RU2228607C1 - Method for controlling of productive processes on cultivation of winter cereal crops under dry climate conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves optimizing sowing time and rate, as well as sowing methods; determining by means of respective instruments total average daily positive temperatures within the range of 550-650 C for 45-60 days beginning from sowing time to growing period expiration time; forming in each tillering node three or four stems with saccharide content sufficient for imparting to plants resistance to negative temperatures in the range of from -18 C to -20 C during snowless periods; with falling out of plants before harvesting period taken into account, forming normalized planting density of stems of 500-600 pcs/sq.m on black soil and 300-450 pcs/sq.m on chestnut soils by sowing certified seeds at seeding rate of (3,5 and 4,0)•10⁶ pcs/hectare and sowing time of from 25.08 to 0.5.09 on dark chestnut soil in dry steppe zone; reducing seeding rate to (3,0-3,5)•10⁶ pcs/hectare and shifting sowing time from 01.09 to 10.09, when winter crops are cultivated on chestnut soils in dry steppe zone; further reducing cereals to (2,5-3,0)•10⁶ pcs/hectare during sowing period of from 01.09 to 10.09 on light-chestnut soil in semi-arid zone; keeping soil temperature mode of 18 C to 12 C in all zones during sowing period; calculating hydrothermal coefficient value G in current year; with G_s<0,5, reducing seeding rate by 10-15% of said values; with G_s within the range of 0.5-0.9, keeping seeding rate on the base of mentioned data for described zones and soil conditions; with G_s>0,9, increasing seeding rate by 20-25%. On increasing seeding rate, spacing width is reduced from 22.5 cm to 7.5 cm while utilizing photosynthetic active radiation to maximum extent for increasing protein content and retaining of gluten. Planned cereal crops productivity is determined from formula: y = a•S•G_s+b, where y id grain yield, t/hectare; a and b are digital parameters; S is actual total of positive temperatures ranging from sowing time to growing period expiration time, C; G_s is hydrothermal coefficient, mm/ C. EFFECT: increased efficiency in productivity control on the basis of yield and grain quality forecasting and evaluation of effectiveness of agronomical measures and accomplishment time. 1 dwg, 5 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the management of production processes based on forecasting the yield and quality of grain, as well as to assess the effectiveness of ongoing agricultural activities and their timing.

A known method for early diagnosis of the potential productivity of variety-rootstock combinations of fruit crops, including determining during the period of active growth of annual variety-rootstock combinations of fruit crops a physiological and biochemical indicator, the value of which is used to judge the potential productivity of combinations, in which, in order to increase the reliability of diagnosis, plants are grown in controlled conditions, as a physiological and biochemical indicator determine the content of free promenade in place x, and plants are considered potentially productive if the content of the promenade does not exceed 20-25 mg /% dry matter (SU, copyright certificate No. 1470239, A1, M. class. ⁴ A 01 G 7/00, 17/00. Method early diagnosis of variety-rootstock combinations of fruit crops / T.N. Doroshenko and Yu.S. Pospelova (USSR) - Application No. 4302160 / 30-13; Announced 08/31/1987; Publish. 07.04.1989, Bull. No. 13).

The disadvantages of this method of early diagnosis in relation to the problem we are solving include the fact that this method does not take into account the climatic and soil conditions.

There is also a method of determining the yield of apple trees for growing them in a meadow garden, including measuring the potential yield and subsequent conversion to yield, in which, in order to increase the reliability and simplify the method, the measurement is carried out during growing fruiting and the initial level of axillary fraction is measured as an indicator fruiting, and the last recount is carried out according to the formula

y = 37.2x-54.7

where y is the yield, kg / ha;

x - the initial level of the share of axillary fruiting,%

(SU, copyright certificate No. 1630677, A1, M.cl ⁵ A 01 G 7/00, 17/00. A method for determining the yield of apple varieties for growing them in a meadow garden / V.F.Koltunov and V.M. Yakovuk (USSR ). - Application No. 46664079/13; Stated March 21, 1989; Publish. February 28, 1991, Bull. No. 8).

The disadvantages of this method when determining the yield of winter cereal crops when cultivated in a sharply continental climate in the south of the Russian Federation include the indirectness of the method of the results obtained. Apple trees are perennial plantations. When cultivating winter crops, the actual yield will be removed in a year. A simple, reliable and reliable method of obtaining express data is required, and the analyzed method does not meet this requirement.

In addition to the described methods, there is a known method for predicting the yield of vineyards in areas of uncovered irrigated viticulture by the average mass of bunches, in which, in order to increase the reliability and increase the forecast lead time, the average daily air temperature for the period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of leaf fall is determined, the average mass of the bunch in next year, which judges the yield in the next year, and the average weight is determined from the expression

y = 54.9x-938,

where x is the average daily average air temperature for the period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of leaf fall in the current year, ° С;

y - the average forecasted mass of the bunch in the next year, g;

and yield is determined from the expression

z = 0.6469y + 69,

where z is the predicted yield of the vineyard next year, kg / ha (SU, copyright certificate No. 1136766, A, M. Cl. ⁴ A 01 G 7/00. A method for predicting the yield of vineyards in the areas of uncovered irrigated viticulture / Sh. N. Huseynov (SU) .- Application No. 3222560 / 30-15; Stated December 24, 1980; Publish. January 30, 1985, Bull. No. 4).

A significant drawback of this method in solving our problem is that this forecasting method is acceptable only for one plant species - grapes and covers a narrow observation period and, in particular, takes into account only the warm season.

