RU2246138C1 - Printing graphics training method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: methods of training.

SUBSTANCE: described method includes studying of composition, making drawings and replacing them onto thick paper. Parts of drawings supposed to be removed are cut out by knife. Back side of print form is covered with paint and pressed against image receiving surface.

EFFECT: simplification of training method; training of creativity in students.

5 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods of teaching the visual arts, and more specifically to easel graphics, in secondary schools, circles, as well as in secondary and higher educational institutions.

A known method of manufacturing an etching. Etching is an in-depth engraving on metal made by etching. The material for creating the printing plate is metal, mainly zinc. Etching is carried out with nitric acid. The image, stamped under strong pressure from an in-depth printing plate, has a relief towering above the plane of the paper. Depending on the depth of strokes and points of the printing form, a layer of ink of various thicknesses is transferred onto the paper, which creates a great tonal variety (Zvontsov V.M., Shistko V.I. Etching. M .: Art. - 1971).

Work on the creation of etching requires special equipment, due to the use of acid and special paints - harmful. In addition, special (etching or stamping) paper is required.

It is possible to create a color etching - for this one or several printing plates, specially engraved, are used for each color.

By subsequent printing and exact combination of all printing forms, a multicolor print is obtained with clean and complementary colors in the places where one ink is applied to another (Zvontsov V.M., Shistko V.I. Etching. M .: Art. - 1971).

Creating an etching is a laborious, complex, unhealthy process, which requires the availability of special equipment and certain special skills in working with acid, so it is not used in teaching children the visual arts.

A known method of manufacturing a convex, high woodcut - woodcut (Zhukov A.P., Tretyakov E.M. Woodcut. M: Art. - 1977). A mirror-translated drawing is engraved on a longitudinal or end-cut board of hard wood, cutting out white places with special tools, then paint is applied to the convex elements of the board - printed form, which can be typographic, illustrative, lithographic or oil-painting, used in printing color engraving. Printing is carried out by pressing the printing plate under pressure to the receiving surface. After completion of the work, the ink is washed off the printing form with pure aviation gasoline or acetone.

The method of obtaining engravings is time-consuming, requires skills, special devices, is unsafe for health, therefore it is not used in secondary schools, circles.

Closest to the claimed is a method of teaching printed graphics, including studying the composition, sketching, making a printing form, applying paint to it, obtaining an impression (Zhurov A.P., Tretyakov E.M. Woodcut. M .: Art. - 1977, p. 220-236). The printing form is made of linoleum, which is an affordable, easy and convenient material to work with. He does not need special, complex preparation, like metal or board, does not require a specially equipped workplace.

An important quality of linocut is efficiency. It is much faster to work on linoleum than on wood, it is safer than etching, it can be engraved, freely drawing from life with a tool on a blackened surface. This method requires special thoughtfulness, economy and accuracy of each stroke and better develops the connection between the movement of the cutter and the plasticity of the form, artistic comprehension during work than in other types of engraving.

For engraving, it is best to use linoleum with a thickness of 0.5 mm, which is always sanded before work, wiped with turpentine to fix the surface. A drawing on paper or tracing paper is drawn around the contour with lithographic pencil or lithographic ink and placed on linoleum, freshly rubbed with turpentine, and rubbed with a bone. The translated drawing is drawn with ink, then linoleum is tinted with printing ink slightly diluted with gasoline or diluted ink. Engraving tools are the same angular or semicircular chisels, knife, as in woodcut. You can print linocuts manually by lapping or on a special linocut machine.

Engraving training is a laborious, complex process that requires special, albeit quite affordable materials and tools.

The technical task of the claimed invention is the development of an affordable, simple, harmless way of teaching graphics, contributing to the development of creative abilities of students and students, accelerated learning of the basics of easel graphics.

