RU2294076C1 - Method for soil enrichment in cultivation of farm crops and ornamental plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves introducing aluminum slag saline siftings produced from metallurgical slag into soil for spring cultivation in an amount of 1-5 t/hectare depending on type of soil and crops to be cultivated.

EFFECT: increased yield of farm crops, improved disease resistance of plants, and improved nutrient mode for plants and high agrophysical properties of soil.

5 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of enriching the soil during the cultivation of crops and ornamental plants.

There is a method of soil enrichment in the cultivation of crops, which consists in the fact that metallurgical slag is introduced into the soil, which is used as salt screenings of aluminum slag, which is introduced into the soil depending on the type of soil and cultivated crops (patent RU 2070186 C1, C 05 D 1/02, publ. 10.12.1996).

However, the known method does not contribute to a significant increase in crop yields.

The objective of the invention is to increase the yield of cultivated crops.

The problem is achieved in that in the known method of soil enrichment, which consists in the fact that salt screenings of aluminum slag are introduced into the soil as metallurgical slag, according to the invention they are introduced into the soil in the spring under cultivation in an amount of 1-5 tons per ha, depending on type soil and cultivated crops.

To implement the method, experiments were conducted in the field in four replicates on the example of plants such as peas, corn for green food, barley, potatoes, tomatoes, perennial herbs, aster.

Scheme of experience:

1 - control - without fertilizing the soil;

2 - introduction of aluminum slag into the soil in doses of 1 t / ha;

3 - introduction of aluminum slag into the soil in doses of 2 t / ha.

Slag is introduced into the soil in the spring under cultivation. The soils of the experimental plots are podzolized, medium loamy chernozem (humus 5.2%, pH salt - 5.8; P ₂ O ₅ - 7.0; K ₂ O - 10.0); medium gray loamy forest (humus 3.2%, pH salt - 4.5; P ₂ O ₅ - 8.9; K ₂ O - 8.0 mt per 100 g). The technology of cultivation of experimental crops is all-season.

Screenings of aluminum salt slag belong to the IV class of low-hazard substances according to GOST 12.1.007-76 “Harmful substances in industry. Classification and general requirements. ”

Screenings of salt aluminum slag of the Mtsensk metallurgical plant AOOT "Non-ferrous metals and alloys" are characterized by the following indicators.

Physico-chemical properties of screenings of aluminum salt slag:

1. Aggregate state - bulk material, fractions of 3 mm.

2. Color - light gray.

3. The smell is specific.

4. The hydrogen index of the aqueous extract is pH 8.

5. The main phases are potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), aluminum oxide (Al ₂ O ₃ ), silicon oxide (SiO ₂ ).

Table 1
The chemical composition of screenings of aluminum salt slag Elements, connections Content,
% Elements, connections Content% Elements, connections Content,
% Al 2.82 Sa 0.2 Cu 0.66 Al ₂ O ₃ 16.26 Na 2.42 With but Si 4.90 TO 3.74 Cd 0.004 Mg 1.74 Cl 2.00 Sn 0.018 Fe 1.70 Ti 0,085 SO ₄ 0.28 Zn 0.64 Mn 0.15 Ni but

Example 1

Salt screenings of aluminum slag were introduced into the soil under cultivation in the spring at a dose of 1 t / ha before sowing peas and barley. The experiment was carried out in four repetitions, the plot area of 100 m ² .