Noteworthy is the method of rapid diagnosis of the potential productivity of plants, including the selection of seeds, soaking them in a liquid and the subsequent measurement of the biophysical characteristics of the seeds, which make a judgment on potential productivity, in which, in order to simplify the diagnosis and increase its reliability, a weak liquid is used potassium salt solution, and as a biophysical characteristic measure the average rate of increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, which is in direct dependencies with potential plant productivity (SU, copyright certificate No. 1414355, A1, Mcl ⁴ A 01 G 7/00. Method for rapid diagnosis of potential plant productivity / L.N. Vorobyov, N.N. Egorov, A.I. .Martynenko (USSR) .- Claimed 10/27/1986; Publ. 07.08.1998, Bull. No. 29).

Despite the reliability of the results based on experimental data, the disadvantages of this method include a limited range of predicted data. The obtained data cannot be superimposed on a district, region, zone, region.

The closest analogue to the claimed object, according to the applicant, is a method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants, including sampling leaves, measuring biophysical indicators characterizing the state of photosystems and assessing potential productivity by the value of the measured parameters, in which, in order to increase the reliability of the method, the selection sample is performed at an illumination intensity of 10-40 W / ^m2, immediately after sampling is immersed in liquid nitrogen, measuring biofiziche one indicator is carried out at liquid nitrogen temperature and the light intensity of 300-500 W / m ² as a biophysical indicator analyzed spectrum of electron spin resonance measured amplitudes A ₁ and A ₂ signals at q-factor 2.006 2.015 A ₁ and A _2, respectively, calculate the coefficient K by the formula

K = 2.75A ₂ / A ₁ ,

at the same time, the potential productivity of plants in the current year is estimated by K, and if they coincide within the species with A ₁ , and higher values of K and A ₁ correspond to more potentially productive agricultural plants (SU, copyright certificate No. 1505472, A1, M.cl. ⁴ A 01 G 7/00, A 01 H 1/04 Method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants / A.Yu. Borisov, N. M. Vandysheva, M. G. Golfeld, A. S. Magarshak et al. (USSR ). - Application No. 4343644 / 30-13; Stated 12/15/1987; Publish. 09/07/1989, Bull. No. 33).

The disadvantages of the described method, adopted by us as the closest analogue, include the complexity of the method, the need for expensive equipment, limited functionality.

A known method for assessing the potential productivity of crops, in particular winter cereals, including winter rye, winter wheat and winter barley, including optimizing the timing, seeding rates and methods of sowing, in which it is recommended to use a constant of 600 ° C for 48-58 days at an air temperature of 19 ... 16 ° С during the autumn vegetation of plants to ensure favorable habitat: tillering coefficient 4 ... 6, height - up to 25 cm, while sowing in the steppe zone of chernozemic soils should start from 16.08, in the dry-steppe zone it is dark chestnut soils - from 21.08, dry steppe zone of chestnut soils - from 26.08 and semi-desert zone of light chestnut soils - from 01.09, and sowing time - no more than 10 days (Guidelines for adaptive technology of winter wheat cultivation in the Volgograd region / Comp .: V.M .Ivanov, V.I. Filin, A.I. Korotich, A.M. Belyakov / Volgograd Institute for Advanced Training of Agribusiness Personnel. - Volgograd, 1999. - 52 pp. - P.30-37. A copy of the materials on these pages is attached) .

The disadvantages of this method include the fact that it does not take into account the heat and moisture supply of crops and there are no recommendations on sowing standards.

A known method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants, mainly winter cereal crops when cultivated in a sharply continental climate, including optimizing the timing, seeding rates and methods of sowing, in which the sum of the average daily temperatures in the range of 550-650 ° C for 45-60 days from sowing before the cessation of vegetation, while in each tillering node three to four stems are formed with a sufficient amount of sugars for resistance to sub-zero temperatures in winter in the range -18-20 ° C, and with the attacks before harvesting on a chernozem soil plant density should be 500-600 stems per square meter, chestnut soils - 300-450 pcs / m ^2, the maximum efficiency at a seeding rate (3. , 5-4.0) · 10 ⁶ pcs./ha and sowing dates from 08.25 to 05.10 each calendar year is expected in the steppe zone with chernozem soils, with seeding rates (3.5-4.0) · 10 ⁶ pcs./ hectares and sowing dates from 08.25 to 09.09 in the dry steppe zone with dark chestnut soils, with seeding rates (3.0-3.5) · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha and sowing dates from 01.09 to 10.09 in the dry steppe zone with chestnut soils, P and seeding rates (2.5-3.0) x 10 ⁶ pcs. / ha and timing for seeding to 01.09 10.09 to light-brown soils in semi-desert area and holding temperature in the sowing period from + 18 ° C and at least + 12 ° C (see Technology for the production of high-quality winter and spring wheat grain (recommendations) / V.A. Vykhodtsev, Responsible for the production // Volgograd: Print LLC, 2002. - 76 p. - S. 36-38. A copy of the description fragment from the recommendations is attached).

The disadvantages of this method of assessing potential productivity include the fact that this method does not take into account the agro-climatic conditions of the territory, in particular the lack or excess of heat and moisture.

The invention consists in the following.

The problem to which the invention is directed is the prediction of productivity and grain quality of winter cereal crops according to the results of phenological observations.

