestation.

Example 5 (to 2.1). Forest reproduction of priority nature conservation multi-purpose use of the reforming system of measures of transitional forest reproduction (formula SLM.LVP: PF).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

A plot of especially valuable forest in the steppe zone of the group of native types of Dubrava forest upland fresh, type of forest conditions D ₂ with maturing forest stand of 7Ос2Б1Лп and undergrowth under the canopy, sufficient when it is released from under the canopy to form more valuable than the original plantation with a predominance of linden in the composition.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is to transform complex aspen-linden plantings into linden trees and grow them.

Implementation of forestry activities in the reformed integrated system (transitional type).

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the application of a system of transitional forestry activities - reformative, which includes, first and foremost, the defining system of the event - cutting reorganization care, as well as facilitating the resumption of linden and other forest-forming species in places with insufficient stock of undergrowth, the formation of stands from elements freed from under canopies preserved during the removal of the upper tier, renewed naturally with assistance measures or introduced additionally co-cultural methods; preservation of the mature stands at the maturity stage by thinning-care; change of the old linden tree stand and the transition to the next system of forestry activities, depending on the specific goals and conditions, by cutting or updating (when restoring the bedrock - oak).

Example 6 (to 2.2). Reproduction of the target native forest for environmental purposes using the transitional reconstructive system of silvicultural measures for forest reproduction (formula SLM.LVP: Rks).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

The site of a particularly valuable forest in the steppe zone of the group of indigenous types of Dubrava forest is upland fresh, type of forest conditions D ₂ with overwhelming degrading forest stand of small-leaved linden with little participation of still quite viable oak trees: stand composition 9Lp1D, age 100 years old, fullness 0.8.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is to change the old (derivative) linden stand to native oak tree and to cultivate the target plantation for nature conservation purposes.

Implementation of forestry activities in the transitional system - reconstructive.

Considering that under a highly enclosed linden canopy, the restoration of the target oak species is practically impossible, the achievement of forestry and forest management goals is possible through a transitional system of reforestation measures based on the reconstruction of plantations and including a chain of post-reconstruction measures that are more or less similar to the main types of reforestation, respectively, in case of single-reception complete continuous and incomplete, and even more so multi-reception reconstruction.

At the initial plantation (in composition and condition), a complete reconstruction is carried out with the preservation of valuable elements of the forest stand - oak trees, still relatively young, which will be part of the reconstructed plantation, ensuring the presence of elements of different ages, preservation of certain microbiotopes during the reconstruction, conservation of biodiversity within the area and space occupied by individual trees of the forest, and especially their groups. Depending on the specific conditions, the options for full continuous single-reception reconstruction are used in small areas with an area of not more than 1.0-1.5 ha or two-three-receiving cross-stripe with an increase in the area of the reconstruction site up to 3-5 ha. After the reconstruction is completed (according to any of the selected options), reconstructed stands are formed taking into account the elements of different ages and backgrounds that form them, and then the stands are maintained in an efficiently functioning state with conservation care cuttings for the maximum possible period of effective and relatively efficient implementation by the forest area of targeted conservation and environmental protection functions, carrying out low-intensive care (10-15% of the reserve with a repeat of 10-20 years) - they remove dying, strongly donkeys beaten and losing their functional role trees, caring for the best remaining trees and young trees when they appear naturally or supplemented at the places of formation of "windows" in the stand.

Example 7 (to 2.4). Reproduction of the target forest of priority environmental-forming purpose in the forests of the second group using the system of measures for the forestry of the transitional type of "initial restoration" (formula SLM. HDL: NVs).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility is an assessment of its condition to establish (select) the necessary system of measures for forest regeneration.

A burnt area of about 20 hectares in the forests of the second group of the middle taiga subzone, a section of the indigenous group of forest types Lingonberry pine forests, type of forest growing conditions A ₂ . Only individual trees and groups of pine trees were preserved on the site, relatively and strongly weakened, unpromising for growing (will go mainly into mortality), but relatively suitable for use as seedling sources. Based on the principles well-known in forestry, an assessment is made — restoration of the pine and reproduction of the forest as a whole are likely in two main ways: the first — a relatively long natural regeneration, over 5–10 years with the gradual decay of the remaining living trees, preservation of a long time of cluttering, fire hazard, source reproduction of harmful insects (with a low degree of probability of occurrence of foci of dangerous forest pests), the second - clear cutting, clearing, cutting, laying forest tur pine and growing target silvicultural plantations.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is the restoration and cultivation of the target planting of pine, which effectively performs environment-forming functions and a source of valuable coniferous wood harvested in the forests of the second group as the so-called. main (or rather, must be called "reforestation") use.