Example 2

Salt screenings of aluminum slag were introduced into the soil under cultivation at a dose of 2 t / ha before sowing peas and barley. The experiment was carried out in four repetitions, the plot area of 100 m ² .

table 2 The effect of slag on the timing of the pea phenophase DATE OF POPULAR PHENOPHASIS Experience Options Seed germination Seedlings Stem and branch Budding Bloom Bean Formation Maturation Full ripeness 1. Control 26 April May 10 May 18 June 13th 21st of June 27th of June July 8 August 2 2.1 t / ha of slag 26 April May 9 May 17 June 11 June 19 June 25 July 7th August 1 3.2 t / ha of slag 26 April May 8th May 15 the 9th of June June 17 June 23 5'th of July July 30th

From table 2 it can be seen that the difference in seedlings in the control in comparison with the second option with the introduction of 1 t / ha of slag was one day and two days compared with the third option with the application of 2 t / ha of slag. In the future, a one-day difference remains between the control and the second option until the budding phase, where it increases to two days, and this difference persists until maturity, where the difference is again one day and is preserved until it is fully ripe.

The two-day difference between the control and the third option increased in the stalking phase to three days, and in the budding phase, the difference reached four days and remained until ripening, where the difference decreased to three days and remained right up to full ripeness.

From this we can conclude that slag has a positive effect on the energy of germination and seed germination, and later on the earlier dates of the onset of phenophases.

In addition, according to the results of the experiment, it can be judged that earlier periods of the onset of phenophases, higher productivity and height of pea plants in the second and especially in the third variants compared with the basic version are associated with the development of a more powerful root system of plants in these variants.

And the development of a powerful root system is directly related to an increase in the number of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria on it. With a large number of them, pea plants begin to receive nitrate nitrogen more intensively, which is used to grow, develop and increase the greater vegetative mass and yield. As evidenced by the results of the field experiment.

When creating more favorable conditions for the development of the pea root system and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the rate of fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by nodule bacteria and its conversion to nitrate forms increases as a result of the nitrification process, which contributes to the enrichment of the soil with accessible forms of nitrogen and characterizes peas as an excellent precursor for winter crops.

Thus, we can conclude that by laying a good foundation for seedlings, the slag created more favorable conditions for the growth and development of peas in the second and third versions. Seedlings of peas in the second and especially in the third embodiment were more amicable and uniform in comparison with the control. The early periods of seedlings and the onset of other phenophases allowed peas to quickly go through critical periods (mass development of pests), increase good vegetative mass and form a high yield compared to the basic version.

Table 3 The effect of slag on the height and productivity of peas Experience option Plant height, cm Productivity, t / ha average to control average to control cm % c / ha % 1. Control 79.1 - - 31 - - 2. Slag 1 t / ha 82 2.9 3.6 34.5 3,5 11.2 3. Slag 2 t / ha 84.5 5,4 6.8 36.9 5.9 19.0 NDS ₀₅ - 1.36 - 1,08

As can be seen from table 3, the increase in growth processes in pea plants with the introduction of slag is due to a regular increase in the root system and a high adsorbing surface of the roots. And this in turn stimulates the formation of nodules.

Observations showed that during the experiment with the introduction of slag under peas in the second embodiment, the dose is 1 t / ha and in the third embodiment, 2 t / ha, the height of the plants in the second embodiment increased on average by 2.9 cm compared to the control and amounted to 82 see. In the third version, 5.4 cm, where the height of the plants reached 84.5 cm, while in the control the average height of the plants was 79.1 cm.

As can be seen from table 3, the yield of pea grain in the control amounted to 31 kg / ha. The introduction of slag led to a greater yield. Thus, when 1 t / ha of slag was added, the pea yield amounted to 34.5 c / ha, which was 3.5 c / ha or 11.2% higher than the control variant. 0

With an increase in the slag dose by a factor of 2, the yield increased to 36.9 c / ha, which was 5.9 c / ha or 19.0% higher than the yield of peas in the control and 2.4 c / ha higher than the yield obtained with making 1 t / ha of slag.

The introduction of slag waste under barley had a positive effect on the formation of plant reproductive organs and grain yield. When using the proposed method, the spike length, the number of grains in the spike and the grain yield increased, which amounted to 2.78 t / ha, which was 6.5% higher than the grain yield of the control variant.

The study of the elemental composition of barley grain showed that the content of copper, zinc and cobalt in the grain did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations.