The effect and technical result that can be obtained by implementing the claimed method for assessing the productivity of agricultural plants are evaluated by obtaining stable winter crop yields when cultivated in a sharply continental climate and the proper grain quality in terms of gluten and protein content.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of controlling the production processes of agricultural plants, when cultivating predominantly winter cereal crops in sharply continental climates, including optimizing the timing, seeding rates and methods of sowing, in which the sum of average daily temperatures is determined within 550 .. .650 ° C for 45 ... 60 days from sowing to the termination of the growing season, at each tillering node three to four stems are formed with a sufficient supply of sugars for plant stability temperature at minus temperatures in the range - 18 ...- 20 ° С, taking into account the attacks of plants before the harvesting season, the density of the stems standing is 500 ... 600 pcs. per 1 m ² on chernozem soils and 300 ... 450 pcs. on chestnut soils by sowing conditioned seeds with a seeding rate of (3.5-4.0) · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha and sowing dates from 08.25 to 09.09 of the current year on black soil in the steppe zone, seeding rate (3.5-4, 0) · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha and sowing dates from 08.25 to 05.09 on dark chestnut soils in the dry-steppe zone, seeding rate (3.0-3.5) · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha and sowing dates from 09.09 to 10.09 on chestnut soils in the dry steppe zone and the seeding rate (2.5-3.0) · 10 ⁶ pcs./ha and sowing dates from September 1 to September 10 on light chestnut soils in the semi-desert zone with exposure to + 18 ° С to + 12 ° С, according of the invention, in the current calculation, the set value hydrothermal coefficient (G _c) and G _c <0.5 seeding rate is reduced to 10-15% of the mentioned value, when G _c in the range of from 0.5 to 0.9 normal keep sowing, at G _c > 0.9, the sowing rate is increased by 20 ... 25%, while with increasing sowing norms, the row spacing is reduced to 7.5 cm, and the planned productivity of winter crops is determined by the formula

y = a · S · G _c + b,

where y is the grain yield, t / ha;

a and b are numerical parameters;

S is the actual sum of positive temperatures from sowing to the termination of the growing season, ° C;

G _c - hydrothermal coefficient, mm / ° С.

Due to the fact that the provision of crops with precipitation and heat was taken into account, and, accordingly, the seeding rates and row spacing were adjusted, the above technical result is achieved.

An analysis by the Applicant of the level of technology for the cultivation of winter crops, including a search by patent and scientific and technical sources of information and identification of sources containing information about analogues of the claimed invention, made it possible to establish that no analogue was found that was characterized by features identical to all the essential features of the claimed invention.

Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of “novelty” under applicable law.

To verify the compliance of the claimed invention with the requirement of “inventive step”, the Applicant conducted an additional search for known solutions in order to identify features that match the distinctive features of the claimed invention from the closest analogue, the results of which show that the claimed invention does not explicitly follow from a known level of technology (methods ) and technology, since from the level of methods determined by the applicant, the influence of the essential s claimed invention to achieve transformation effect and technical result.

Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "inventive step" under applicable law.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing.

The drawing shows the agroclimatic zoning of the Volgograd region indicating temperatures for the growing season, greater than 10 ° C, and isolines of the hydrothermal coefficient G _c .

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the method of managing and evaluating the potential productivity of agricultural plants, mainly winter cereal crops, when cultivated in a sharply continental climate, are as follows.

A high degree of convergence of the forecast of potential productivity of winter crops with the actual yield of the next year is ensured by the presence of varieties with a high yield potential and good grain quality, their responsiveness to fertilizers and agricultural methods that are immune to diseases, drought resistance, winter hardiness, and resistance to lodging and shedding.

As an example, for conditions of sharply continental climate, we consider the following zoned varieties of intensive type: Mironovskaya anniversary, Krasnodar 39, Tarasovskaya 29, Donskaya bezostnaya, Volgogradskaya 84, Donshchina, Saratov 90 (for the 3rd zone of the Volgograd region) and Don 85 (for the 1st of the 3rd and 3rd zones of the Volgograd region), Don 93 and Don 95. All of them are mid-early and almost all except Don 85 belong to the lutescens variety, that is, they have a boneless spike with unhandled ears and red grains. In the variety Don 85, the spike is spiny, and the remaining signs are with lutescens (a variety of erythrospermus).

Under production conditions, in years favorable for wintering and moisture supply, all varieties of winter wheat can form a grain yield from 3.0 ... 4.0 t / ha in the semi-desert zone of light chestnut soils and up to 6.5 ... 7.0 t / ha and more in the steppe zone of chernozem soils.

The following are descriptions of the new varieties used in the forecasting of the yield and quality of grain of winter grain crops when cultivated in a sharply continental climate:

1) winter wheat - Don 95, Don 85, Volgogradskaya 84, Donshchina, Don boneless, Krasnodar 39, Mironovskaya anniversary, Tarasovskaya 29, Ermak, Zernogradka 10, Dar Zernograd, Donskoy Lighthouse, Saratov 10;

2) winter rye - Saratov 5 and Saratov 7;

3) winter barley - Silhouette.

A brief description of winter crops, zoned in the Volgograd region.

Winter wheat:

9400370 DON 93 - bred by hybridization 1416/83 1279/74 Severodonskaya × 259/67 (Novoukrainka × Odessa 3 × 1360/76 × 805/82 1121/75 (237/60 × 267 + 268/69) x904 / 77 (208 / 72 × Sava).

