RU2301249C1 - Artificial soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural techniques.

SUBSTANCE: invention is intended for use when growing agricultural crops under closed and open land conditions as well as when performing restoration and enrichment exhausted lands. Artificial soil contains high moisture-absorbing material and a biologically active substance, the former being any-type peat of any decomposition degree and the latter nontoxic wood-origin carbon black at peat-to-carbon black volume ratio (40-60):100.

EFFECT: increased efficiency of artificial soil due to utilization of natural environmentally pure products.

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Description

The invention relates to compositions of artificial soils and can find application in agriculture when growing crops in closed or open ground conditions, as well as in the reclamation or enrichment of poor soils.

There is a method of producing artificial soil by collecting bedless manure at the place of keeping animals on a layer of moisture-absorbing material until it is completely impregnated, unloading the resulting mixture in a manure storage, mixing with additives, biothermal disinfection and enrichment. Highly hygroscopic mineral material is used as a moisture-consuming material, which is poured into channels closed by gratings for the accumulation and removal of manure, and after biothermal disinfection, the resulting mass is additionally enriched with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. As a highly hygroscopic material, expanded clay, expanded fibrous vermiculite or zeolite, foamed granular or bundled fibrous metallurgical slag or ash from thermal power plants are used, and sapropel, peat, farm waste, sand, and macro and micronutrients are used as additives (USSR, No. 1599356, С05F 3 / 00, 1990).

A known method of producing compost based on liquefied manure with mineral substrates and high moisture capacity in the channels of the livestock building, followed by mixing and adding disinfectable mixtures and nitrogen-fixing bacteria and worms, requires a lot of time and time to prepare the finished product. In addition, the use of this method is limited by the presence of a livestock complex in the economy. Moreover, the presence of liquid substrate requires biological disinfection and anaerobic composting, which complicates the technology of preparing artificial soil and requires an increase in energy consumption. Known artificial soil is not applicable to any land and may not correspond to the physiological needs of cultivated crops for nutrients and environmental reactions, i.e. this ratio of elements may not be suitable for cultivated crops, while this ratio of elements cannot be adjusted during the growing season.

Also known is a method of producing artificial soil containing a moisture-absorbing material, a nitrogen-fixing component and sapropel. As a moisture-consuming material, it contains a non-toxic water-soluble gel-forming polymer, as a nitrogen-fixing component - Nostoc Linckia blue-green algae, as well as additional plant condensed alfalfa extract (RF, No. 2031101, С09К 17/00, 1995).

A disadvantage of the known artificial soil is the presence of a non-toxic water-soluble gel-forming polymer as a water-absorbing material, which is an artificial product of the chemical industry. In addition, the technology of preparing artificial soil is very complex and requires compliance with the sequence of the technological process.

Adding a nitrogen-fixing component to the Nostoc Linckia blue-green algae requires a special microbiological laboratory or production, which is not available to the mass consumer of this soil, where it is prepared.

Also known is a method of producing artificial soil containing a moisture-absorbing material, as a biologically active substance, a plant extract, as well as sapropel. Contains a gel-forming non-toxic, water-soluble polymer in an amount of 0.005-0.150% by weight of sapropel as a moisture-consuming material, and a condensed alfalfa extract in an amount of 1.5-15.0% of the mass of sapropel as a plant extract (RF, No. 2032704, C09K 17/00, 1995).

The disadvantages of the known artificial soil is the presence of a polymer as a water-absorbing material, since it is an artificial chemical product, and not a natural compound. In addition, the technology for preparing artificial soil based on a polymer is rather complicated, laborious, and requires careful observance of the conditions for its preparation.

Closest to the proposed invention is a technology for growing vegetables on low-volume substrates or low-volume hydroponics. For this purpose, organic peat-based substrates and synthetic minerals (polymers) are used, for example [Technology for growing vegetables on peat and mineral wool substrates. - Moscow: VO Agropromizdat, 1988, pp. 3-14 (prototype)].

Growing vegetables on low-volume substrates is widespread in the world. The main reason for the widespread use of this technology is the high economic efficiency obtained both by increasing productivity and due to significant energy savings.

The energy-saving technology for growing greenhouse vegetables on peat substrates has a number of important advantages both in comparison with the soil culture and with the “old” basin hydroponics, namely:

- the ability to more accurately and quickly control the parameters of the root habitat medium (concentration, acidity of the nutrient solution, nutrient content, humidity, temperature, etc.) due to its small volume and the use of microprocessor technology, which provides a significant increase in yield (this factor played the main role in the dissemination of this technology);

- improving product quality;

- a more rational use of thermal energy through the use of subsubstrate heating and reducing energy costs for steaming;

- elimination of the need for the preparation and delivery of soil, the introduction of organic fertilizers and loosening materials, as well as the processing of soil in greenhouses (plowing, milling);

- a decrease of 15-30 times the amount of peat substrate, depending on the culture;

- significant water savings through the use of drip irrigation and energy savings on evaporation due to the coating of the surface of the soil and substrate with a film;

- saving the amount of mineral fertilizers (up to 40%);

- reduction of pesticide consumption for basic disinfection of greenhouses, improvement of phytosanitary conditions;

- increase the ability to standardize the substrate;

- increasing labor productivity, organizational and technological level of production.