Example 3

Salt screenings of aluminum slag were introduced into the soil under cultivation at a dose of 4 t / ha before sowing corn. The experiment was carried out in four replicates, the plot area of 100 m ² .

Example 4

Salt screenings of aluminum slag were introduced into the soil under cultivation at a dose of 8 t / ha before sowing corn. The experiment was carried out in four replicates, the plot area of 100 m ² (table 4).

Table 4
The influence of salt screenings of aluminum slag on the development and productivity of corn Experience option Plant height, cm Productivity, t / ha average to control average to control cm % c / ha % 1. Control 169.2 - - 400,0 - - 2. Slag 4 t / ha 206.3 37.1 21.9 523.2 123,2 30.8 3. Slag 8 t / ha 203.4 34.2 20,2 488.2 88.2 22.1

The introduction of 4 t / ha of slag for corn contributed to an increase in the yield of green mass by 123.2 c / ha or 30.8% compared with the control variant. With a 2-fold increase in the slag dose to 8 t / ha, the yield increased to 88.2 c / ha or 22.1% in comparison with the control. At the same time, the yield of green mass decreased by 35 kg / ha in comparison with the yield obtained when slag was added at a dose of 4 t / ha.

Thus, we can conclude that the optimal dose of salt screenings of aluminum slag during the cultivation of corn is 4 t / ha.

The introduction of slag before planting potatoes at a dose of 5 t / ha led to intensive growth of plants and tuberization, phenological observations showed the resistance of potato plants to susceptibility to late blight, while the yield increased from using the proposed method by 31.7%.

Thus, the use of the proposed method on peas, corn, potatoes and barley is effective both for increasing crop yields and for regulating soil fertility.

Example 5

Slag waste was introduced in a dose of 100 g per 1 m ² when growing seedlings of tomatoes, ornamental flower plants (aster) and perennial herbs.

Table 5 Experience Options Tomatoes Perennial herbs Aster plants the average mass of the fetus, g % to control c / ha % to control average height, cm % to control 1. Control 92.86 - 13.9 - 46.06 - 2. Slag 1 t / ha 118.18 27.26 15.8 13.7 50.52 9.70

Studies have proven that the introduction of salt screenings of aluminum slag into the soil creates favorable conditions for the development of grass stand of perennial grasses. In the control variant, the growth of plants during the observation period reached 24.9 cm; when slag was added, the growth increased to 28.9 cm, which exceeded the growth in the control by 4 cm or 16.1%. The average yield from the introduction of slag on grasses reached 15.8 kg / ha, which is 13.7% higher than the hay yield of perennial grasses in the control variant. The feed obtained using this method met the zootechnical requirements.

The proposed method has a positive effect on the development of tomato seedlings and their productivity. The mass of the fetus increased by 27.3% compared with the control. The nitrate content in tomato fruits was in the range of 28.5-35.0 mg / kg, which is significantly lower than the maximum permissible concentration. At the same time, an increase in plant resistance to late blight damage was noted.

The addition of 100 g of slag per 1 m ² to the plots where the aster seedlings were planted provided enhanced growth processes, an increase in the number of stems by 39.4% in comparison with the control and earlier flowering of plants.

It has been established that the introduction of salt screenings of aluminum slag into the soil helps to reduce soil acidity, increase the content of metabolic bases, and improve the nutritional regime.

Thus, the proposed method allows to increase the yield of crops, the development of ornamental plants and soil fertility. The dose of salt screenings of aluminum slag depends on the soil conditions and biological characteristics of the crops grown.

Claims (1)

The method of soil enrichment in the cultivation of crops and ornamental plants, which consists in the fact that metallurgical slag is introduced into the soil, characterized in that as the metallurgical slag, salt screenings of aluminum slag are used, which are introduced into the soil in the spring under cultivation in an amount of 1-5 t / ha depending on the type of soil and cultivated crops.