Included in the State Register for the Lower Volga region. A variety of lutescens. The bush is intermediate, the straw is hollow. The sheet is unrefined without a wax coating. The ear is cylindrical, white, small, medium density. Spinous processes (up to 3 cm) in the upper half of the ear, spikelet oval, short, with weakly expressed nerve. The tooth is short, sharp. The shoulder is straight, wide, raised in the upper part of the ear, the grain is large, oval, red. The base is slightly lowered, the groove is shallow. Mass of 1000 grains 37-45 g.

The average yield was 3.84, which is 0.31 t / ha higher than the standard. Maximum yield 4.83 t / ha.

Early ripe. The growing season is 261-298 days. Winter hardiness is average. Plant height 0.87-1.13 m. Resistant to lodging.

The baking qualities are good and excellent. Strong wheat. According to the originator, the variety is resistant to smut. Resistant to yellow and stem rust, powdery mildew. Susceptible to brown rust and Septoria, highly susceptible to solid smut. Before sowing, seed treatment, fungicidal treatments are required.

9500260 DON 95 - Don breeding center.

Pedigree Zernogradka 3 × Donetsk 46.

Included in the State Register for the Lower Volga region.

A variety of lutescens. The bush is intermediate. The straw is hollow of medium thickness, durable. The leaf is not pubescent, with a slight waxy coating. The ear is cylindrical, white, small, dense. Spikelet scales are ovoid, short, with weakly expressed nerve. The tooth is short, slightly curved. The shoulder is straight, of medium width - wide. The keel is very pronounced. Grain of medium size, ovoid, red. The base is slightly lowered, the groove is shallow. The weight of 1000 grains is 38-39 g. It differs from other varieties by an erect spike and the presence of 1-2 cm sphenoid processes in the upper part of the spike.

Average yield 3.99 t / ha.

Early ripe. The growing season is 255-312 days. Winter hardiness is average - above average. The height of the plants is 0.72-0.86 m. In terms of resistance to lodging, it slightly exceeds the variety Donskaya boneless.

The baking qualities are excellent. Included in the list of strong varieties. Medium resistant to brown and yellow rust. According to the originator, it is highly resistant to smut smut, highly susceptible to stem rust. Mandatory seed treatment, fungicidal treatments on the recommendation of the plant protection service are required.

8602662 DON 85 - bred in the Don breeding center of the NGO “Don” of intraspecific hybridization of winter soft wheat of local selection 904/77 (208/72 294/67 (Krasnodonskaya 6 x Mironovskaya 808) x261 / 67 (Bezostaya 1 × Mironovskaya 264) × Sava; 1793/76 237/66 (Bezostaya 4 × Lutescens 329) × Mironovskaya 808) х267 + 268/69 (Krasnodonskaya 6 × Mironovskaya 808).

Erythrospermum variety

The spike is fusiform, small, sometimes of medium length, dense. Spikelet lanceolate scales, short, with weakly expressed nerve. The tooth in the lower part of the ear is short, coracoid; in the middle part of the spike of medium length, inclined forward, to the top of the spike lengthens to 6-8 mm. The shoulder in the lower part of the ear is beveled, in the middle - straight, in the upper part of the ear is raised.

Keel is moderate. Awnings of medium length, slightly diverging, ovoid grain, shallow groove.

Mid early. The growing season is 281-287 days, matures simultaneously with Tarasovskaya 29. Winter hardiness is average, above average. Resistance to lodging is average - above average.

The grain is large. The weight of 1000 grains is 36.4-43.6 g. Baking qualities from good to excellent. Strong wheat.

Weakly susceptible to brown rust. Other pathogens - powdery mildew, septoria and smut - are highly susceptible. Medium hardy to Fusarium root rot.

8501467 VOLGOGRADSKAYA 84 - bred at the Mironov Research Institute of Seed and Wheat Breeding named after V.N. Remeslo by individual selection from the hybrid population of lutescens 4933 (line from in-variety crossing of the Ilyichevka variety) × Ilyichevka.

Variety lutescens

Prismatic spike, medium length and density. Spikelet scales are oval. Nervation is weak. The tooth is short, sharp. The shoulder is straight, medium in size. The keel is well marked. Grain ovoid, with a groove of medium size.

Average. The growing season is 275-294 days, matures 1-2 days later than the standard. Winter hardiness is average at the level of Donskaya bezostaya variety or slightly lower. Like the standard, it is resistant to lodging. It is distinguished by high resistance to drought. Resistant to shedding, exceeds the Don Osseous by 0.2-0.5 points.

Small grain - medium size. The weight of 1000 grains is 24.3-34.2 g, an average of 4 g more than the standard. The baking qualities are good and excellent. Strong wheat.

According to the Central Laboratory of the State Commission for the Assessment of Variety Quality, the protein content in the grain is 14.8-16.4%, crude gluten is 29.7-35.3%, the volume of bread from 100 g of flour is 1260 ml, the alveograph index is 256 and 389 ea ., the total baking score of 4.0-5.0 points; the standard, respectively, 15.5-14.8%, 31.8-32.4%, 1550; 1260 ml, 424, 427 EA, 4.9-5.0 points.

Like the standard, it is characterized by a strong susceptibility to stem rust, septoria and smut, and brown rust is highly susceptible to it, stronger than the standard.

Using the variety in intensive grain production technology, to prevent the possible development of brown rust of Septoria, it is necessary to apply the treatment of crops with chemical protective agents. To prevent smut diseases, seed dressing is mandatory.