Implementation of forestry activities in the transition system - "initial restoration".

Achievement of goals is ensured by the application of silvicultural measures of forest reproduction “initial restoration”, used in one of two conditional types (options) depending on economic conditions, the risk of new fires (associated with the presence of sources of ignition), as well as the mass reproduction of hazardous pests, the possibility of operational monitoring of the condition of the site and other conditions.

In the first version, focused on natural reforestation, the system of measures of reforestation "initial restoration" with the natural regeneration of forest-forming vegetation is used, including measures to monitor the condition of the site, protect it from fire, with the possible renewal of deciduous trees that overtake the growth, leaving, usually " point "behind the pine at the young growth stage (along the pine), in the absence of funds for thinning maintenance, through cuttings, as well as conservation cuttings may not be carried out . At the same time, to improve the quality of the stand, its consumer value, and increase the commercial value of the market, thinning is carried out at the maturity stage to care for the main use of removing specimens with poor trunks from the stand that have a negative impact on the best, as well as thin, unpromising for subsequent use forest reproduction cycle, the presence of which reduces the overall quality of the stand. The forest stand is replaced by clear-cutting of main use (reforestation) with measures to promote natural reforestation - leaving sources of seeding, mineralization of the soil surface and others.

Example 8 (to 2.3) Forest reproduction in areas with plantations afflicted by diseases, pests before the loss of biological stability, by applying a sanitary reforestation system of reforestation measures (formula SLM.LVP: / SVS /).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

The plot of the economic zone of the national park in the coniferous-deciduous forestry district of the Elniki forest type group is complex, the type of forest growing conditions is C ₂ , with the ripening forest stand 7EZB, affected by the bark beetle typographer to the degree of loss of biological stability, under the canopy of the tree there is a large viable spruce in the amount of 0.5 from complete, necessary for the full restoration of the plantation in a natural way.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is to restore the plantation that ensures the effective implementation of the target functions.

Implementation of forestry activities in the transition system - sanitary-restoration.

Achieving the goal is ensured by the application of the sanitary-restoration system of transitional forestry measures, which includes successively interrelated measures: continuous sanitary felling; reforestation with the formation of closed target young growths and / or the formation of young growths, poles, middle-aged plantations, preservation of plantations, depending on the conditions of the established options for initial or special, full reforestation.

In order to preserve a viable but oppressed undergrowth of spruce, the maximum possible under the given conditions of biodiversity conservation, ecological environment-forming properties of the forest area, they carry out “incomplete clear felling” - the defining silvicultural measure of the sanitary-regenerative system of HDL, in which the entire spruce forest stand is cut down according to the sanitary condition, the largest old birch trees, while preserving not only undergrowth, but also part of relatively thin-sized resistant trees, including by closed curtains in places without undergrowth, thereby providing more favorable conditions for adaptation of undergrowth, preservation of foci of biodiversity with undisturbed and intact ecological conditions. Incomplete forest cultures of spruce are created on the part of felling without undergrowth and clumps of birch, carrying out the necessary subsequent care for them - agrotechnical and the formation of young animals until the formation of the target relatively mixed, mixed stands, as well as the subsequent formation at the stage of poles and middle-aged and maintaining the stands at the stage of effective implementation priority environmental functions. In the variant of the initial plantation without undergrowth, after complete clear cutting, they create targeted incomplete forest crops on the entire area of the site, leaving relatively wide aisles or strips for more or less narrow backstage subsequent to the natural regeneration of deciduous (birch and other species).

In the variant of the initial plantation of a complex pine afflicted by a root sponge, with "overgrowing" of areas of the root sponge foci that has begun or is highly probable under these conditions, renewable birch, linden, maple, other deciduous, sometimes pine, during and after sanitary felling, care is taken for natural regeneration and assistance measures, while allowing and promoting the formation of derivative plantings in the transitional sanitary-restoration system of forestry activities.

