RU2303629C2 - Method for extraction of oil by enzymic hydrolysis from oil-bearing raw plant material - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fat-and-oil industry, in particular, extraction of oil from oil-bearing raw plant materials.

SUBSTANCE: method involves grinding oil-bearing raw plant material; providing moisture-and-heat treatment; suspending in aqueous medium; treating with enzyme preparation characterized by proteolytic activity in aqueous medium; centrifuging resultant hydrolysate and separating aqueous, oil and hydrolyzed solid fraction; subjecting raw material to drying process until moisture content is 6%; shelling; separating shelled product into fractions; grinding seed nuclei; providing moisture-and-heat treatment by heating to temperature of up to 105 C; cooling prepared raw material - pomace to temperature of 50 C; mixing with water at water to pomace ratio of 4:1; adding complex enzyme product to resultant mixture in an amount of 1% by weight of pomace, with enzyme of crab hepatopancreas being used as complex enzyme preparation; performing enzymic hydrolysis while constantly mixing during 5 hours at temperature of 50 C; after centrifugal separation of oil fraction, performing enzyme inactivation by heating separated oil to temperature of up to 80 C and performing secondary centrifuging of oil for cleaning thereof from inactivated enzyme.

EFFECT: increased oil yield and provision for retention to maximum extent of all useful components of raw material.

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Description

The invention can be used in the oil industry for oil extraction from oil-containing raw materials.

Known methods for producing fat by extraction with an enzymatic solution - through enzymatic hydrolysis.

The essence of the method according to US Pat. RF 2094451 (6 C11B 1/00, Method for producing oil from high oil plant material) / Klyuchkin V.V., Kislukhina O.V., Pavlova N.M., Nadykta V.D. et al .; Patent holder of the North Caucasian branch of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Fats NPO Maslogirprom. - 5003846/13; application form 02.10.96; publ. 10.27.97), consists of the following: oilseed material is subjected to moisture treatment after milling at a moisture content of 8-14% and a temperature of 50-60 ° C bringing humidity to 14-16% for 2-5 minutes. The resulting cake is cooled and subjected to mechanical activation in the presence of an aqueous solution of enzymes in an amount of 1-3% by weight of the cake at pH 5.0-5.5, the resulting pulp is exposed for 3 hours at 50-55 ° C. The oil phase is separated from the cake by centrifugation, followed by extraction of the solid phase with water. The process of fermentation, phase separation and extraction is repeated. As the enzyme mixture, enzyme preparations with cellulose activity are used at the rate of 2-5 units. and protease activity of 0.1-0.5 units. per 1 g of raw material for the destruction of cell membranes, as well as membranes of lipid granules. All oil obtained by the proposed method is edible. 70-80% of high quality oil is extracted from raw materials, which contains few oxidation products, it does not require hydration.

The known method, we have chosen as a prototype, according to US Pat. RF 2092529 (6 C11B 1/00, Method for the production of oil from grain embryos / Klyuchkin V.V., Kislukhina O.V., Pavlova N.M., Nadykta V.D. et al .; Patent holder of the North Caucasian branch of the All-Union Fat Research Institute of NPO Maslogirprom. - 5004099/13; application. 02.10.91; publ. 10.10.1997), which includes grinding oil-containing raw materials, suspending it in an aqueous medium, its heat treatment in two stages. At the first, warming up to 30-40 ° C is carried out, an enzyme preparation with amylolytic activity is administered at the rate of 1-5 units. per 1 g of raw material, then the temperature of the mixture is increased to 88-92 ° C, cooled to 40-50 ° C, and the second is treated with a mixture of enzyme preparations with amylolytic, proteolytic and cellulase activity, respectively, 0.5-2.0 units, 0.1-0.5 units . and 1.0-5.0 units. per 1 g of raw material for 1-2 hours at 45-50 ° C, then the whole mass is treated with calcium chloride (3.5% by weight of the raw material) at pH 7.2-7.8, then heated to 80-85 ° C, cooled to 20 ° C , the solid phase settles, it is separated by centrifugation and then the oil is extracted from the solid phase at a temperature of 70-75 ° C with ethyl alcohol. Proteases contribute to the destruction of oil granules and the most complete release of oil. Hydrolysis of starch, the destruction of cellular components and the release of lipids by the action of enzyme preparations according to the indicated method allows obtaining a rather good oil yield (increase in yield by 4.2--4.7%) from cereal embryos, while simultaneously increasing the yield of such a valuable oil component as tocopherol.