8700044 DONSCHINA - was created in the Don selection center of NPO “Don” by individual selection in a hybrid composition 560/76 Donskaya semi-dwarf obtained by intraspecific stepwise hybridization, where the sister line of the Donskaya bezostaya variety was used as the mother form.

Variety lutescens

The spike is fusiform, slightly compressed, of medium length and density. Spikelet scales are ovoid, nerve is weakly expressed. The tooth is short, slightly bent forward. A straight shoulder of medium width. Keel is strongly expressed. Spinous processes along the entire length of the spike, up to 2-3 cm in the upper part. The grain is ovoid, the groove is small.

Mid early. The growing season is 279-297 days. Ripens 1-2 days earlier than the Donskaya bezostaya variety. Winter hardiness is above average. Drought tolerance is high. Plant height 0.65-1.00 m, 5-10 cm below the standard. Resistance to lodging exceeds the standard by 0.3-0.6 points.

The grain is large. Grain weight 35.4-51.5 g. Bakery qualities are high. Strong wheat.

According to the All-Union Center for Assessing the Quality of Test Varieties, the protein content in the grain is 10.6-16.2%, crude gluten is 23.1-37.3%, the alveograph (“strength”) of the flour is 126-392 ea, volume bread from 100 g of flour 920-13 ml, the total baking score of 3.2-4.9 points; the standard Don Don Cesspool, respectively, 9.5-16.2%, 18.4-35.4% 134-496 EA, 980-1330 ml, 3.7-4.9 points.

It is medium resistant to smut, at the level of the Don Dormant standard. In case of artificial infection, it is susceptible to septoria and stem rust. The resistance to brown rust in the field significantly exceeds the standard.

7901020 DONGER-FREE DECORATION - bred in the Donskoy breeding center by the method of intraspecific stepwise hybridization of local breeding, has a complex of positive economic and biological characteristics and properties: (Krasnodonskaya 6 x Mironovskaya 808) × (Bezostaya 1 × Mironovskaya 808) and local variety 259/72 (1173 / 63 (Bezostaya 1 × Odessa 16 × Aurora).

A variety of lutescens, refers to varieties of strong wheat. The spike is prismatic, slightly compressed, the front side is wider than the lateral, short, dense, spike-like ovoid scales, short, the nerve is pronounced. The tooth is short, straight. The shoulder in the middle part is straight, in the upper part it is raised. Keel is weak. The egg-shaped grain, the groove is weakly expressed, the grain is large, the mass of 1000 grains is 32.6-41.7 g.

Variety Sredneranny. The growing season is 296-310 days, matures 1-2 days earlier than Mironovskaya Yubileinaya. Winter hardiness is high, drought tolerance is above average, high resistance to lodging.

Brown rust and powdery mildew are weakly affected. Differs in average resistance to root rot.

The baking qualities are good and excellent. The protein content in the grain is 14%, crude gluten is 32%, the strength of flour in joules is 304, the total baking score is 4.4 points.

6900216 KRASNODAR 39 - Bred by the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences by individual selection from the hybrid population of Saratov 3 × Bezostaya 1. Variety lutescens.

The ear is white cylindrical, of medium length and density. Spikelet scaly ovate, with marked nerve, tooth short, blunt. The shoulder is straight, wide, keel strongly pronounced. The grain is oval, red, the base is down, the groove is closed. The variety is medium early. The growing season is 278-322 days. Winter-hardy, resistant to lodging and shedding above average.

Drought tolerance is good.

Brown rust is affected below average, below standard. The sawfly is damaged below the average, with a bug bug medium. The grain is large, the weight of 1000 grains is 37-43 g. Bakery qualities are good.

On average, over the years of testing, Krasnodar 39 at the Novoanninsky variety section: protein content 13.8%, crude gluten 33.0%, dough elasticity 96 mm, flour strength 259 joules, a total baking score of 3.8 points.

6700187 MIRONOVSKY ANNIVERSARY - the variety has been zoned since 1972. Mironovsky Research Institute of Wheat Breeding and Seed Development was developed by individual selection from the source material obtained from free in-variety crossing of the Lutescens family 106 (cultivar Artyomovka changed from winter wheat to spring), then crossed with Bezosts 4. Variety of lutescens.

The ear is white, cylindrical in shape, of medium length, in the upper half is dense, below average density. Spikelet scales are ovoid, with a pronounced nerve. The shoulder is raised, straight. The keel is well defined along the entire length of the spike. The keel tooth is short (0.5-1.0 mm), blunt, slightly bent towards the shoulder.

On the upper 3-4 spikelets there are weak sphenoid processes 0.5-2.0 cm long.

The grain is large, vitreous, oval-elongated, red, middle groove. The weight of 1000 grains 39 - 45 g is higher than that of Mironovskaya 808 by 1.6-3.6 g.

The variety is medium early, ripens 2-6 days earlier than the Mironovskaya 808 variety, is more resistant to lodging. It has an average winter hardiness rating; it is slightly inferior to Mironovskaya 808. It is medium-resistant to shedding, and is affected by brown rust medium. The variety has good baking qualities, like Mironovskaya 808. The strength of flour is 294-366 joules. Crude gluten content is 31.3-38.6%. The elasticity of the dough is 118-158 mm, the average baking score is 4.4 points.

On average, over 9 years of testing on cultivar sections of the region exceeds the Mironovskaya 808 variety in yield by 0.14-0.82 t / ha.