Example 9 (to 3.1). Forest reproduction at the site of priority operational use in the forests of the third group using forestry-forest exploitation systems of primary primary forest reproduction.

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Forestry plot in the forests of the third group of the northern taiga forestry district of the flat forests of the European part of Russia, a group of forest types Sosnyaki lichen with the target ripe forest stand 9C1B.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is to carry out main use - to replace ripe forest stands and to reproduce the target for these conditions, preventing unacceptable changes in forest growing conditions and ensuring the effective use of the potential for natural regeneration of the target forest-forming vegetation, with minimal costs for reforestation and reproduction of the forest as a whole.

Implementation of forestry activities in the integrated system of primary forest production of the main type.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the application of the (incomplete or partial) system of silvicultural measures for the initial primary forest reforestation, which includes: felling of main use, measures to promote reforestation and the formation of forest stands - young growth of the target or close to the target.

In order to promote reforestation, preserve the forest and ecological conditions of the forest in which the cutting area is planned for felling, its value does not exceed the normative value, and felling is carried out in the year of good or satisfactory fruiting and after ripening and seed emergence, using a cutting technology that provides limited mineralization of the soil to within acceptable limits, if necessary supplemented by a special measure of soil mineralization with tools or implements.

If necessary, measures to promote reforestation can also be carried out additionally at the stage of renewal-formation of stands. The formation of a closed target or close to the target young stock and its transfer into economically valuable ones ends the system of measures for initial forest reproduction and further planting is formed naturally, while the necessary measures are taken for forestry (and forest pathological) monitoring, protection of the forest from fire and others related to forestry activities accompanying forestry.

Example 10 (to 3.2). (Special) reproduction of forests in the area of integrated environmental protection or operational or forestry use related to forests of the second group, using forestry-forest exploitation systems of activities of special forest reproduction of the main type (formula SLM. LPPs: / LP ^O /).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Forestry plot in the forests of the second group of the southern taiga forestry district of the flat forests of the European part of Russia, groups of forest types Sosnyaki complex, type of forest growing conditions В ₂ with the target overgrown stand 8С2Б at the stage of change of forest generations.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is to make the main use of wood and change the old target stand to a similar target one, but young at the beginning or before the beginning of the maturity period, when during subsequent natural processes of dynamics a significant deviation of the properties and characteristics of the stands from the target ones will not occur.

Implementation of forestry activities in the system of special forest production of the main type.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the application of an incomplete system of silvicultural and forest exploitation special forest regeneration measures, including the following: generational changes - resumption of the target forest-forming vegetation and the formation of target young growth, the formation of young poles and possibly partially middle-aged plantations before they acquire the target characteristics of mature or close to mature plantations, by species composition, origin and quality of stands, number of trees Viévy, ie plantation, which in the subsequent stages of the final formation and maturity can develop naturally, without losing the essential properties corresponding to each intermediate stage.

Change of forest generations at the sixth-first stage of HDL is carried out by clear-cutting of main use with the creation of pine forest crops, full or almost complete, counting on the participation of deciduous due to natural regeneration in rows and rows, replacing some of the inevitably lost common pine plants to be preserved.

The resulting young growth is formed by thinning, cutting down deciduous trees overtaking a pine tree two or three times, reaching a lag of their subsequent generations in height from the pine tree while maintaining about two units, then by cleaning and thinning they regulate (bring) the number of trees to the target, taking care of the form trunks and crowns of the best, providing them with favorable conditions for growth in height and diameter for a long subsequent period without thinning. Upon completion of the active measures of special forest management, if necessary, only selective sanitary felling, fire fighting and other accompanying events can be carried out.

Example 11 (to 4.4). Forest reproduction at a priority conservation area related to a particularly valuable forest in the forests of the first group, using a two-component unidirectional complex of systems of forestry measures: transitional “reformative” and basic “reforestation” followed by more or less permanent application of the main system (KSLM.LVP formula : / PF // LAN //).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

A forestry site designated as a particularly protective potential “honey plantation” in a particularly valuable massif of broad-leaved forestry area of the group of forest types Bereznyak is a complex of lime forests, type of forest conditions C ₂ with a maturing tree stand 5B4Os1Lp (50 years old) and viable but oppressed linden undergrowth sufficient for the formation of complete sticky lime.