The disadvantages of the above methods include the fact that a mixture of enzymes with various activities: amylolytic, protease, cellulase, is used as an enzyme system, and the action of each of them is aimed at a specific effect: on the destruction of the cell walls or membranes of lipid granules on a certain technological cycle, which complicates and increases the cost of technology.

The purpose of this method is to increase the yield of high-quality oil (with a low acid number) and to maximize the preservation of all useful components of the raw material.

The proposed method for extracting oil by enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable oil-containing raw materials is that the seeds of an oil-containing vegetable culture are pre-prepared for processing - they are dried to a moisture content of 6% and crumble, split the russula, crush the seed kernel (to obtain a mint) and heat and heat treatment with heating to 105 ° C.

The prepared oil-containing raw material-pulp is cooled to 50 ° C, mixed with water in a ratio of water: pulp 4: 1, and a complex proteolytic enzyme without lipolytic activity is added to the mixture in an amount of 1% by weight of the oil-containing raw material.

As a proteolytic enzyme, an enzyme preparation from crab hepatopancreas is used — hepatopancreatin, which generally has complex proteolytic, amylase, chitinase activity and ensures maximum isolation of oil from raw materials. Hepatopancreatin is a powdered, natural enzyme preparation that is obtained by removing fat and moisture (e.g., acetone and n-butanol). In hepatopancreatinin, a lack of lipolytic activity was established, therefore, after the enzymatic treatment, the quality of the oil, in particular, the low acid number, should be preserved.

Enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out for 5 hours with constant stirring and a temperature of 50 ° C.

The duration of the process of enzymatic processing of raw materials in the presence of water is optimal and does not reduce the quality of the resulting oil, the native components of the raw material are preserved. As a result of hydrolytic treatment of the pulp, oil is effectively released from it.

The absence of lipolytic activity in the enzyme preparation makes it possible to obtain high-quality edible oil with a low acid number. The mild enzymatic treatment (low temperature, lack of organic solvents) prevents the damage of oil and protein product. The required native qualities and nutritional value of the target products extracted from raw materials are maximally preserved.

The obtained hydrolyzate is centrifuged to separate the aqueous, oil and hydrolyzed solid (protein) fractions, then the enzyme is inactivated by heating the extracted oil to 80 ° C and the oil is centrifuged again to purify it from the inactivated enzyme and obtain the target product.

The proposed method allows to simplify the technology and technical support of the oil production process by treating high-oil material with one enzyme preparation of natural origin of complex (proteolytic, amylase, chitinase) action in an aqueous medium and subsequent separation of the resulting mixture into a solid protein-containing, oil and water fraction, while increasing the degree of oil extraction and its nutritional quality due to the lack of lipolytic activity in the enzyme preparation.

Examples of carrying out the invention

Example 1

Sunflower seeds were dried to a moisture content of 6% and crushed, a peppermint was obtained by dividing the rushenka by grinding the seed kernel. The mint was subjected to heat and moisture treatment at 105 ° C for 30 minutes.

The resulting pulp - 80 g was cooled to 50 ° C, mixed with water in a ratio of water: pulp mass 4: 1.

Kamchatka crab hepatopancreas enzyme, hepatopancreatin, a powdery complex proteolytic enzyme in the amount of 1% of the pulp mass, 0.8 g, was added to the mixture, and it was hydrolyzed at 50 ° C for 5 hours with constant stirring.