7802102 TARASOVSKAYA 29 - bred at the North-Donetsk Agricultural Experimental Station by individual selection from the hybrid population of Mironovskaya Yubileynaya x Rostovchanka.

A variety of lutescens. The spike is prismatic, of medium length, dense, spikelet scales are oval, with a pronounced nerve. The tooth is short, sharp. The shoulder is narrow, raised above, in the middle and below the ear straight, wide. Keel is strongly expressed. The grain is oval, with a shallow wide groove.

The variety is medium early (vegetation period 282-301 days), ripens at a time close to the variety Krasnodar 39. Winter hardiness is above average. Drought tolerance is high. On lodging resistance, it has a score of 4.8-5.0 points, the same as Krasnodar 39. The main pathogens (brown rust, powdery mildew) are medium, at the standard level, the pests are damaged medium, weaker than the Krasnodar 39.

The grain is large, the mass of 1000 grains is 36-41 g. On average, 1.2-5.6 g more than the standard. The baking qualities of the variety are good and excellent. According to the Central Laboratory of the State Commission, the protein content in the grain of the Tarasovskaya 29 variety was 12.4-14.4%, raw gluten was 24.9-30.3%, the volume of bread per 100 g of flour was 1040-1170 mm, the strength of the flour was 218-339 joules ; the standard Krasnodar 39, respectively: 14.2-14.0; 30.2-32.4%; 1000 and 1100 ml, 302-383 joules.

9703560 ERMAK - State Enterprise of the Rostov State Experimental Station. Intraspecific hybridization and selection of E ₃ [2412/87 (Donskoy semi-intensive x Olympia) x Donshchina].

Erythrospermum. The growing season at the level of the standard DON. The average height of plants is 0.76 m. The mass of 1000 grains is on average 44 g. The winter hardiness is slightly higher than the standard. The variety is drought tolerant.

9703578 ZERNOGRADKA 10 - State enterprise of the Rostov state selection and experimental station. Hybridization in E ₃ 1763/85639/81 (Sava × Krasnodar 39) × 943/76 × Khersonskaya 552 × 1355/87430/82 (Boneless 1 × Mironovskaya 808) × Mermaid × 943/76 × Donskaya boneless.

Lutescens. The growing season is at the standard level. The average height of plants is 0.74 m, the weight of 1000 grains is on average 38 g. Winter hardiness is at the standard level.

It is characterized by high drought tolerance, 0.5 points higher than the standard.

9607242 GIFT OF ZERNOGRAD - the originator of the All-Russian Research Institute of Sorghum and other grain crops.

Pedigree: intraspecific hybridization 778/85 1241/77 (237/66 × 267 + 268/69) × k-554-07 (spring wheat) × Don's ear.

It is included in the State Register for the Lower Volga (8) region.

A variety of lutescens. The bush is intermediate. The straw is weak, the wax coating is weak. There is no wax coating on the flag sheet. Anthocyanin coloration of the ears is absent. The spike is fusiform, white, of medium length and density. The sphenoid processes are short. Spikelet scales are ovoid, of medium width and length, nerve is weakly expressed. The tooth is short, slightly curved. The shoulder is straight, wide. The keel is very pronounced.

The grain is red, the base slightly lowered. Mass of 1000 grains 32-43 g.

The average yield in the North Caucasus region is 3.72 t / ha, at the level of standard varieties. In the Lower Volga region, an increase in the variety Don Dessica without boneless amounted to 0.24 t / ha, with a yield of 2.07 t / ha. The maximum yield of 91 kg / ha was obtained in the Rostov region in 1999.

Mid early. The growing season is 254-286 days. At the level of the standard grade DON-85. Winter hardiness at the level of standards. Plant height 84-95 cm. Resistant to lodging. Highly resistant to drought. Recommended for sowing according to the best unpaired predecessors, it is able to provide high yields both at optimal and late sowing dates.

The baking qualities are good.

Medium tolerance to powdery mildew. Susceptible to solid smut, brown and yellow rust and septoria. Seed dressing is required; fungicide treatment of crops is recommended.

9607234 DON BEACON - originator - All-Russian Research Institute of Sorghum and other grain crops.

Pedigree: intraspecific hybridization 172/86 (538/80 × Don boneless) × 1416/83 (1279/74 × 1360/76).

Included in the State Register for the Lower Volga region.

A variety of lutescens. The bush is intermediate. The straw is weak, wax coating is weak, a flag leaf with strong wax coating, anthocyanin coloring of the ears is absent. The ear is verenate, white, medium length, dense. The sphenoid processes are very short. Spikelet scales are ovoid, nerve is weakly expressed. The tooth is short. Slightly curved. Shoulder of medium width, straight, keel strongly pronounced. The grain is ovoid, red, the base slightly lowered. Mass of 1000 grains 36-50 g.

The average yield in the Lower Volga and North Caucasus regions was 1.98 t / ha and 3.9 t / ha, respectively, and a maximum of 9.58 t / ha was obtained in the Rostov region.

The mid-early vegetation period is 254-288 days. Winter hardiness at the level of standard varieties. Plant height 0.82-1.00 m, resistant to lodging. Highly resistant to drought. Recommended for sowing on poor, unpaired predecessors, forms stable crops both in early and in late sowing.

The baking qualities are good.

Resistant to brown rust, susceptible to solid smut, yellow rust, powdery mildew, spike septoria. Seed dressing is required; fungicide treatment of crops is recommended.