The purpose of forestry and forest management is to transform the "potential limestone" into a target plantation of nectar-producing destination, followed by a longer use of single-link renewal systems of main forest regeneration measures in this area.

Implementation of forestry activities in the complex of systems: "reorganization" - "main".

Achieving the goal is ensured by the use of a two-component or two-tier complex of silvicultural measures for forest reproduction: transitional type - reformative and the main type - renewal.

Given the initial characteristics of the site and the significant (excessive) presence of birch forests in a particularly valuable forest area with a lack of "honey plants", at the first stage of application of the SLM complex, the main defining measure of the transition system is carried out - the complex birch-lime plantation is transformed into a fake cross-band double-reception cutting with an interval of 4-5 years, followed by intensive thinning with care for the limes, bringing the forest stand to 0.5 to form a relatively full hydrochloric forms crowns honey plants and trees in general planting although transition, but more or less close to the target, which is formed in the main loop lesovosproizvodstva starting from the resume target plants.

Upon completion of the formation of the honey plantation of the transitional forest management cycle, measures are taken to preserve it at the maturity stage, and then change generations with the gradual, in 2-4 admission, removal of trees that lose their target functions, caring for naturally renewed young linden trees or planted trees (in places where there is no or insufficient natural regeneration) and the formation of a young plantation of the target type - "honey plantation", its formation already at the stage of young animals in a very rarefied state (catfish 0.5–0.6), maintaining this closeness with the removal of trees with defects, and then old-aged (low-productive) trees and caring for the most promising best nectar producers.

At the end of the maturity stage, with weakening of the objective function, the plantation is updated by more or less uniform replacement of trees that lose their functional role at the same time, or by strips, sites with a more or less synchronous decrease in the viability and target properties of linden trees of the old generation.

Depending on the initial state of the stand to which this SLM.LVP complex is applied, several options for reforestation are possible:

- With small young undergrowth of linden under the canopy, relatively evenly distributed over the area and in sufficient quantity, after cutting the reformation within the framework of the “reformation” system of HDL, a stand is created that is very close in all respects to the target in the main “renewal” system of HDL, and all subsequent the measures in both systems practically coincide, and therefore the reorganization system of forestry measures can be attributed to the systems of the initial HDL, limiting it only to reformation cuttings with It is possible and necessary measures to promote reforestation and conservation of plants have resumed, and all subsequent events refer to the system of the main types of "renewing" full or nearly full / (SFI) // // Blink Detection.

- With a large undergrowth of linden, close to the second tier with relatively already middle-aged trees, significantly oppressed under the canopy of the first tier, after felling of the plants released from under the canopy, plantations form plants that are only relatively similar to the target, and all subsequent measures for its formation, conservation and updating are generally referred to as elements of the transitional system of HDL.

- All intermediate between the two options of the first link of the SLM complex (and possibly the third one) are probably better attributed as a whole to transitional systems, to simplify accounting and application, despite the greater or lesser similarity between them and their applications, respectively, with the main type systems and forestry facilities of these systems.

Example 12 (to 4.5). Forest reproduction of multi-purpose resource-ecological (production-environment-forming) and ecological-resource (environment-producing-production) destination by a complex of systems (main and derived types) of forestry activities for full forest reproduction (KSLM.LVP formula: // Pzv / Osn //).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

The plot of the forestry part of the green zone of the southern taiga forestry district in the group of indigenous forest types "Acidiferous spruce forests" with a complex deciduous-spruce plantation from a derivative birch forest with 8B2E spruce and 10E spruce undergrowth, at the beginning of the maturity stage - the effective fulfillment of environmental functions and the accumulation of a productive resource - a reserve of high-quality coarse birch wood for plywood or other raw materials.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and afforestation).

Given the natural processes of changing forest generations in these typological conditions with the change of birch species to spruce and spruce to birch, the cost of funds for different types of forest reproduction with and without change of species, the mutually agreed goal of forestry and forest management is “two-cycle forest reproduction” with periodic change of target deciduous spruce plantations on spruce-deciduous on the basis of an integrated system of forestry, including the main and derivative system of measures for forestry and reforestation reforestation state.