When creating the necessary conditions, this technology can be highly efficient, allowing you to get from 1 m ² to 32 kg of tomatoes and 45 kg of cucumbers.

The objective of the present invention is to increase the efficiency of artificial soil, the use of a nutrient medium of plant origin, the use of peat of any type and various degrees of decomposition, and as a biologically active substance is an environmentally friendly energy-saving product.

The problem is achieved in that artificial soil containing a moisture-consuming material and a biologically active substance, it contains peat of any type and degree of decomposition as a water-intensive material, and non-toxic environmentally friendly carbon black of wood origin as a biologically active substance, and the ratio of peat and technical carbon in volume is 40-60%.

The proposed artificial soil retains all the positive properties of low-volume hydroponics, while eliminating the noted drawbacks and expanding the possibilities of using the initial components of plant origin in the preparation of soils and seedlings. In the proposed artificial soil, peat of any type and degree of decomposition is used as a moisture-consuming material, which significantly expands the possibilities of farms in the preparation of greenhouse soils and seedlings.

Depending on the purpose and field of application, peat is divided into four main types, such as:

1. Peat for composting and extracted from peat deposits of any type with a degree of decomposition of peat at least 15%.

2. Peat for use in animal husbandry as a bedding, depending on the type of peat deposit and the degree of decomposition, is divided into two categories:

I - peat extracted from peat deposits of the upper and transitional types with a degree of decomposition of not more than 15%;

II - peat extracted from peat deposits of any type, with a degree of decomposition of not more than 25%.

3. Peat for soil improvement, extracted from peat deposits of transitional or lowland types with a degree of decomposition of peat at least 25%.

4. Neutralized peat to improve the soil or as a basis for the preparation of nutritious peat mixtures, soils and extracted from peat deposits of upstream or transitional types with a degree of decomposition of peat not more than 35%.

For each type of peat according to GOST R 51661. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - 2000 “Peat and peat fertilizers for agriculture” the technical requirements are established, which are summarized in the table.

No. p / p Name of indicator Norm View 1 View 2, for category View 3 View 4 I II one. Mass fraction of moisture W,%, no more 60-65 50-57 50-57 60-65 60-65 2. Ash content Ad,%, no more 25-35 10 15-23 25-35 30-35 3. Acidity of pH of a salt suspension (pH _ks1 ), not less 2,5 - - 4.6 5.2 four. Moisture absorption (on dry matter) Be,%, not less than - 600 400 - - 5. Clogged (pieces of peat, tow, stumps, wood chips with a size of over 60 mm) W,%, no more 8 10 8 8 -

In the proposed artificial soil substrate, peat provides the necessary soil moisture capacity and physical environment for the root system of crops grown.

Another component of the artificial soil substrate is carbon black of wood origin, which improves the water-physical conditions of the substrate and, with its high sorbing properties, eliminates excess salts and residues of agrochemicals (pesticides), protecting plants from their toxic effects. In addition, carbon black, due to its black color and porosity, significantly increases the heat capacity of artificial soils, which reduces the energy consumption for ensuring the thermal regime, reduces the unproductive moisture consumption for evaporation, and improves the natural conditions of cultivated crops.

Carbon black, being a product of the secondary use of natural resources of plant origin, is obtained as a result of processing carbon-containing raw materials using a new domestic environmentally friendly and clean technology, by thermochemical cracking of waste from plant and wood origin. The feedstock for producing carbon black is wood waste, waste from pulp and paper production, sawdust, wood chips, cutting boards, etc. Moreover, the yield of carbon black from the weight of the feedstock is more than 30%.

Quality indicators of universal carbon black of wood origin of the SU-N brand are presented in the table.

Name of indicator Norm for brand SU-N Actual value Test method Appearance Black grain without mechanical impurities Visually Maximum absorption capacity for oil products 15-20 cSt at 20 ° C,% 400-600 420 - The total pore volume in water, cm ³ / g, not less 1,0 2.0 GOST 17219-71 Bulk density, g / cm ³ , no more 160 160 GOST 15190-70 Fractional composition. Max. the proportion of residue on the sieve: GOST 16187-70 No. 50,%, no more 2 0.2 No. 30,%, no more 8 2.2 No. 10,%, no more fifty 60,2 on a pallet,%, no more 40 37,4 Ash content,%, no more 7.0 1,1 GOST 12596-67 Mass fraction of moisture,%, no more 3,5 1.7 GOST 12597-67

The technical characteristics of carbon presented in the table make it possible to use it as a sorbent of wood origin with high absorption capacity, protecting artificial soil from contamination by residues of agrochemicals and other products of technogenic origin.

In addition, universal carbon black contains the following chemical elements, most of which are plant nutrients used in the cultivation of cultivated crops, with the exception of lead and cadmium, the content of which is significantly lower than the MPC.