9100504 SARATOVSKAYA 90 - was transferred to the NPO “Volga Volga” by inter-varietal hybridization and individual selection from a combination [Lutescens 36 (Saratov Anniversary × Bezostaya 1) × Saratov 51 (F2 × Mironovskaya 10)].

Included in the State Register for the Lower Volga region.

A variety of lutescens. The bush is semi-erect. Straw made. Leaf pubescence is absent, the wax coating is weak, the color of the leaves is dark green. The ear is cylindrical, white, round, dense. Spikelet scales are oval, wide with a weakly pronounced nerve. The tooth is short, triangular. The shoulder is beveled. The grain is semicircular, red. The base is omitted. The groove is medium. The weight of 1000 grains is 34-49 g. The average yield in the Lower Volga region was 3.09 t / ha at the level of the Basalt standard, in the Ural region 2.05 t / ha at the level of the Bagrationovskaya variety. The maximum yield of 5.72 t / ha was obtained in the Volgograd region.

Mid-season. The growing season is 304-322 days, at the level of the Mironovskaya 808 standard. Winter hardiness is increased. Plant height 69-89 cm. Resistance to lodging is good.

Satisfactory to good bakery qualities. It is included in the list of valuable quality varieties. Highly susceptible to solid smut, brown, stem, yellow rust and Septoria. Seed dressing is required before sowing.

Winter rye:

8002908 SARATOVSKAYA 5 - bred by continuous individual selection from a hybrid population obtained from the pollination of selected forms of the Saratovskaya 4 variety with low-growing rye varieties from the VIR collection (complex population method). A kind of vulgar. The cultivar of the intensive type has been tested at the variety plots of the region since 1980. The yield exceeds the Chulpan variety from 0.04 to 0.37 t / ha, and Saratov 4 to 0.8 t / ha. A stable increase gives in all zones of the region, the average yield of 4.66 t / ha. The variety is resistant to lodging, winter-hardy and drought-resistant, ripens 1-2 days later than Saratov 4. Coarse grain. Mass of 1000 grains 31-34 g.

Brown rust and powdery mildew are affected below standard.

9703608 SARATOVSKAYA 7. Patent holder of the Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the South-East. Family tree: a method of complex hybrid populations.

It is included in the State Register for the Lower Volga (8) region.

Diploid form. Coleoptile is painted. The bush is intermediate. Leaf of medium length, slightly pubescent, with a slight waxy coating, medium length and density. The grain is large, half-open.

The weight of 1000 grains is 33-45 g, an average of 1.7 g more than Saratov 5.

The average yield in the region is 2.55 t / ha, at the level of the average standard. The maximum yield of 8.11 t / ha was obtained in the Saratov region in 1999.

Mid-season. The growing season is 296-318 days. Matures simultaneously with Saratov 5. Winter hardiness at the standard level. Plant height 0.80-1.30 m. Resistant to lodging, like the standard.

Bakery qualities are satisfactory. Medium resistant to brown rust, highly susceptible to snow mold. During the field trials, there was no damage to the dusty smut, hard smut and powdery mildew.

Winter barley

9402012-SILUET - bred at the Don selection center of NPO “Don” by hybridization of Rostov 15 × Zimran varieties.

Recommended for cultivation using intensive technology.

Variety parallelum

An ear of rectangular shape, light yellow, 4-6 cm long with a sphenoid appendage. The awns are long, twice as long as an ear, thin, elastic, jagged, straw-yellow. The grain is medium-sized, elliptical, straw yellow.

Medium early, lodging resistance higher than average.

Assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants, mainly winter cereal crops under cultivation in a sharply continental climate, is carried out taking into account sowing norms, optimization of sowing dates, as well as sowing methods and seed placement depth, taking into account productive moisture reserves. Then, based on long-term data, the sum of daily average temperatures is determined within 550 ... 650 ° С. This sum of temperatures must be accumulated from the time of sowing to the termination of the growing season. When plants go into hibernation (suspended animation) in each tillering node, three to four stems should be formed with a sufficient supply of sugars for plant resistance to sub-zero temperatures in the range -18 С ...- 20 ° С.

When establishing the seeding rate, the number of fallen plants before the harvesting season is taken into account. In harvested fields with chernozem soils in a sharply continental climate, plant density should be at least 500 ... 600 pcs / m ² . On chestnut soils, when sowing with conditional seeds, plant density is 300 ... 450 pcs / m ² . Recommendations for the cultivation of winter wheat on the example of the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation without taking into account the hydrothermal coefficient, the seeding rate is set within (3.5 ... 4.0) · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha on chestnut soils and the sowing date is August 25 to September 5 of the calendar year for the steppe zone. They suggest a seeding rate (3.5 ... 4.0) · 10 ⁶ pcs./ha and a sowing period from August 25 to September 5 on dark chestnut soils for the dry steppe zone. Recommended rate in the range (3.0-3.5) · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha and sowing date from September 1 to 10 in the dry-steppe zone with chestnut soils. It is considered optimal to sow winter crops from September 1 to 10 on light chestnut soils with a seeding rate of (2.5-3.0) · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha in the semi-desert zone. During the sowing period, the temperature regime of soil and air should not drop + 18 ° ... + 12 ° C.

Calculation of the hydrothermal coefficient Selyaninov produced by the formula:

where ΣP is the amount of precipitation for a period with a temperature above + 10 ° С, mm;

Σt is the sum of positive temperatures for the same period, ° C.