Implementation of forestry activities in the integrated forestry and reforestation system: derivative - the main.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the use of an integrated system of silvicultural measures, consisting of two mutually changing and complementary systems of silvicultural measures (SLM) of the "silvicultural and reforestation type" - the main and derivative.

With the specified initial characteristic of the site-object of forestry at the beginning of the maturity stage of deciduous-coniferous plantations, measures are taken to preserve the plantation - the fifth stage of the forestry system of the derivative type with low-intensity thinning (10-15%), remove unwanted highly weakened trees, as well as poor-quality trunks birch trees, providing better conditions for the best trees, maintaining their growth at a relatively higher level, i.e. to a certain extent, they take care of the main resource production use, and, if necessary, the weakened state of the undergrowth of spruce, and improve its conditions, preparing it for the replacement of the old generation of forests.

At the sixth stage of the reforestation cycle, two to three (less often one, with very rarefied forest stands - 0.5) take-over change of birch generation to spruce by reforestation (or according to the accepted system of main cutting) with preservation of the undergrowth and caring for it, performing tasks The first stage of activities is already reforestation systems of forestry activities of the main type.

At the second and fourth stages of the main forest regeneration cycle, the formation of the target spruce and deciduous stands with the composition 8E2B is carried out by consecutive thinning, thinning, clear cutting. In this case, comparatively intensive thinning is used in the formation of young growth at a height of undergrowth up to 1.0-1.5 m, with an increase in the height of spruce spruce, its competitiveness accordingly increases, with a decrease in the likelihood of exceeding and muffling by renewed deciduous, the intensity of thinning in young growth is also reduced at height 2.0 m and above, thinning of already moderate intensity is carried out with a gradual decrease in intensity when through cutting to weak - 15-20, to 25% in reserve and prepare planting for the stage at and more efficient ecological environment-forming functioning and accumulation of high-quality large-sized wood of spruce for sawlogs and other assortments.

At the fifth stage, covering the final part of the period of middle-aged stands, the full period of ripening and the first half, and sometimes a large of ripe stands, support the planting in an efficiently functioning state, carrying out only if necessary removal of unwanted trees by weak and very low-intensity thinning and conservation.

However, as a rule, to reduce and eliminate negative effects on spruce at the age of maturity, damage to trees and their root systems, leading to the development of rot, as well as other negative consequences, the formation of spruce and spruce-leaved plantations is intensive at a young age at the second, partially of the third stage, they complete it no later than the first half of the period of middle-aged plantations (by the type of special forest reproduction) with a view to the subsequent period without taking active measures, i.e. maximally do not leave in the plantation of trees candidates for those removed at subsequent stages (weakened, short-lived, like aspen, and others).

Generation of spruce or spruce-deciduous stands is carried out for one reforestation, given that spruce trees often thin out during ripening in ripe and mature age, and the spruce trees are harvested in the spruce year, as well as in narrow cutting areas of 50-100 m, preserving walls of the forest "with sources of seeding and preserving the possibly viable, although often oppressed, undergrowth ate of low age, the old unpromising undergrowth, on the contrary, is cut down, because it will subsequently negatively affect the subsequent prospective renewal of spruce.

The resumption and formation of young deciduous plantations (at the 0 and 1 stages of the HDL cycle) is usually carried out naturally with the assistance of the seed renewal of birch by the mineralization of the soil surface, achieved by the development of cutting areas in the summer, including and with active loosening on technological strips.

At the second stage of the HDL derivative cycle, the composition of deciduous young animals is intensively formed by removing plants of undesirable species - aspen, willow and others and creating favorable conditions for the best specimens of birch, and if available, spruce.

At the third or fourth stages of the formation of a derivative tree stand with the formed composition, thinning can often not be carried out in the absence of funds, but one or two thinning (thinning-pass) is carried out to care for the quality of the formed forest stand and improve the conditions for the renewal and growth of spruce in the undergrowth closeness of the deciduous canopy, preparing the plantation for the stage of effective ecological functioning and the accumulation of high-quality birch wood.