Element Concentration, max% Phosphorus 0.0033 Potassium 0,054 Calcium 0.164 Magnesium 0,036 Manganese 0.015 Iron 0,048 Lead 0,00028 Cadmium 0.00004 Zinc 0.0021

The technology for producing universal carbon black from wood processing waste allows you to change the quantitative composition of chemical elements, both from raw materials and by adding chemical additives containing the necessary plant nutrition elements.

Experience 1. To establish the effect of carbon black in the composition of the nutrient mixture on the qualitative characteristics of seedlings and its effect on tomato productivity.

Preparation of soil mixtures for growing seedlings is carried out manually. Pre-dried and enriched peat (applying lime and mineral fertilizers to the required agrochemical parameters) is passed through a sieve with 3 cm holes. Peat is mixed with carbon black by volume, for example: in option 2, one bucket of carbon black and nine buckets of peat are taken and mixed thoroughly . Then comes the stuffing of the prepared mixture of seedlings (from 0.3 to 0.75 liters, depending on the crop grown) in the amount required for planting + 25% reserve background. Tanks are watered to the desired moisture content (75-80% HB) and then they are picked plants.

When studying the different ratio of carbon black and substrate in the seedling mixture, it was found that the seedlings in the height of the plants in the experiment were at or below the control. Our observations showed that with an increase in the percentage of carbon black in the composition of the nutrient mixture, the height of the plants decreases. So the plants with the lowest height were plants in the 6th variant - 23.5 cm, which is 7.9 cm lower than the control. At the level with control over the height of plants, there was option No. 3 (carbon black 20%, substrate 80%) - 32 cm, but the leaf area was greater than the control by 2.9 dm ² .

Greenhouse soils 2 weeks after transplanting seedlings into the soil were characterized by a high supply of water-soluble forms of nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

A different ratio of carbon black in the composition of the seedling mixture also affected the entry of plants into the development phases after the seedlings were planted in the soil of the greenhouse. So, plants in variants No. 5 (tech. Carbon 40%, peat 60%) and No. 6 (tech. Carbon 50%, peat 50%) entered the phase of the beginning of flowering 2–4 days earlier than the control (see table). Plants with the same variants earlier than the control entered the phases of the onset of single ovaries (2 days) and fruiting (5 days) and the fruiting period was 5 days longer than the control.

The effect of different ratios of carbon black in the composition of the seedlings on the development of plants is presented in the table.

No. p / p Options The number of days from mass shoots to the start: flowering ovary formation fruit ripening one. Control - peat 100% fifty 62 111 2. Those. carbon 10% + peat 90% 49 60 109 3. Those. carbon 20% + peat 80% 49 59 109 four. Those. carbon 30% + peat 70% fifty 61 110 5. Those. carbon 40% + peat 60% 47 60 106 6. Those. carbon 50% + peat 50% 49 61 108

As shown by leaf diagnostics, in these variants there was a more active absorption and movement of nitrates in plants with further protein synthesis in the productive part and accelerated fruit ripening.

Carbon black did not significantly affect the height of plants and the number of leaves. However, its effect on the formation of the number of brushes and fruits on them was revealed. So, according to these indicators, option No. 5 was distinguished, in which the number of brushes was 6.5 pcs., And in the control 6.0 pcs., And the average number of fruits on the brushes was 15.2% more than the control variant.

The greatest increase in the early harvest (5 harvests) was obtained in experiment No. 5 (carbon black 40%: substrate 60%) - 10.6 kg / m ² , which is 17.0% higher than the control (see table).

The yield of tomato when introduced into the seedling mixture of carbon black in various ratios is presented in the table.

No. p / p Options kg / m ² % to control Marketability,% one. Control - peat 100% 9.2 100.0 97.8 2. Those. carbon 10% + peat 90% 8.0 85,4 95.8 3. Those. carbon 20% + peat 80% 9.5 103.8 95.0 four. Those. carbon 30% + peat 70% 7.2 75.6 96.5 5. Those. carbon 40% + peat 60% 10.6 117.0 98.6 6. Those. carbon 50% + peat 50% 9.7 106.1 97.2 НСР ₀₅ , kg / m ² 1,2

In contrast to the known artificial soils, the proposed substrate of artificial soil in the form of peat and carbon black allows you to:

- reduce the cost of preparing the substrates, reduce the risk of overdose of the applied agrochemicals, through the sorbing properties of carbon black;

- use environmentally friendly natural materials in contrast to organically based polymers;

- save agrochemicals for the preparation of nutrient solutions, irrigation water and heat to maintain a favorable microclimate.

In addition, the existing technology requires strict control on the use of the nutrient medium, while the proposed technology has an increased buffering ability to use the nutrient medium and other agrochemicals when processing from pests, diseases, etc., which is especially typical for open soils. The substrate based on peat and carbon promotes the use of the required ratio of nutrients in the process of vegetation of various types of crops.

The proposed artificial soil is especially effective for growing plants and vegetables by the method of low-volume hydroponics.

Claims (1)

Artificial soil containing a moisture-absorbing material and a biologically active substance, characterized in that it contains peat of any type and degree of decomposition as a moisture-intensive material, and non-toxic environmentally friendly carbon black of wood origin as a biologically active substance, and the ratio of peat to carbon black volume is 40-60%.