An indicator of the heat supply of the territory is the sum of the temperatures for the period of active vegetation of crops, i.e. for a period with a temperature above + 10 ° С. A comprehensive indicator of moisture availability is the hydrothermal coefficient G _c . It characterizes the degree of lack or excess of moisture relative to the available heat resources.

In the actual use of the hydrothermal coefficient G _c, it should be borne in mind that it characterizes atmospheric humidification.

In the Volgograd region, the sum of temperatures varies between 2750 ... 3300 ° C. The region is located in the arid zone. The long-term average hydrothermal coefficient G _c varies from east to west from 0.4 to 0.8.

According to the conditions of heat and moisture supply, the territory of the Volgograd Region is divided into 13 agroclimatic regions, differing from one another either by the sum of the temperatures, or by the conditions of moistening. The contours of the sums of temperatures are drawn through 200 ° C, G _c through 0.1 (see drawing).

On the given sketch (drawing) of agroclimatic zoning, the dashed lines indicate the boundaries of administrative districts, Arabic and Roman numerals and letter designations - their numbers.

After the calculation of the hydrothermal coefficient is established by calculation or by isoline, the required seeding rate is determined to obtain the optimum yield with the proper grain quality in order to resolve the biological contradiction: there is a crop, but the whole goes for fodder, there is quality grain, but the costs are not paid off.

With a value of G _c up to 0.5, the seeding rate is reduced by 10-15%, and the row spacing is increased from 15 to 22.5 cm. With a value of G _c in the range 0.5 ... 0.9, the seeding rate is left without changes, and with a value of G _c above 0.9, the seeding rate is increased by 15 ... 20%, and the row spacing is reduced to 7.5 cm.

The results are given in table 1.

Macrophenological scale for crops with international code in comparison with the Fikes scale and microfenological scale according to F. Kuperman are presented in Table 2.

Macrophenological scale (Table 2) and the results of experimental studies allow us to determine the predicted productivity of winter crops by the formula

where y is the grain yield, t / ha;

a and b are numerical parameters;

S is the actual sum of positive temperatures from sowing to the termination of the growing season, ° C;

G _c - hydrothermal coefficient, mm / ° С.

Table 3 shows the data on the effect of the seeding rate on the yield and grain quality of winter wheat of the Donschina variety with a row spacing of 22.5 cm with a sowing depth of 5 ... 6 cm. Sowing was carried out from September 6 to September 8, 2001 on chestnut soils in dry steppe zone. For this economy, the value of the hydrothermal coefficient G _c in 2001 was 0.9.

Taking the numerical values of the parameters a = 0.008; b = 0.39 and S = 600 ° C; the projected yield in 2002 was

y = 0.008 · 600 · 0.9 + 0.39 = 4.71 t / ha.

Table 4 shows the experimental data on the influence of terms

the beginning of sowing for yield and grain quality of winter wheat of Don 95 variety at a sowing rate of 3.0 · 10 ⁶ pcs / ha. The results are presented for experimental designs with row spacings of 15 and 22.5 cm. Sowing depth is 5 ... 6 cm. Sowing was performed with the SZ-3.6 and SZK-2.1 seeders.

The predicted yield of winter wheat of Don 95 variety, calculated by the formula (2), is

y = 0.008 · 585 · 1.3 + 0.39 = 3.99 t / ha.

This result is in good agreement with the data in table. 4.

The row spacing when sowing winter crops significantly affects the quality of the grain (see table. 5). The reduced productivity of winter wheat varieties Don 93, Don 95, Volgogradskaya 84, Donshchina, Krasnodar 39, Mironovskaya anniversary, Saratov 90 and winter rye Saratov 7 are consistent with the calculations performed by the formula:

The discrepancies between the calculated and experimental data are within acceptable limits (NDS <0.05).

Thus, the data presented indicate the possibility of managing production processes and predicting the yield of winter crops during cultivation in an arid climate in southern Russia.

Claims (1)

A method of controlling the production processes of agricultural plants during the cultivation of winter crops in an arid climate, including optimizing the timing, sowing rates and methods of sowing, setting the sum of average daily temperatures within 550 ... 650 ° C for 45 ... 60 days from the moment of sowing to cessation of vegetation, the formation of tillering in each node of the tree by three to four stems with a sufficient supply of sugars for plant resistance to sub-zero temperatures in the range of -18 ...- 20 ° С during snowless periods and the establishment of RM sowing for the formation of the density of standing stems 500 ... 600 pcs / m ² on chernozem soils and 300 ... 450 pcs / m ² on chestnut soils, calculation of hydrothermal coefficient taking into account precipitation for a period with a temperature above + 10 ° С and the sum of positive temperatures for the same period, sowing in a ten-day period with soil temperature regime from +18 to + 12 ° С, characterized in that the planned productivity of winter crops is determined by the formula y = a · S · G _c + b, where y is the grain yield, t / ha; a - coefficient taking into account the seeding rate; b - coefficient taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the zone; S is the actual sum of positive temperatures from sowing to the termination of the growing season, ° C; G _c - hydrothermal coefficient, mm / ° C, in this case, when G _{c is} less than 0.5, the seeding rate is reduced by 10-15% of the optimal zonal values, with G _c in the range from 0.5 to 0.9, the seeding rate is maintained, with G _c more than 0.9, the seeding rate is increased by 20 ... 25%, and with increasing seeding rates, the row spacing from 22.5 cm is reduced to 7.5 cm.