Then they conduct the next cyclical complex of forestry activities for forest reproduction.

Example 13 (to 4.6). Reproduction of multi-purpose forest of priority resource-production purpose by a three-component complex of basic, derivative and transitional systems of forestry measures (KSLM.LVP formula: // (Pzv / (Pkhd) / (Osn) //).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

A plot in the forests of the second group of the southern taiga forestry district in the group of indigenous forest types "Acidiferous spruce forests" with a complex deciduous-spruce plantation from a derivative birch forest with 8B2E spruce and 10E spruce undergrowth at the final stage of planting formation.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and afforestation).

Close to the goal specified in the second example, established taking into account the natural processes of changing forest generations in these typological conditions with the change of birch species to spruce and spruce to birch, the cost of funds for different types of forest production with and without changing species, the mutually agreed goal of forestry and forest management is "incomplete three-cycle forest reproduction" with the periodic change of non-target deciduous-spruce plantations to spruce-deciduous.

Implementation of forestry activities of a complex of forest production systems (and forestry proper), consisting of three incomplete systems.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the use of a three-component complex of forestry systems, which includes three subsystems of varying degrees of completeness and duration: an "incomplete derivative" consisting of 3 ... 5 first stages (renewal-formation of planting-formation of young growths and often chafers, as well as middle-aged stands); short-period simple reforming, consisting of 1-3 methods of cutting reforming; “incomplete main”, consisting of the last blocks of activities corresponding to the stages or stages of formation of young poles, middle-aged and mature (including the period of ripening and ripe plantings) before the stage of forest generations change.

In accordance with the initial state of the forestry facility - its type - at the fourth stage of the forestry derivative cycle, the deciduous-spruce stands are reorganized in two overhead cuttings with an interval of 4-6 years of reformation with a full stand of 0.6-0.7 and relatively high viability ( adaptive ability) undergrowth ate and provide for a short period - through a simple reorganization system of measures - the transition to the main incomplete system, consisting of 2 ... 6 action blocks, cat rye are similar as in the second example, ending at the sixth stage shift old (ripe) generation ate solid felling followed reforestation. With the felling of spruce stands, a new incomplete derivative cycle of reforestation begins, according to which an incomplete derivative system of silvicultural measures is applied, which includes at the 0th stage of the cycle facilitation of renewal, which often comes down to only regulating the time of felling of the old forest stand (winter-autumn-spring), in which more powerful regeneration is provided than during felling in the middle of summer, and if necessary, reinforce root regeneration at the end of the forest with damage to the root systems of trees yev when skidding wood.

At the second stage of the derivative cycle, forest dynamics lead to the formation of the composition of derivative stands, ensuring the prevalence of the target species — birch when growing stands for balances (or plywood, although the full cycle is already needed for this purpose), and with the targeted use of the derivative stand for wood chips and lack means of formation activities may not be carried out at all.

At the third and fourth stages, the target tree stand is formed depending on the specified conditions with or without thinning and clear cutting, which are often carried out already to improve the conditions for renewal and growth of spruce generation under the deciduous canopy, preparing the subsequent re-formation and the beginning of a new complex cycle of forest dynamics .

Example 14 (to 4.7). Forest reproduction at the site of environmental protection and economic purpose of the forests of the first group using a complex of systems of forestry measures of a full derivative - 3-5 cycles, transitional and main types of forest regeneration (KSLM.LVP formula: /№.Pzv/Osn/ or /№.Pzv / Pkhd / Osn.

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

The plot, resumed soft-leaved, in the group of indigenous types of Elniki forest is complex, an emerging derivative plantation of vegetative origin is 8Ос2Б units. E with a lack of funds for reconstruction and the need for softwood for the production of wood-based panels and other purposes, although with a small profit in its implementation.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and afforestation) is to obtain soft-leaved wood at a ripening age (of a sufficiently large mass) during several forest growing cycles of usually vegetative generations while maintaining sufficiently high productivity with the subsequent transition to the cultivation of primary or main species through a system of measures of the main type or using transitional "reconstructive" or "reformative" systems.

Implementation of forestry activities of a complex of forest production systems (and forestry proper): from one to several cycles of derived HDL systems and the subsequent main one (with or without transition).