As a result, oil was released, the removal of which was carried out by centrifugation of the mixture with separation of the aqueous fraction and the hydrolyzed solid fraction.

The resulting oil was heated to 80 ° C to inactivate the enzyme and secondary centrifugation of the oil was carried out to completely release it from the inactivated enzyme.

The yield of extracted oil from its initial content in seeds was 26.6%, the acid value was 1.9 mg KOH / g.

Example 2

The method was also carried out, but no enzymes were added to the mixture (control), with constant stirring, the pulp was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 50 ° C for 5 hours.

As a result, oil was released, the removal of which was carried out by centrifugation of the mixture with separation of the aqueous fraction and the hydrolyzed solid fraction.

The resulting oil was heated to 80 ° C to inactivate the enzyme and secondary centrifugation of the oil was carried out to completely release it from the inactivated enzyme.

The yield of extracted oil from its initial content in seeds was 5.2%, the acid value was 1.6 mg KOH / g.

Example 3

The resulting pulp - 80 g was cooled to 50 ° C, mixed with water in a ratio of water: pulp mass 4: 1.

The protosubtilin G10X enzyme was added to the mixture in an amount of 1% to the pulp mass — 0.8 g and was subjected to hydrolysis with constant stirring at a temperature of 50 ° C for 5 hours.

As a result, oil was released, the removal of which was carried out by centrifugation of the mixture with separation of the aqueous fraction and the hydrolyzed solid fraction.

The resulting oil was heated to 80 ° C to inactivate the enzyme and secondary centrifugation of the oil was carried out to completely release it from the inactivated enzyme.

The yield of extracted oil from its initial content in the seeds was 18.4%, the acid value was 3.1 mg KOH / g.

Example 4

The resulting pulp - 80 g was cooled to 50 ° C, mixed with water in a ratio of water: pulp mass 4: 1.

The pancreatin enzyme was added to the mixture in an amount of 1% to the mass of the pulp - 0.8 g and, with constant stirring, was hydrolyzed at a temperature of 50 ° C for 5 hours.

As a result, oil was released, the removal of which was carried out by centrifugation of the mixture with separation of the aqueous fraction and the hydrolyzed solid fraction.

The isolated oil was heated to 80 ° C to inactivate the enzyme and secondary centrifugation of the oil was carried out to completely release it from the inactivated enzyme.

The yield of extracted oil from its initial content in the seeds was 28.2%, the acid number was 23.3 mg KOH / g.

The results obtained indicate that the highest quality product with preserved native properties and with a good yield of the target product - oil - was obtained when hepatopancreatin was used as a complex enzyme for enzymatic hydrolysis.

In this case, high quality oil is obtained. Such a product contains significantly less oxidation products compared to other examples; the oil does not require hydration.

The proposed method allows to simplify the technology and technical support of the oil production process and at a lower cost to obtain a good yield of high-quality target product.

Claims (1)

A method for extracting oil by enzymatic hydrolysis from vegetable oil-containing raw materials, including grinding oil-containing raw materials, heat treatment, suspension in an aqueous medium, treatment with an enzymatic preparation with proteolytic activity in an aqueous medium, and centrifugation of the obtained hydrolyzate with separation of an aqueous, oil and hydrolyzed solid fraction, which the raw materials are dried to a moisture content of 6%, collapsing, splitting the russel, crushing the seed kernel (obtaining peppermint), moisture and heat the treatment is carried out with heating to 105 °, the prepared raw material — pulp — is cooled to 50 ° C, mixed with water in a ratio of water: pulp 4: 1, a complex enzyme preparation is added to the mixture in an amount of 1% of the pulp mass, while as a complex the enzyme preparation uses an enzyme from crab hepatopancreas, enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out with constant stirring for 5 hours at a temperature of 50 ° C, after isolation of the oil fraction by centrifugation, the enzyme is inactivated by heating the extracted oil to 80 ° and secondary centrifugation of the oil to purify the oil from the inactivated enzyme.