To solve the technical problem, it is proposed in a method for teaching printed graphics, including studying the composition, making a sketch, making a printing plate, which is a positive image, from thick paper by transferring from the sketch made the outline of the image details that are to be removed, then delete them. The resulting printing form is coated on the back with ink and pressed against the image-receiving surface to produce an impression.

In order for the printing form to more evenly “give off” the ink applied to it, the printing form is treated on both sides with glue, for example polyvinyl acetate (PVA). For printing, printing ink or oil-free oil is used. To obtain color engraving, several printing forms are used. At the same time, the details to be removed are transferred from the sketch to each of the printing forms, leaving the details corresponding to the given color. Each ink applied must have its own printing form. The printing plates, with the ink applied on the reverse side, are alternately pressed against the image receiving surface.

Compared with the prototype, the proposed method of training is simpler, because for the manufacture of a printing form, paper, a stationery knife are used, all that is always available and at hand. Special equipment or a specially equipped workplace is not required. In this regard, the proposed method of teaching printed graphics can be used in lessons in high school, circles, etc. It should be noted that the use in the learning process of the proposed method of manufacturing a printed form from paper and engraving, which can be called "slotted engraving", helps to increase the creative activity of students of various ages, makes classes varied, exciting, creates a positive motivation for further learning and improving skills .

On figa shows a diagram of the application of ink on a printing plate; on figb - printed form with ink applied on it in contact with the image receiving surface; on figv - the finished product is a print.

Having completed the sketch in pencil, we transfer the image to thick paper, noting the details of the image that are to be removed. To translate the sketch, you can use a transparent smooth surface with backlight, such as window glass. Taking a clerical knife, we remove the parts transferred from the sketch from the image. You can use scissors. When a student cuts out, he develops motor skills. The printing plate is treated with diluted PVA glue. First, glue one side, dry it by weight, holding the form by the ends, then similarly glue the other side of the printing form. We put the printing form 1 with the reverse side up on the working surface 2. Having formed a small “slide” of paint on the glass (not shown), add a few drops of drying oil, mix well with a spatula, roll out the paint with a roller, uniformly covering printing form 1 with ink 3. Carefully take the printing form 1 diagonally for the ends of the inner and outer edges, so that fingerprints do not appear, and put on the image receiving surface 4 (Fig. 1b) a printing plate 1 with ink 3 down. On top we cover with paper 5, for example newsprint, then with cardboard 6 and carry out the pressure, thereby producing printing. We remove everything in the reverse order. Having moved the image receiving surface 4 to the edge and, having slightly bent it, disconnect it from the printing plate 1 and carefully remove it. On the image receiving surface 4, paint 3 remained (Fig. 1c). Got a print.

Using the knowledge gained in working with one impression, you can complicate the task by performing a composition with two, three or more forms. In this case, the edges of the printing forms must coincide, and the internal arrangement of the elements on subsequent forms must correspond to the sketch and color of the ink. Each paint is applied in a separate roller, on a separate glass. Inks are printed successively from printing plates, starting from light to dark.

Selection of color, color perception, witty decision to obtain additional colors by applying one color to another, so yellow and blue - it turns green; yellow plus red - orange; red plus blue is purple; mixing all three colors produces a dark color. All this contributes to the development of a sense of color, the relationship of colors, their differences. The ability to apply the knowledge gained while working in the technique of “slotted engraving” will help in the further study of printed graphics and in creative works.

Claims (5)

1. A method of teaching printed graphics, including studying the composition, sketching, making a printing form, applying paint to it and producing an impression, characterized in that the printed form, which is a positive image, is made of thick paper, transferring onto it from a sketch of those contours details of the image that are to be removed, remove them, uniformly coat the resulting printing plate on the back with ink and press it against the image-receiving surface. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the printing form is treated on both sides with glue. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that they use PVA glue. 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that they use printing or pre-fat-free oil paint. 5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that for each color they make their printed form by removing all parts that do not correspond to the ink color applied according to the sketch, apply paint from the back of the printing form and alternately press it against the image receiving surface.