Achievement of the goal is ensured by 3-5-fold, sometimes large, application of a system of forestry measures of a derivative type with the vegetative renewal of aspen and other soft-leaved species, which allows to obtain a significant amount of wood at minimal cost in a short period of 35-45 years, and subsequently with significant degradation of stands , reducing the productivity and productivity of derivative forest stands by using the main type LAN system with the creation and cultivation of valuable target plantation from spruce forest crops, olnyh or incomplete involving natural regeneration (8-9) G (1-2) Oc, B.

When the appearance and accumulation of soft-leaved undergrowth of conifers (spruce, fir) under their canopy during one or two short cycles of growing, upon completion of the corresponding first ... third or more cycles of derivatives of SLM systems, they go directly to the main type SLM by preserving the undergrowth, trees of the second tier. And if in the process of any derivative cycle there is a need for urgent release of conifers from under the canopy, the derivative cycle is interrupted by introducing a transitional reformation system, including, in addition to cutting reformation, cutting of plantations and other measures for rearing coniferous trees.

In the variant with the periodic restoration of high-productivity oak trees of seed origin (high stem), several short derivative cycles of forest production of vegetative oak trees are carried out (3-6), after which, using the transitional reconstructive system SLM, high-stemmed oak tree is restored and grown with the possible subsequent use of several cycles of systems derived type of growing plantings of vegetative origin (formula KSLM.LVP: //№.Pzv/Osn // and Whether or //№.Pzv/Phd/Osn// //№.LO ^P / EA // ^O; //№.LO ^P / PCB / LO ⁰ //, similar to SLM: LAN and LP)

Example 15 (to 4.8). Forest reproduction in areas with low value or lost plantings using a complex of three to four systems of forestry measures, including one or two transitional, derivative and main.

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Afforestation site (assigned to the forestry part of green areas) among the forest or adjacent to the forest, which has been abandoned for purposes not related to forestry and forest management (former quarries for the extraction of sand, clay or others, including of which technical restoration was carried out), only relatively (with great expense) suitable for extended extensive forest production of the main type.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and forest management) is the implementation of restoration, improvement of forest conditions on the site, unsuitable for the direct cultivation of target plantations, by introducing a preliminary or intermediate cycle of growing derivative plantations.

Implementation of forestry activities of a three-four-component complex of forest production systems (and forestry proper): consisting of one or two transitional, derivative and primary.

Considering the presence of seeding sources in the form of deciduous trees, birch, aspen and others, in neighboring areas and the possibility of gradual natural overgrowing of this afforestation site with soft-leaved forests with little assistance to reforestation by loosening the surface of the earth (soil) or without it, at the first stage of reforestation, a transitional forestry system is used “initial recovery” measures, which is reduced to the indicated measures of assistance and subsequent care for the primary (transitional) type) planting, caring for the best trees, thinning for settlement (renewal) of the target forest-forming species (spruce, etc.) in the presence of sources of seeding in neighboring areas.

In the best case scenario, with relatively rapid coniferous accumulation under the canopy long before the ripening age of the primary derivative stand, the following transitional short derivative system is used - reorganization of plantations in composition and shape and the relatively valuable plantation formed is grown within the transition system or when formed as a result of reformation valuable plantations close to the target are grown in the framework of an incomplete basic system of forestry activities.

With a slower accumulation of conifers under the canopy of deciduous trees until their ripening age, the transition system is replaced by the main at the stage of changing forest generations with main cuttings or reforestation cuttings.

In variants of coniferous accumulation conditions, as well as more or less satisfactory restoration of forest growing conditions, only in the second cycle of forest cultivation, the goal set by forestry is achieved by a complex of three to four HDL cycles: initial restoration, derivative, or also reformative and basic.

Example 16 (to 4.9). Forest reproduction at a multi-purpose conservation area of especially valuable forest with low-value derivative forest stand, under the canopy of which there is a relatively more valuable but not target plantation (KSLM formula. LVP: / Pzv1 / Pkhd1 / Pzv2 / Pkhd2 / Osn /.

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Particularly valuable forest area in the forest-steppe forestry district, groups of indigenous types of forests Dubnyaki linden, type of forest growing conditions D ₂ , the formula of the composition and structure of the stand is I tier 9Ос1Лп, unit D - 30 years, II tier 10Lp - 10 years.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and forest management) is to restore the native forest stand, gradually improving the environment-forming and resource-production value of the plantation, growing aspen, then linden forest stands and replacing it with oak.

Implementation of forestry activities of a complex of forest production systems (and forestry proper): derivative, transitional and basic types.

Achievement of the goal is ensured by the use of a set of silvicultural measures, including the incomplete part of the derivative type renewal system, a short initial system for converting aspen-linden plantations to linden trees, growing linden stands in the second derivative type system, and replacing the overgrown linden tree that loses its environment-forming role by reconstructing it (second transitional system) with the creation and cultivation of oak in the main type of system.

Example 17 (to clause 4.10). Forest reproduction at the site of the priority environment-forming destination in the forests of the third group using a complex of silvicultural measures that ensure the replacement of a valuable coeval planting with a more valuable one for a nature conservation plot - of different ages (KSLM formula. LVP: / Osn / Pkd // Osn //).

The initial characteristic of the forestry facility.

Plot in the first zone of protection zones for water sources in the coniferous-deciduous forestry district of the group of indigenous forest types Lingonberry pine forests, type A _{2 of} forest growing conditions, with a uniform age of 9C1B planting at maturing age.

The purpose of reforestation (forestry and forest management) is the conversion of a single-age plantation into a different age with its subsequent more or less constant reforestation - the main type of system.

Implementation of forestry activities of a complex of forest production systems (and forestry proper): two different SLMs of the main type and one transitional.

Achieving the goal is ensured by the use of a set of forestry systems of measures, including the incomplete part of the system of the main type of reproduction of uniform pine, the reforming system and the new system of the main type of renewal planting of different ages.

In the first initial forest regeneration cycle, in accordance with the initial state of the plantation, it is maintained that it is functioning efficiently at the beginning of maturity, while the necessary period of transformation of the same-aged plantation into the same age is calculated, and accordingly, the reformation begins for the calculated period, which ends before the age of decay of the same-aged pine tree, close to the age of natural ripeness . Conduct a 4-5-receiving felling reformation with an interval of one age class and with a group or schematic, sites, sampling old trees and assisting on sites renewal of the target breed by mineralization of the soil surface at the sites of felling (felling of trees), placing them relatively evenly area. Upon completion of the reorganization (using the multi-receiving reorganization system of the HDL), forest reforestation of group- or kuptino-different-age plantations with a forest renewal system of measures of the main type is carried out sequentially, while the whole area of the event will have a complex character (elements of different measures - caring for young growths, thinning and other will be carried out more or less simultaneously at different sites - different years of logging).

Positive effect. The implementation of the method provides the opportunity, in accordance with the goals of forestry, based on the maximum use of the natural potential of sites - objects of application of forestry activities, to carry out forest production in accordance with the requirements (criteria) of sustainable forest management, save, restore and re-create forest ecosystems that effectively perform various environmental functions with optimal sustainable forest resource management.

Information sources

1. The main provisions for reforestation and afforestation in the forest fund of the Russian Federation, M., 1994.

2. The main provisions on thinning in the forests of Russia, M., 1993, 64 S.

3. The main provisions on main logging in the forests of the Russian Federation, M., 1993.

4. Patent No. 2105464 "Method for the reconstruction of plantations", 1995.

5. Melekhov I.S. Forest science and forestry, M., 1980, p. 32-33.

Claims (1)

Forestry method, including carrying out measures for the forest regeneration cycle from reforestation to changing forest generations at the forestry areas, characterized in that, in accordance with the natural features of the forestry areas, their intended purpose and condition, interchangeable and complementary systems of forestry activities of the main and derived types are used, the latter similar to the main one, but with the formation after the change of generations of derivative stands, while with the existing source waiting at the stage of the forest regeneration cycle between the stage of reaching the middle-aged plantation and the stage of changing the forest generation, thinning of trees is carried out by periodically cutting down trees that become heavily weakened and dying, with better conditions being left to the best trees, including undergrowth, and create conditions for renewal forest-forming plants of the next forest generation.